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CHNG 1. TONG QUAN VE HE THONG THONG TIN

1.1. TONG QUAN
Hnh 1.1 mo ta cac phan t c ban cua he thong thong tin. Co ba phan can
ban cua bat c he thong nao phai co la may phat, may thu va kenh truyen. Moi
phan co mot vai tro nhat nh trong viec truyen dan tn hieu.
Input
signal
Source

Transmitted
signal
Transmitter

Received
signal
Transmission
channel

Output
signal
Receiver

Destination

Noise, inteference, and

distortion

Hnh 1.1: Cac phan t cua he thong thong tin

May phat x ly tn hieu au vao va tao ra tn hieu co nhng ac tnh thch hp
vi kenh truyen dan. Qua trnh x ly tn hieu e truyen dan chu yeu la ieu che va
ma hoa (modulation and coding).
Kenh truyen la moi trng gia iem phat va iem thu. Kenh truyen co the la
la cap song hanh, cap ong truc, cap quan, hay moi trng vo tuyen. Moi kenh
truyen eu gay ra o suy hao hay la o ton that truyen dan. V the cng o tn
hieu b suy giam dan theo khoang cac truyen.
May thu lay tn hieu au ra t kenh truyen e x ly va tai tao ngc lai tn
hieu au phat. Cac hoat ong cua may thu bao gom khuech ai e bu vao ton
hao truyen dan, va giai ieu che va giai ma tn hieu a c ieu che va ma hoa
may phat. Bo loc cung la mot phan quan trong trong may thu dung e chon loc tn
hieu mong muon t kenh truyen.
Co rat nhieu anh hng khong mong muon xuat hien trong qua trnh truyen
dan tn hieu. Suy hao la mot anh hng khong mong muon do no gay ra suy giam
cng o tn hieu tai may thu. Cac hieu ng khac nh meo (distortion) nhieu
(noise) tap am (interference) lam cho dang tn hieu b thay oi do o co anh hng
nghiem trong hn.
Meo la la hien tng anh hng en dang song tn hieu gay ra bi ap ng
khong ly tng cua he thong nh mong muon. Khong giong nh nhieu va can
nhieu, khi khong co tn hieu th khong co meo. Neu kenh truyen la tuyen tnh
nhng ap ng co meo th meo nay co the c sa, hoac co the giam thieu bang
bo loc ac biet goi la bo can bang.
Can nhieu la nhng tn hieu tac ong t nhng nguon tn hieu khac vao tn
hieu can truyen nh cac may phat khac, ng day ien. Can nhieu thng xuat

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hien trong cac he thong vo tuyen do nhng anten thng thu nhieu loai tn hieu
ong thi. Cac bo loc thng c s dung e loai bo can nhieu co tan so ngoai dai
tan cua tn hieu truyen dan mong muon.
Nhieu (noise) hay la cac tn hieu ien ngau nhien sinh ra bi cac qua trnh vat
ly trong he thong va ca t ben ngoai. Khi nhieu tac ong vao tn hieu truyen co the
lam giam chat lng cua tn hieu hay co the lam hong ng truyen. Bo loc dung
e giam nhieu mot phan nhng nhieu khong the loai bo hoan toan. Nhieu la mot
thanh phan c ban tao ra nhng gii han trong he thong truyen thong.
1.2. CAC THANH PHAN CUA MOT HE THONG VI BA SO
S o khoi chung cua mot cua mot kenh truyen dan vi ba so c cho hnh
1.2. Vai tro cua cac khoi chc nang trong s o hnh 1.2 nh sau:
Source

Tx
Baseband

Modulator and
Upmixer

Power
amplifier
Channel

Output

Tx
Baseband

Modulator and
Upmixer

Power
amplifier

Hnh 1.2 : S o khoi cua he thong vi ba so

1.2.1. MAY PHAT

Khoi x ly bang tan goc:
o Phoi hp tr khang vi ng so
o Bien oi ma ng truyen
o Khoi phuc xung ong ho
o Ghep cac kenh nghiep vu va giam sat
o Ma hoa kenh chong loi
o Ngau nhien hoa tn hieu
Khoi ieu che va bien oi tan
o ieu che so e chuyen oi tn hieu so vao vung tan so cao thuan tien
cho viec truyen dan.
o oi vi cac may phat oi tan vi ieu che thc hien trung tan, khoi
nang tan cho phep chuyen tn hieu trung tan phat vao tan so vo tuyen
trc khi phat.
Khoi khuech ai cong suat
o Khuech ai cong suat phat en mc can thiet trc khi phat.

