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Culture Documents
SKKN 2013 (T Tuong)
SKKN 2013 (T Tuong)
MC LC
M U .Trang 2
I. L do chn ti nghin cuTrang 2
II. Mc ch nghin cu ..Trang 2
III. Khch th v i tng nghin cu....Trang 2
IV. Nhim v nghin cu......Trang 5
V. Phng php nghin cu..Trang 5
VI. Phm vi nghin cu...Trang 5
NI DUNG NGHIN CU....Trang 6
I. Bi ton xut pht......Trang 6
II. Sai lm trong nh gi t trung bnh cng sang trung bnh
nhn..Trang 6
III. Sai lm trong nh gi t trung bnh nhn sang trung bnh
cng..Trang 15
KT LUN V KIN NGH.Trang 18
Cc ph lc..Trang 19- 22.
A. CHNG 1. M U.
I/ L DO CHN VN NGHIN CU, TRIN KHAI NG DNG.
Bt ng thc l mt ni dung kh i vi hc sinh nhng li l mt trong
nhng ni dung quan trng trong cc kin thc thi i Hc. Trong qu trnh hc
v ng dng l thuyt lm bi tp hc sinh thng gp nhiu kh khn, lng
tng, d mc sai lm. C nhng bi ton tm GTLN, GTNN nu khng nm
c cch lm th d dn n sai lm trong qu trnh suy lun.
gip cc em hn ch v gim nhng sai st ny trong qu trnh gii
nhng bi ton bt ng thc tm GTLN, GTNN chng ti p dng mt k
thut nh gi l K thut chn im ri. l l do ti chn ti ny.
II/ MC CH NGHIN CU:
Thng thng ng trc bi ton bt ng thc tm GTLN, GTNN
hc sinh ngh ngay n dng mu hc, p dng ngay cc bt ng thc hc
nhng thc t qua cc bi ton bt ng thc dng cho hc sinh kh, gii hoc
thi i hc, cao ng hc sinh cn gp nhng dng phc tp m gii n i
hi phi c nhng nhn xt c bit. Mt trong nhng nhn xt c bit l
da trn K thut chn im ri gii bi ton.
III/KHCH TH V I TNG NGHIN CU:
1/ Khch th nghin cu:
+ Thc t vic gii bt ng thc cc em lm t cp 2, ch yu l dng
c sn. Ln lp10 cc em c trang b kin thc v bt ng thc k lng hn,
a dng hn nhng cch gii cng ch yu l dng phng php bin i, bt
ng thc C-Si.
2/ i tng cn nghin cu:
5,5
5,5
TBC
p
0,44
Thc nghim
O1
i chng
O2
Tc ng (T)
KT sau T
Dy hc theo h thng
bi tp lin quan
Dy hc theo h thng
bi tp c nhiu loi
O3
O4
Thc nghim
TB
6,1
7,4
lch chun
0,97
1,45
Gi tr P ca T- test
0,0001
1,34
(SMD)
7,4 6,1
1,34 . iu cho
0,97
a b
b a
Gii.
p dng bt ng thc C si, ta c: P
a b
a b
2 . 2.
b a
b a
MinA 2 a b
* Nhn xt: T bi ton ny c th thay i min xc nh c cc bi
ton sau:
II/ SAI LM TRONG NH GI T TRUNG BNH CNG SANG
TRUNG BNH NHN.
A) Bt ng thc C si: Cho a1 ; a2 ;...; an l cc s khng m.
Ta c a1 a2 ... an n n a1a2 ...an .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a1 a2 .... an .
1
Bi 1: Cho a 3 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P a .
a
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm m hc sinh thng gp: P a
1.2. Nguyn nhn sai lm: MinP 2 a
1
1
2 a. 2 MinP 2
a
a
1
a 1 (mu thun vi gi thit
a
a 3)
1
v P d on MinP
a
6
10
100
1
a
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
1
10
1
100
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
10
1
10
..
