L THUYT V NG M V TRNG M TRONG TING ANH

A. NG M
1. Phn bit cch pht m ch "-ed" cui t:
1.1 -ed c pht m l / -id / khi ng sau m / t / v / d /
V d: start started, invite invited; end ended, decide decided
1.2 -ed c pht m l / -t / khi ng sau cc m:
/ t / (ch) watch watched, match matched, reach reached, fetch fetched
/ s / (x, s, ss, se, ce)
fix fixed; pass passed; sense sensed, face faced, dance danced,
forced, reduced
/ / (sh) wash washed, finish finished, publish published, crash crashed
/ k / (k) work worked, talk talked, cook cooked, panic panicked
/ p / (p) help helped, stop stopped, jump jumped, hope hoped, escape
escaped
/ f / (f, gh)
laugh laughed, cough coughed (Lu : -gh cui t thng
cm nh: plough)
* Cc m ni trn thng tn cng bng: -ch, -x, -s, -sh, -k, -p, -f, -c(e), -gh, -ge)
1.3 -ed c pht m l / -d / khi khng thuc hai trng hp trn.
V d: clean cleaned, rob robbed, move moved, study studied, explain
explained
* Lu : -se cui t thng c pht m l / -z / nn -ed c pht m l / -d/: raise
raised /-zd/,
refuse refused /-zd/, cause caused, advise advised, use used, pleased,
realised, ...
* Mt s tnh t tn cng bng -ed c pht m l /-id/ gm: beloved (yu qu), learned
(c hc thc)
2. Phn bit cch pht m ch -s / -es cui t:
2.1 -s/-es c pht m l /-s / khi ng sau m / k /, / p /, / t /, / f /, / /
book books, talk talks, map maps, drop drops, hope hopes, cat cats,
hate hates,
paragraph paragraphs, cough /f/ coughs, laugh laughs, month // months, sixth
sixths...
2.2 -s/-es c pht m /-iz/ khi ng sau m / s / (s, ss, se, ce, x), // (sh), /t/ (ch),
/d/ (ge), /z/ (se)
bus buses, glass glasses, horse horses, place places, box boxes, finish
finished,
teach teaches, catch catches, fetch fetches, language languages, George
George's...
2.3 -s/-es c pht m l / -z / khi khng thuc hai trng hp trn.
play plays, video videos, potato potatoes, city cities, year years, life lives
* Lu : -th cui t c pht m l / / hoc / /, nu thm -s vo th // thng chuyn
sang /-z/
month// months/s/, path// paths/s/; nhng mouth// mouths/z/, sheath//
sheaths/z/
3. Phn bit mt s nguyn m n (vowels), nguyn m i (diphthongs) v ph m
(consonants)
1
a) / u / (m u ngn)
good foot book look cook stood wool woman could sugar
butcher

b) / u: / (m u di)
food fool stool cool lose move who blue salute blew grew
through
2
a) / / (m +) hunger husband public sun son above wonder cousin enough flood
blood
b) / a: / (m a)
car garden large bathroom tomato laugh aunt heart clerk
c) / / ( ngn) forget tonight pilot bottom husband mature motor solution abillity
machine
d) / : / // (m di) circle shirt thirty girl serve German prefer turn further heard
3
a) / / (m o ngn) clock hot gossip orange sorry comic boss model doctor problem
want what
b) / : / (m o di)
horse short four north floor course caution cause caught bought
false call talk
4
a) / u / (m +u)
host home phone worse old open motor slow know mow goal
coach boat
b) / au / (m a+u)
house found shout southern mouth mount count allow cow now
how sow
5
a) / ei / (m e+i)
main name nation nature may plane play translate weight waiter
great break
b) / / (m a+e)
man angry national natural
plan translate handbag matter
marathon
c) / e / (m e)
any many head breast bread breath weather heavy friend
success lemon bury
d) / i / (m i ngn)
it sit ship big rich swim listen dinner busy business picture
building system
e) / i: / (m i di)
eat seat heat breathe meat meet sheep scene piece secret
complete machine
6
a) / i / (m i+)near hear dear beard fear idea here engineer career
b) / e / (m e+)
wear tear bare careful square where there hair their chair fair
fare
7
a) / / (hu thanh)
the these this than then they their though with breathe other
without
b) / / (v thanh)
thank think thought thirty theme theory tooth birth earth north
month fourth
8. -gh ng cui t, hoc ng gia t thng c pht m /-f/ hoc khng pht m (m cm)
gh / f / laugh, cough, enough, tough, rough,
gh cm plough, high, though, drought, brought, light
9. k- cm khi ng ngay trc ph m n: knee, know, knife, knit, knob, knock, knickers, ...
10. ch c pht m l /k/ hoc /t/
/k/
ache, chemist, Christmas, architect, technology, psychology, mechanic,
headache,
/t/ church, change, achieve, chair, cheap, child, catch, touch