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1.2.2. MAY THU

Khoi khuech ai nhieu thap
o Khuech ai tn hieu thu co cng o nho va bo khuyech ai nay phai
co he so nhieu e lam giam he so nhieu trong toan he thong.
Khoi bien oi ha tan va giai ieu che so
o Giai ieu che so tn hieu thu e khoi phuc tn hieu so.
o oi vi may thu oi tan, trc khi giai ieu che tn hieu thu c bien
oi vao trung tan may thu nh bo bien oi ha tan. Trong qua trnh
bien oi ha tan do suat hien tan so anh nen khoi bien oi ha tan
thng phai triet tan so anh.
o Cung oi vi may thu oi tan, sau khi ha tan la bo khuech ai trung
tan. Nhiem vu cua bo khuech ai trung tan la khuech ai, loc nhieu
kenh lan can va can bang thch ng vung tan so cung nh can bang
tre nhom cac phan t cua kenh truyen dan.
Khoi x ly bang tan goc thu
o Tach cac kenh nghiep vu va giam sat
o Giai ma ngau nhien
o Sa loi kenh
o Giai ma ng truyen
o Phoi hp ng truyen so

XXWW

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CHNG 2.

CAC KY THUAT IEU CHE SO

2.1. GII THIEU CAC PHNG PHAP IEU CHE SO

ieu che la qua trnh ma trong o mot ac tnh nao o cua song mang c
thay oi theo tn hieu ieu che. Thng song mang la ham sin bieu th theo cong
thc 2.1. Cac thong so cua song mang co the thay oi la bien o , tan so, va pha.
S(t)=Acos(ct+)
(2.1)
Trong o: c =2fc la tan so goc cua song mang, fc la tan so song mang, con
la pha.
Neu s dung tn hieu thong tin e thay oi bien o A, tan so song mang fc va
pha (t) ta c cac kieu ieu che bien o , ieu che tan so va ieu che pha tng
ng.
Neu tn hieu thong tin la tn hieu lien tuc th ta c cac kieu ieu che tng
t, neu tn hieu thong tin la tn hieu so ta co cac kieu ieu che so tng ng.
dang ieu che so, tn hieu thong tin thng dang 2 mc hoac nhieu mc.
Trong trng hp ieu che so tn hieu thong tin lam thay oi bien o, tan so , hay
pha cua song mang cac cac ten goi tng ng la ieu che khoa chuyen bien (ASK),
ieu che khoa chuyen tan (FSK), va ieu che khoa chuyen pha (PSK). Hnh 1 mo
ta dang song cac kieu ieu che so.
0

a)

b)

c)
Hnh 2.1: Cac dang song ieu che. a)ASK; b)PSK; c)FSK
Nh hnh 2.1 ta thay cac dang song PSK va FSK co ng bao bien o
khong oi. ac iem nay cho phep chung khong b anh hng cua tnh phi tuyen

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thng gap ng truyen vi ba so va ve tinh. V vay FSK va PSK hay c s