100
1
100
10
t ti
3
im
ri: a 3
Do bt ng thc xy ra du bng ti iu kin cc s tham gia phi bng nhau,
nn ti im ri: a 3 ta khng th s dng bt ng thc C si trc tip
cho 2 s a v
1
1
v 3 . Lc ny ta s gi nh s dng bt ng thc C si
a
3
a 1
1 a 1 8a
a 1 8a 2 8a 2 8.3 10
2 .
a 9 a 9
9 a 9 3 9 3 9
3
MinP
10
ti a 3
3
1
.
a2
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
7
1 a 1 7a
a 1 7a
2
7a
2
7.2 9
2
2 . 2
2
a 8 a 8
8 a
8
8
4
8a 8
8.2
MinP
9
khi a 2
4
9
l p s ng nhng
4
l nh gi sai
8a
8.2 4
iu chnh li gii sai thnh li gii ng ta cn phi bin i P sao cho khi
s dng bt ng thc C-si s kh ht bin s a mu s.
1.3. S im ri:
a 2
m m
1 2
a2
m 8.
4 m
1 1
2
a
4
Vy m 8 l h s im ri.
1 a a 1 6a
a a 1 6a 3 6.2 9
2
33 . . 2
2
8 8 a
8 4 8 4
a 8 8 a 8
Vy MinP
9
khi a 2 .
4
1
2
1
.
a2
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm m hc sinh thng gp: P 2a
1
1
1
a a 2 3 3 a.a. 2 3
2
a
a
a
MinP 3
1
1
mu thun vi gi thit 0 a
2
2
a
8
1
v P d on
a2
MinP
a
1
10
1
9
1
8
1
7
1
6
1
5
1
4
1
3
1
2
2.a
1
5
2
9
1
4
2
7
1
3
2
5
1
2
2
3
1
a2
100
81
64
49
36
25
16
100
1
5
81
2
9
64
1
4
49
2
7
36
1
3
25
2
5
16
1
2
2
3
1
th P nhn gi tr nh nht.
2
1.3.1. S im ri 1:
1
1
1 4
2
a
m 8.
4
2 1
2 m
2
ma
m
Vy m 8 l h s im ri.
1.3.2 Li gii ng 1:
P 2a
1
1 7
1
7
3
7
3 7.4
a a 2 2 3 3 a.a. 2 2 2
5
2
a
8a 8a
8a 8a 2 8a 2 8
1
Vy MinP 5 khi a .
2
1.4.1. S im ri 2:
m
ma
1
1 4
2
a
m 8.
2 1
2 m
4
2
a
Vy m 8 l h s im ri.
1.4.2 Li gii ng 2:
P 2a
1
1
1
1
3 8a.8a.
8
a
8
a
14
a
14
a
12
14
a
12
14.
5
a2
a2
a2
2
1
Vy MinP 5 khi a .
2
Bi 4: Cho a; b 0 v a b 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P ab
1
.
ab
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm m hc sinh thng gp:
P ab
1
1
2 ab. 2 MinP 2
ab
ab
1
ab 1
1
ab 1 1 ab
1 (V l)
2
2
2
ab
1
1
th P t l biu thc cha mt bin s. do khi i
ab
t
1
1
1
1
1
ab v t
2
2 4
ab a b 1
ab
t
2 2
1
Pt .
t
S im ri:
t4
4
t
m m 1 4
1
1
t m
t 4
m 16
:H s im ri
P t
16 t 16 4 16 4 16
4
t 16 t 16
10
1
17
Vi t 4 hay a b th MinP =
2
4
* Li gii thu gn: Do t 4 a b
P ab
1
nn bin i trc tip P nh sau:
2
1
1 15
1
ab
2. ab.
ab
16ab 16ab
16ab
Vi a b
15
17
2
4
ab
16
1
17
th Min P =
2
4
ab
ab
ab a b
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm thng gp: P
ab
ab
a b ab
2.
.
2 MinP 2
ab a b
ab a b
ab
ab
1 ab a b 2 ab 1 2 : V l.
ab a b
ab
2a 2
ab
m ab ma m
1 2
2 m
ab a 1
a b 2a 2
m 4 :H s im ri.
ab
ab a b
ab 3(a b)
ab a b 4 ab a b 4 ab
P2
a b ab 3(a b)
3 5
.
1 .
2 2
4 ab a b
4 ab
11
Vi a b 0 th MinP
5
2
3
Bi 6. Cho a, b, c 0; a b c . Tm gi tr nh nht ca
2
P abc
1 1 1
.
a b c
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1.
P abc
1 1 1
3
1 a b c 3 tri vi gi thit.
a b c
2
1
2
1.4. S im ri 1:
abc
1
2
a b c 2
1 2
m 4 :H s im ri.