1. Trng m ri vo m tit th nht

- Hu ht danh t v tnh t c 2 m tit th trng m ri vo m tit th nht.

Ex: Danh t: CHIna, TAble, KNOWledge, SERvice

Tnh t: PAtient, CLEver, HAPpy
- i vi ng t nu m tit th 2 cha nguyn m ngn nh er, el th trng m s ri
vo m tit th nht.

Ex: ENter, TRAvel, Open...

- Cc ng t c m tit cui cha ow th trng m cng ri vo m tit u.
Ex: FOllow, BOrrow...
- Cc t 3 m tit c m tit cui cha nguyn m di hoc nguyn m i hoc kt
thc nhiu hn mt ph m th m tit u nhn trng m.
Ex: PAradise, EXercise
2. Trng m vo m tit th hai
- Hu ht ng t c 2 m tit th trng m ri vo m tit th 2.
Ex: to deCIDE, to begIN
Ex: proVIDE, proTEST, aGREE...
- i vi ng t 3 m tit quy tc s nh sau: Nu m tit cui cha nguyn m ngn

hoc kt thc khng nhiu hn mt nguyn m th m tit th 2 s nhn trng m.

Ex: deTERmine, reMEMber, enCOUNter...
3.

Trng m ri vo m th 2 tnh t di ln

- Trong cc t c cc hu t di y th trng m c t m tit ngay trc hu

t: ic (GRAphic, geoGRAphic, Logic), -ical (CRItical), -sion (sucCESSion), -tion
(sugGEStion, reveLAtion), -aphy (phoTOgraphy), -ogy (geOlogy),
-ity(dependaBIlity), -acy (deMOcracy) ,-ian (muSIcian), - id (STUpid), -ible
(POSsible), -ish (FOOlish), -ive (NAtive), -ous (advantAgeous), -ial (equaTOrial,
SPECial)
* Ngoi l: TElevision c trng m ri vo m tit th nht.
4.

T ghp (t c 2 phn)

- i vi cc danh t ghp trng m ri vo phn u: BLACKbird, GREENhouse...

- i vi cc tnh t ghp trng m ri vo phn th 2: bad-TEMpered, oldFASHioned...
- i vi cc ng t ghp trng m ri vo phn th 2: to underSTAND, to
overFLOW...
5.

T c 3 m tit tr ln

- Danh t, ng t t 3 m tit tr ln thng c trng m ri vo m th 3 t di ln

Ex: faMIliar, parTIcular, inTERpreter, geOgraphy, opporTUnity...
Lu :
* Cc ph t khng lm nh hng n trng m cu: -able, -age, -al, -en, -ful, -ing,
-ish, -less, -ment, ous. Tt c nhng trng t ch th cch tn cng bng LY u
c ch m theo tnh t gc ca n.
Ex: PAtiently, DIFferently, DIFficultly.

* Cc ph t bn thn n nhn trng m cu: -ain (entertain), -ee (refugee,trainee),

-ese (Portuguese, Japanese), -ique (unique), -ette (cigarette), -esque (picturesque),
-eer (mountaineer), -oo (bamboo), -oon (balloon), -mental (fundamental), _end
(recommend)
* Ngoi l: COffee, comMITtee, Engine