dung hn ASK. Tuy nhien e co the tang dung lng ng truyen dan so khi bang
thong cua kenh truyen co han, ngi ta s dung ieu che PSK va ASK ket hp,
phng phap ieu che nay c goi la ieu che bien o vuong goc (QAM
Quandrature Amplitude Modulation).
Trong trng hp ieu che M trang thai tong quat , bo ieu che tao ra mot tap
hp M=2m tuy theo to hp m bit cua luong so lieu vao. ieu che 2 trang thai la
trng hp ac biet vi M=2.
Trong thong tin so, thuat ng tach song va giai ieu che thng c s dung
hoan oi cho nhau, mac du thuat ng giai ieu che nhan mang viec tach tn hieu
ieu che ra khoi song mang con tach song bao ham ca qua trnh quyet nh chon ky
hieu thu.
Giai ieu che may thu co the thc hien theo 2 dang: giai ieu che ket hp
hoac khong ket hp. dang giai ieu che ket hp, may thu phai biet chnh xac pha
cua song mang, hay may thu phai khoa c pha cua tn hieu phat. Tach song ket
hp c thc hien bang cach thc hien tng quan cheo tn hieu thu c vi song
mang. phng phap giai ieu che khong ket hp may thu khong can biet pha cua
song mang, v vay o phc tap cua may thu c giam bt nhng kha nang chong
loi lai thap hn so vi giai ieu che ket hp.
Co rat nhieu phng phap ieu che va giai ieu che khac nhau co the c
dung trong he thong thong tin. Moi phng phap cocs cac u nhc iem rieng cua
mnh. Viec la chon phu thuoc vao ty le loi, cong suat phat va o rong kenh
truyen.
2.2. IEU CHE PSK 2 TRANG THAI (2-PSK, BPSK)
2.2.1. XAC SUAT LOI
he thong BPSK tng quan, cac ky hieu 0 va 1 co tn hieu ieu che la s1(t),
s2(t). Neu song mang ieu hoa co bien o Ac do o nang lng cua mot bit la
Eb =

1 2
Ac Tb , theo phng phap ieu che BPSK 2 tn hieu lech pha nhau 1800 nen
2

ta co the bieu dien:

s i (t ) =

2 Eb
cos[2f c t + (t ) + c ], (t ) = (i 1) , 0 t Tb , i = 1,2 (2.10)
Tb

hay:
s1 (t ) =
s 2 (t ) =

2 Eb
cos[2f c t + c ], 0 t Tb
Tb
2 Eb
cos[2f c t + c ], 0 t Tb
Tb

(2.11)
(2.12)

T cac phng trnh (2.11), (2.12) ta thay rang ch co mot ham c s la:

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1 (t ) =

2
cos(2f c t + c ), 0 t Tb
Tb

(2.13)

Khi o ta co the bieu dien s1(t), s2(t) theo 1 (t ) nh sau:

s1 (t ) = Eb 1 , 0 t Tb
s 2 (t ) = Eb 1 , 0 t Tb

Vung Z1

Vung Z2

s1

s2

Hnh 2.3: Khong gian tn hieu BPSK

Vay ieu che BPSK c ac trng bi khong gian tn hieu mot(N=1) chieu
vi 2 iem ban tin(M=2) nh hnh 2.3 va toa o c tnh:
Tb

s11 = s1 (t )1 (t )dt = E b
0
Tb

s 21 = s 2 (t )1 (t )dt = E b
0

e quyet nh tn hieu thu c la 0 hay 1 ta chia khong gian tn hieu thanh 2

vung:
Vung Z1: cac iem gan ban tin + Eb nhat (ng vi 0).
Vung Z2: cac iem gan ban tin Eb nhat (ng vi 1).
Quy tac quyet nh la d oan tnh hieu la s1(t) jau 0 c phat neu tn hieu
thu ri vao vung Z1 va la s2(t) hay 1 neu ri vao Z2. Tuy nhien co the xay ra hai
quyet nh sai. Tn hieu s2(t) c phat, tuy nhien do tac dung cua nhieu, tn hieu
thu ri vao vung Z1 va ngc lai.

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T/h vao

T/h BPSK

n cc/
lng cc

Song mang
1 (t )
T/h BPSK

Tb

T/h ra

So sanh

dt
0

Song mang
1 (t )
Hnh 2.4: S o khoi may phat va may thu BPSK
e tnh toan xac suat gay ra loi neu phat iem 1, gia tr quan sat neu phat
iem 1 la:
y1 =

Tb

y(t ) (t )dt
1

vi y(t) la tn hieu thu c. Ta co the rut ra ham phan bo xac suat khi ky
hieu 1 hay tn hieu s2(t) c phat:

f Y 1 ( y1 1) =

1
y1 E b
exp
N
N 0

)
2

Xac suat loi ma khi phat ky hieu 1 ma may thu quyet nh la 0 bang:

Pe (0 1) = f Y 1 ( y1 1)dy1 =
0

exp N (y

N 0

2
+ Eb dy1

T o ta tnh c:
Eb
2 Eb
1
= Q

erfc

N
2
N
0
0

Do tnh oi xng nen Pe (0 1) = Pe (1 0 ) do o xac suat loi trung bnh oi vi ieu

Pe (0 1) =

che BPSK la:

2 Eb
Pe = Q
N0

(2.14)

Ta co s o bo ieu che va giai ieu che BPSK tng quan nh hnh 2.4

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2.3. IEU CHE PSK VI SAI (DPSK)

Input
data
{mk}

Logic
Circuit

{dk}

BPSK
Modulator

DPSK
signal

{dk-1}
cos(2fc)

Delay
Tb
DPSK
signal

Bandpass
filter

Logic
Circuit

Intergrate
and Dump

Threshold
device

output

Delay
Tb
Hnh 2.6 S o khoi cua may phat va may thu DPSK

ieu che DPSK la dang ieu che ma phng phap giai ieu che khong can
phai la dang ket hp vi muc ch e giam o phc tap cua may thu. May thu
khong ket hp re hn va de che tao hn do o c s dung rong rai trong cac he
thong thong tin vo tuyen. Trong he thong DPSK, chuoi tn hieu nh phan au vao
trc het c ma hoa vi sai sau o o c ieu che BPSK. Chuoi tn hieu ma hoa
vi sai {dk} c tao ra t chuoi nh phan au vao {mk} bang cach cong mk va dk-1.
Muc ch la e ky hieu dk khong oi so vi ky hieu trc neu ky hieu au vao mk
la 1, va dk se oi neu mk la 0. Bang 1 minh hoa cach tao tn hieu DPSK t chuoi mk
theo cong thc
d k = mk d k 1

{mk}

{dk}

{dk-1}

Bang 2.1 Minh hoa qua trnh ma hoa vi sai

Hnh 2.6(a) la s o khoi cua may phat DPSK. Trong hnh nay co phan t tre
vi thi gian la 1 bit Tb va mach logic e tao chuoi ma hoa vi sai t tn hieu nh
phan au vao. Tn hieu au ra c a vao bo ieu che BPSK e thu c tn hieu

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DPSK. may thu, chuoi tn hieu goc c khoi phuc t tn hieu DPSK bi cac
mach bo sung nh hnh 2.6(b).
2.4. IEU CHE PHA VUONG GOC (QPSK)
2.4.1. XAC SUAT LOI
Cung nh BPSK ieu che pha kieu nay c ac trng bi viec thong tin
cua luong so c truyen i bang pha cua song mang. Ta co the viet cong thc cho
song mang c ieu che 4-PSK nh sau:
2E

0t T
s i (t ) = T cos[2f c + (t ) + ],
0,
t < 0; t < T

Trong o:
I = 1,2,3,4 tng ng vi phat i cac ky hieu hai bit: 00, 10, 11 va 10
E la nang lng tn hieu phat tren moat ky hieu
T = 2Tb la thi gian cua mot ky hieu
fc la tan so song mang
(t ) la goc pha c ieu che
la goc pha ban au
Moi gia tr cua pha tng ng vi hai bit duy nhat cua tn hieu c goi la cap
bit, chang han ta co the lap cac gia tr pha e bieu dien tap cac cap bit c ma
hoa Grey nh sau: 10, 00, 01 va 11. Goc pha ban au la mot hang so nhan gia tr
bat ky trong khoang 0 en 2 , v goc pha nay khong anh hng en qua trnh phan
tch nen ta se at bang khong.
S dung bien oi lng giac, ta co the viet lai phng trnh tren lai dang
tng ng nh sau:

2E
2E

sin (2i 1) sin( 2f c t ) +

cos (2i 1) cos(2f c t )
, 0t T
s (t ) =
i

T
0,

4
t < 0, t > T

Trong o: i = 1,2,3,4
Da tren cong thc tren ta co the a ra cac nhan xet sau:
Ch co hai ham c s trc giao chuan, 1 (t ) va 2 (t ) trong bieu thc si(t).
Dang tng ng cua cac, 1 (t ) va 2 (t ) c nh ngha nh sau:
1 (t ) =

