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CH 1
CH 1
Thuyt-M
Thuyt tng i rng
Cc mng-p
Mng 10 chiu
Cc siu dy
Siu hp dn 11 chiu
H en
CHNG 1
L C S V T H UYT TNG I
Einstein thit lp hai l thuyt cn bn ca th k hai mi:
L thuyt tng i rng v l thuyt lng t nh th no?
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T R
T R O N G
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H U Y
N G
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T R
T R O N G
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nh sng vung gc vi qu
o ca tri t quanh mt tri
H U Y
N G
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T R
T R O N G
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H U Y
Bay t ng sang ty
Bay t ty sang ng
trong khng gian hay khng th khi nim -te khng cn cn thit
na. Thay vo , ng bt u bng mt gi thuyt rng cc nh
lut khoa hc xut hin nh nhau i vi tt c nhng ngi quan
st chuyn ng t do. c bit l h s o c tc nh snh
nh nhau khng ph thuc vo tc chuyn ng ca h. Tc
ca nh sng c lp vi chuyn ng ca ngi quan st v nh
nhau theo tt c cc hng.
tng ny i hi phi t b ngh cho rng tn ti mt i lng
ph qut c gi l thi gian c th o c bng tt c cc ng
h. Thay vo , mi ngi c mt thi gian ring ca h. Thi
gian ca hai ngi s ging nhau nu hai ngi ng yn tng
i vi nhau, nhng thi gian s khc nhau nu hai ngi chuyn
ng tng i vi nhau.
N G
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T R
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T R O N G
H U Y
(Hnh 1.7)
N G
T R
T R O N G
H U Y
N G
Bc th tin on
ca Einstein gi
tng thng Roosevelt nm 1939
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T R O N G
Uranium (U-236)
(n)
Uranium (U-235)
Tia gamma
(n)
(Hnh 1.8)
NNG LNG LIN KT
HT NHN
Ht nhn c to thnh t
proton v neutron lin kt vi
nhau nh lc ht nhn mnh.
Nhng khi lng ca ht
nhn lun nh hn tng khi
lng ca cc proton v neutron ring l to nn chng. S
khc nhau chnh l mt php o
nng lng lin kt ht nhn
m gi ht nhn li vi nhau.
Nng lng lin kt ny c th
c tnh t h thc Einstein:
nng lng lin kt ht nhn =
mc2 trong m l s khc
nhau gia khi lng ht nhn
v tng cc thnh phn.
N gii thot mt lng nng
lng to nn mt sc
cng ph khng l.
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(Ba-144) Ht nhn
t hp dao ng v
bt n nh
(Kr-89) Ht nhn
t hp dao ng
v bt n nh
Tnh trung bnh, phn r
thu c 2,4 neutron v
nng lng 215 MeV
H U Y
N G
Neutron lin kt
Proton
Neutron t do
Tia gamma
(n)
PHN NG DY TRUYN
Mt neutron t phn r U-235 ban u s
bn ph cc ht nhn khc. Qu trnh ny
to ra mt phn r ht nhn khc v mt
phn ng dy truyn gm cc va chm
tip theo bt u
Nu phn ng ny t duy tr th n c
gi l ti hn v khi lng U-235
c gi l khi lng ti hn.
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T R O N G
(Hnh 1.9)
Mt ngi quan st ng trong
mt ci hp khng th nhn ra
s khc nhau khi ng trong mt
chic thang my tnh trn tri t
(a) hoc b gia tc bi mt tn la
trong khng gian t do (b).
Nu ngi ta tt ng c ca tn
la (c) cm gic s ging nh
trong mt chic thang my ri t
do xung t.
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H U Y
N G
Hnh (1.10)
Hnh (1.11)
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T R O N G
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H U Y
N G
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T R O N G
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H U Y
N G
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T R O N G
(Hnh 1.14)
Quan st v cc thin h ch ra
rng v tr ang gin n: khong
cch gia hu ht cc cp thin
h ang gia tng.
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H U Y
N G
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T R O N G
ngy nay chng ta bit rng s khng c trng thi cui cng cho
cc ngi sao c khi lng ln hn hai ln khi lng mt tri. Cc
ngi sao nh vy s tip tc co li cho n khi chng tr thnh cc
h en, nhng vng m khng thi gian b b cong n ni nh sng
khng th thot ra khi c (hnh 1.15).
Penrose v ti cho thy rng thuyt tng i rng tin on thi
gian s kt thc trong mt h en, i vi bn thn ngi sao v
i vi mt nh du hnh v tr khng may b ri vo n. Nhng
c im khi u v kt thc ca thi gian l nhng ni m cc
phng trnh ca thuyt tng i rng khng th c xc nh.
Do , l thuyt khng tin on c ci g tham gia v n ln.
Mt s ngi thy rng y l biu hin cho t do ca Cha sng
to th gii theo bt k cch no m ngi mun, nhng nhng ngi
khc (trong c ti) cm thy rng s khi u ca v tr cng
c iu khin bi cc nh lut khoa hc m iu khin v tr
ti cc thi im sau khi v tr hnh thnh. Chng ta t c
mt s tin b trong vn ny, nh s c m t trong chng 3,
nhng chng ta vn cha hiu hon ton ngun gc ca v tr.
L do m thuyt tng i khng cn ng ti thi im v n ln
l thuyt tng i khng tng hp c vi l thuyt lng t,
mt cuc cch mng khc v t tng vo thi im u th k 20.
Bc u tin ti thuyt lng t c thc hin vo nm 1900, khi
Max Plank Berlin khm ph ra rng bc x pht ra t cc vt th
nng c th c gii thch nu nh sng ch c th c pht
ra hoc b hp th theo nhng lng ri rc c gi l cc lng
t (quanta). Mt trong s cc bi bo cch mng ca ng c vit
nm 1905, khi ng cn lm vic vn phng sng ch, Einstein
chng minh rng gi thuyt lng t ca Plank c th gii thch mt
hiu ng gi l hiu ng quang in, trong hiu ng ny, cc kim
loi s pht ra cc in t khi b nh sng chiu vo. Hiu ng l l
c s ca cc u thu nh sng v v tuyn, v cng nh cng trnh
ny Einstein c trao gii Nobel vt l.
Einstein tip tc nghin cu l thuyt lng t cho n nhng nm
1920, nhng ng rt bn khon v cng trnh ca Heisenberg
Copenhagen, Paul Dirac Cambridge v Erwin Schrodinger
Zurich, l nhng ngi pht trin mt bc tranh mi v thc
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H U Y
N G
3)
Thi gian s kt thc
trong mt h en.
2)
Khi ngi sao co li
th cong tng ln
1)
Ngi sao ang t chy nhin
liu ht nhn lm cong khng
thi gian xung quanh n.
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T R O N G
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H U Y
N G
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