2 m
1 1 1 2
ma mb mc m
1.4.1 Cch 1:
P abc
1 1 1
1
1
1 3 1 1 1
a b c
a b c
4a 4b 4c 4 a b c
P 6 6 abc.
1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1
9 1
. . 3. . . 3 3
4a 4b 4c 4
a b c
4 abc
3
Vi a b c
9
1
27 1 15
3 .
4 abc
4 3 2
3
2
1
15
th MinP =
.
2
2
1.4.2. S dim ri 2:
12
a b c
ma mb mc 2
m
2
2
1 1 1 2
a b c
1
2
m 4
:H s im ri.
1.4.3 Cch 2:
P abc
1 1 1
1 1 1
4a 4b 4c 3(a b c)
a b c
a b c
1 1 1
3 15
P 6 6 4a.4b.4c. . . 3( a b c ) 12 3
2 2
a b c
Vi a b c
1
15
th Min P= .
2
2
a , b, c 0
1 1 1
2
2
2
Bi 7. Cho
3 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca P a b c .
a b c
a b c 2
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.2. Sai lm thng gp:
P a 2 b2 c2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2a 2b 2c 2a 2b 2c
9. 9 a 2b 2c 2 .
MinP
1 1 1 1 1 1
9
. . . . . 3
2a 2b 2c 2a 2b 2c
4
9
4
9
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
2a 2b 2c 3 4
4
1
3 3
a b c 3 (tri vi gi thit)
2
2 2
1
2
1.4.1. S im ri:
13
abc
1
2
2
2
a b c 4
1 2
m 8 :H s im ri.
4 m
1 1 1 2
ma mb mc m
1
2
a 2 b2 c2
8a 8b 8c 8a 8b 8c 4 a b c
P a 2 b2 c2
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 9 9 1
. . . . . 3 . . .
8a 8b 8c 8a 8b 8c 4 a b c 4 4 3 abc
9 9
1
9 9
27
.
.2
4 4 abc 4 4
4
3
P 9 9 a 2b 2 c 2 .
Vi a b c
1
27
th MinP = .
4
2
a , b, c 0
1
Bi 8. Cho 2
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P a b c
.
2
2
abc
a b c 1
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm thng gp:
abc
1
1
4 4 a.b.c.
4 MinP 4
abc
abc
1
a b c 1 mu thun vi gi thit.
abc
1
1
, khi
3 3
abc
3
1.4. S im ri:
14
abc
1
3
a b c 3
3 3 1
m9
m
3
1 3 3
mabc
m
: H s im ri.
1
8
1
8
4. 4 a.b.c.
2
a b2 c2
9abc 9abc
9abc
9
4
8
4 3
3
3
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm thng gp:
( a b) 1 1
3
3
a b ( a b).1.1
3
(b c) 1 1
3 b c 3 (b c).1.1
3
(c a ) 1 1
3
3
c
a
c
a
(
).1.1
2a b c 6 8
8
P 3 ab 3 bc 3 ca
Max S=
3
3
3
Max P b c 1 2 a b c 3 2 3 V l.
3
c a 1
15
a b 3
a b c
1
2
a b c b c
3
3
a b c 1
c
a
3
ab 3
3 b c 3
3
ca 3
9 3
2 2
9
. (a b). . 3 .
4
3 3
4
9 3
2 2
9
. (b c ). . 3 .
4
3 3
4
9 3
2 2
9
. (c a). . 3 .
4
3 3
4
P 3 ab 3 bc 3 ca
Vi a b b c c a
2 2
3 3
( a b)
3
(b c)
2 2
3 3
3
(c a )
2 2
3 3
3
9 2 a b c 4 3 9 6 3
.
. 18
4
3
4 3
2
1
a b c nn MaxP= 3 18 .
3
3
1. Nhn xt v li gii:
1.1. Sai lm thng gp: S dng bt ng thc Csi ta c:
3
(2a b) 1 1
3
(2b c) 1 1
2b c 3 (2b c).1.1
3
(2c d ) 1 1
2c d 3 (2c d ).1.1
3
(2d a) 1 1
2d a 3 (2d a).1.1
3
2a b 3 (2a b).1.1
16
3 2a b 3 2b c 3 2c d 3 2d a
3( a b c d ) 8 11
11
Max P=
3
3
3
2
1
3
2d a 1
4
a b c d 1
2a b 2b c 2c d 2d a
3
4
3 3
(2a b). .