1
sin [2f c ],
T

0t T

2 (t ) =

1
cos[2f c ],
T

0t T

Ton tai bon iem ban tin bi cac vect tng ng c xac nh nh sau:

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E sin (2i 1) 4

si =

E cos (2i 1)

i = 1,2,3,4

Cac phan t cua cac vect tn hieu: si1 va si2 co cac gia tr c tong ket
bang. Hai cot au cua bang cho ta cac cap bit va pha tng ng cua tn hieu QPSK,
trong o bit 0 tng ng vi ien ap +
Cap bit
vao 0 t T

E
E
, con bit 1 tng ng vi ien ap
.
2
2

Pha cua
tn hieu
QPSK(radian)

00
01
11
10

Toa o cua cac iem ban

tin
Si1
Si2
+ E 2
+ E 2

/4
3 /4
5 /4
7 /4

+ E 2

- E 2

- E 2

- E 2

- E 2

+ E 2

Bang 2.2 Cac vect khong gian tn hieu cua QPSK

T khao sat tren ta thay mot tn hieu QPSK c ac trng bi mot khong
gian chieu (N=2) va bon ieu ban tin (M=4) nh hnh ve:

Vung Z2

Vung Z3

01

00

11

10

Vung Z1

Vung Z4

Hnh 2.8 : Khong gian tn hieu ieu che QPSK

Th du: Hnh 2.9 cho thay mot luong so a len ieu che QPSK. Chuoi c so
hai au vao 11000001 c cho hnh 2.9a. Chuoi nay lai c chia thanh hai
chuoi bao gom cac bit le va cac bit chan. Hai chuoi nay c bieu th cac dong
tren cung cua cac hnh 2.9b va 2.9c. Cac dang song the hien cac thanh phan ong
pha va lech pha vuong goc cua QPSK cung c cho cac hnh 2.9b va 2.9c. Co
the nhan xet rieng hai dang song nay nh cac dang tn hieu 2-PSK. Cong chung ta
c dang song QPSK hnh 2.9d.

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au vao

Nhanh le

Nhanh chan

QPSK

Hnh 2.9: Qua trnh hnh thanh song QPSK

e hieu c nguyen tac quyet nh khi tach song chuoi so lieu phat, ta phan
chia khong gian tn hieu thanh 4 phan nh sau:
Tap hp cua cac iem gan nhat iem ban tin lien quan vi vect tn hieu s1.
Tap hp cua cac iem gan nhat iem ban tin lien quan vi vect tn hieu s2.
Tap hp cua cac iem gan nhat iem ban tin lien quan vi vect tn hieu s3.
Tap hp cua cac iem gan nhat iem ban tin lien quan vi vect tn hieu s4.
e thc hien viec phan chia noi tren ta ke hai ng vuong goc chia eu hnh
vuong noi cac iem ban tin sau o anh dau cac vung tng ng. Ta c vung
quyet nh la cac goc phan t co nh trung vi goc toa o. hnh 2.10 cac vung
nay c anh so la Z1, Z2, Z3, va Z4.
Ta co the bieu dien tn hieu thu c nh sau:
y (t ) = si (t ) + x(t )

0t T

Trong o:
i =1,2,3,4
x(t) la ham mau cua qua trnh ngau nhien nhieu Gauss co gia tr trung
bnh 0 va mat o pho cong suat N0/2.
Vect quan trac y cua mot may thu QPSK nhat quan co hai thanh phan y1 va
y2 c xac nh nh sau:

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T

y1 = y (t )1 (t )dt
0

= E sin (2i 1) + x1
4

y2 = y (t ) 2 (t )dt
0

= E cos (2i 1) + x2
4

Trong o i=1,2,3,4
Vay y1 va y2 la cac gia tr mau cua cac bien ngay nhien Gauss oc lap co cac

gia tr trung bnh bang E cos (2i 1) va E cos (2i 1) tng ng va co

phng sai bang nhau va bang N0/2.

Bay gi quy tac quyet nh chung ch n gian la oan si(t) c phat neu
iem tn hieu thu lien quan en vect y quan trac ri vao vung Zi. Se xay ra mot
quyet nh sai khi chang han tn hieu s1(t) c phat nhng tap am x(t) ln en mc
ma iem tn hieu thu ri ra ngoai vung Z1.
Ta nhan thay rang nh tnh oi xng cua cac vung quyet nh, xac xuat dien
giai iem tn hieu thu ung khong phu thuoc vao tn hieu nao c phat. Gia s ta
biet rang tn hieu s1(t) c phat. May thu se a ra mot quyet nh ung neu iem
tn hieu thu c trnh bay bi vect quan trac y nam trong vung Z1 cua bieu o
khong gian tn hieu hnh 2.8. Vay oi vi mot quyet nh ung khi tn hieu s1(t)
c phat, cac thanh phan cua vect quan trac y: y1 va y2 phai cung dng (hnh
2.10).
y2

Vung quyet
nh ung
y1

Vung quyet
nh sai
Hnh 2.10: Vung quyet nh ung va

ieu nay co ngha rang xac suat cua mot quyet nh ung bang xac suat co
ieu kien cua s kien lien hp y1>1 va y2>0, khi s1(t) c phat. V cac bien ngau
nhien y1 va y2 oc lap vi nhau, nen xac suat quyet nh ung Pc cung bang tch
cac xac suat co ieu kien cua cac s kien y1>0 va y2>0, khi s1(t) c phat. Ngoai

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ra ca hai y1 va y2 eu la cac bien ngau nhien co gia tr trung bnh bang

E 2 va

phng sai bang N0/2 nen ta co the viet nh sau:

Pc =
0

( y E 2)2
( y E 2)2
1
exp 1
exp 2
dy1 .
dy 2
N0
N0
N 0
N 0

Trong o tch phan th nhat ve phai la xac suat co ieu kien cua s kien y1>0
va tch phan th hai la xac xuat co ieu kien cua y2>0, khi s1(t) c phat. at:
y E 2

z=

N0

Khi thay cac bien y1 va y2 bang x ta co the viet lai:

1
Pc =

exp(
z
)
dz

E 2 N0

T nh ngha cua ham bu loi ta c :

1

E
1
2

exp(
z
)
dz
1
erfc

2N
2

0
E 2 N0

Vay ta co:
2

E
Pc = 1 erfc

N
2
0
2

E 1
E
2

erfc
+
= 1 erfc
2N

2N 0 4
Vay xac suat trung bnh oi vi loi ky hieu cho trng hp QPSK ket hp
c xac nh nh sau:

Pe = 1 Pc

E
= erfc
2N 0

E
erfc 2
4
2N
0

vung (E/2N0) >> 1 ta co the bo qua thanh phan th hai ve phai cua bieu
thc tren. Vay ta co cong thc tnh xac suat trung bnh cua loi ky hieu oi vi
QPSK ket hp:
E
Pe = erfc
2N 0

= 2Q E

N
0

he thong QPSK ta thay rang co hai bit tren mot ky hieu. ieu nay co ngha
rang nang lng c phat tren mot ky hieu gap hai lan nang lng tren mot bit,
ngha la:
E = 2Eb
Vay co the bieu dien xacc suat trung bnh cua loi ky hieu theo ty so Eb/N0:
Eb
2 Eb
= 2Q
Pe = erfc

N
0
N0

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2.4.2. PHO VA BANG THONG CUA TN HIEU QPSK

0
-10

Normalized PSD

-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
f c- 3R b f c- 2R b f c- R b

fc

f c- R b f c- 2R b f c- 3R b

Hnh 2.11: Mat o pho con g suat cua tn hieu QPSK

Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu QPSK co the tm theo cac giong nh oi
vi tn hieu BPSK vi chu ky 1 bit Tb thay bang chu ky mot ky hieu Ts. Mat o pho
cong suat cua tn hieu QPSK c tnh theo cong thc.
sin ( f f )T 2 sin ( f + f )T 2
c
s
c
s