4 4
(2a b)
3 3
4 4
3 3
3 3 (2b c) 4 4
(2b c). .
4 4
3
3 3
(2c d )
3 3
4 4
(2c d ). .
4 4
3
3 3
(2d a )
3 3
4 4
(2d a). .
4 4
3
9 3
3(a b c d ) 6
. 2a b 3 2b c 3 2c d 3 2d a
3
16
3
9
.P 3 P 3 48 2. 3 6
16
Vi 2a b 2b c 2c d 2d a
3
1
a b c d th MaxP =2 3 6
4
4
17
18
1
. Bit
x
b) x 3
* Biu im v p n:
a) do x 0 p dng bt ng thc C-Si ta c
Px
1
1
2 x. 2 ..........2
x
x
MinP 2 ti x 1 ...........2
b) P x
1 x 1 8x
x 9 x 9
x 1 8x
.
9 x 9
....................1,5
2 8x
.............................................................1
3 9
MinP
......1,5
2 8.3 10
..........1
3 9
3
10
ti x 3 .... 1
3
19
* Biu im v p n:
1 1 1
2
2
2
P x y z 2( ) (18 x ) (18y ) (18z ) 17( x y z) ..4
x y z
x
y
z
2
12,(1). .1
x
1
Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi x .1
3
2
2
12,(2). v 18z 12,(3). 2
y
z
20
Ph lc 3. Bng im
LP THC NGHIM
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Ho va ten
Trng T Vn
Nguyn Hong Bo
Nguyn H Lan
Nguyn Ngc
Nguyn Th Thy
Phm Thnh
Nguyn Th Thu
Trn Th Gia
Trnh Th Thu
Nguyn Th M
Trn c
Nguyn c
L Hoi Bo
Nguyn Ngc ng
Nguyn Th Thanh
ng Khnh
Trn Thi M
H Th Kim
Nguyn Hng Hi
L Hoi Dim
Nguyn Trn
Dng Vn
Nguyn Nh
Nguyn Vn
Phm Th M
L
Nguyn Thanh
H Th L
Trn Ph
L Thi
L Tn
ng Vit Thi
Hong N Ging
Hong Th oan
Lng V H
L Th Tuyt
Nguyn Ngc T
Trn Th c
Phm Kim
Nghim Anh
Nguyn Th Xun
Trn Th
Anh
Chu
Chi
Din
Dung
H
Hn
Hnh
Hoa
Huy
Khnh
Khim
Khoa
Kiu
Linh
Linh
Luyn
Mi
My
Ninh
Phong
Phc
Phc
Phc
Qun
Sang
Sen
S
Ti
Thnh
Th
Tin
Trang
Trang
Trm
Trinh
Trinh
Tuyn
V
Xanh
Yn
KT trc tac ng
KT sau tac ng
7
6
9
8
4
7
5
6
10
8
7
9
8
4
8
9
9
4
7
8
10
10
21
LP I CHNG
Stt
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Ho va ten
L Th Kim
Bi Doanh
Tn N K
V Khnh
Nguyn Th M
Nguyn Th Hng
Nguyn K Lnh
Dng Nguyn Khnh
Nguyn Phan An
Nguyn Qu
Nguyn Hoi Phng
Trn Khc
Nguyn Th Thanh
Hunh Kim
V Hu
Nguyn Th Thi
Cao Xun
Trn Th Trc
ng Hunh Huy
Cao V Qunh
Nguyn Th Kim
Nguyn Th Trc
Phm Th Trc
V Hong Kim
Nguyn Th Ngc
Nguyn Th Diu
Nguyn Th M
Phm Thu
Dng Ngc Huyn
Nguyn Th Tuyt
Nguyn Th Thanh
L Dip Bch
Nguyn Hong
Nguyn Huy
L Tng
L Nguyn Hong
Cao Nht Tng
Nguyn Phi
Chu
Doanh
Duyn
H
Hnh
Hu
Huy
Huyn
Khang
Lm
Linh
Linh
Nga
Ngn
Ngha
Ngc
Nguyn
Nh
Nht
Nhi
Oanh
Phng
Quyn
Quyn
Tho
Thin
Tin
Tin
Trm
Trinh
Trc
Tuyn
Vit
Vit
Vy
V
Yn
Yn
KT trc tac ng
KT sau tac ng
4
7
5
7
5
6
5
6
6
5
6
6
6
5
7
6
6
4
5
7
22