+

(
)
(
)
+

f
f
T
f
f
T

c
s
c
s


sin ( f f )T 2 sin ( f + f )T 2
c
s
c
s
+

= Eb
( f f c )Ts ( f + f c )Ts

E
PQPSK (t ) = s
2

Bang thong cua tn hieu QPSK BW=Rb/2 giam so vi bang thong tn hieu
BPSK.
2.4.3. MAY THU PHAT QPSK
Bay gi ta i xet qua trnh ieu che va giai ieu che QPSK. Hnh 2.12 cho
thay s o khoi cua mot bo ieu che QPSK ien hnh.
Luong c so hai au vao b(t) qua bo phan luong chia thanh hai luong oc lap
cha cac bit chan va cac bit le (hai luong I va Q). Bo chuyen oi mc chuyen oi
cac ky hieu 0 va 1 thanh lng cc tng ng vi + E va - E . Ta thay rang moi
khoang thi gian, 2 luong tn hieu nay c nhan vi hai tn hieu song mang trc
giao tng ng la 1 (t ) va 2 (t ) . Ket qua nhan c cap song 2-PSK. Sau o 2 song
nay c cong vi nhau tao ra tn hieu QPSK. Do tnh trc giao cua 2 song mang
nen co the tach 2 luong tn hieu nay c. Lu y rang o rong bit T cua tn hieu
QPSK gap hai lan o rong cua dong tn hieu.

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Rb/2

Input
Data

LPF

Serial to
Parralel
Converter

Rb

QPSK
Output

Local
Oscilltor

900

Rb/2

LPF

Hnh 2.12 May phat QPSK

LPF
Received
Signal
BPF

Carrier
Recovery

Decision
circuit

Symbol
Timing
Recovery

900

LPF

MUX

Recovered
Signal

Decision
circuit

Hnh 2.13 May thu QPSK

2.5. IEU CHE OQPSK (OFFSET QPSK)

Chuyen mc
Luong vao

Phan luong
Tre Tb

1 (t ) =

1
sin[2f c ]
T

Tn hieu
QPSK

Chuyen mc

2 (t ) =

1
cos[2f c ]
T

Hnh 2.14: S o bo ieu che OQPSK

Bien o cua tn hieu ieu che QPSK la hang so, tuy nhien khi i qua bo loc
tao dang, tn hieu QPSK khong con gi c tnh chat nay. Trong cac trng hp
dch pha radian bien o cua tn hieu QPSK chuyen oi qua iem khong trong mot

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khoang thi gian nhat nh. Neu cac bo loc khong tuyen khi tn hieu qua iem
khong (zero crossing) th se gay ra hien tng tron mien doc cua pho va lam rong
pho do o trung thc cua tn hieu b anh hng do cac mc ien ap nho se b anh
hng nhieu trong qua trnh truyen dan. e tranh hien tng nay viec dung cac bo
loc tuyen tnh cho tn hieu QPSK la khong hieu qua. Mot dang khac cua ieu che
QPSK goi la ieu che OQPSK. Dang nay t b anh hng cua cac bo loc khong
tuyen tnh.
S o khoi cua bo ieu che OQPSK nh hnh 2.14. Ta thay phng phap ieu
che OQPSK ch khac phng phap QPSK nhanh Q c lam tre i thi gian Tb la
o rong cua mot bit. Do hai dong tn hieu I, Q eu co o rong bit la 2Tb nen khi lam
tre nhanh Q i mot thi gian Tb th 2 bit a vao bo ieu che se khong co trng
hp chuyen t 00 sang 11 va ngc lai. Dong tn hieu ieu che OQPSK nh vay
cung khong chuyen qua iem khong (xem bieu o khong gian tn hieu cua ieu che
QPSK). Nh vay tn hieu OQPSK co nh bien o hn tn hieu QPSK va t b anh
hng sai dang AM sang AM hoac AM sang PM sinh ra bi mach khuech ai cong
suat.
Xac suat loi cua phng phap ieu che OQPSK cung c tnh nh phng
phap QPSK, la:
Eb
2 Eb
= 2Q
Pe = erfc

N
0
N0

XXWW

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CHNG 3. BANG THONG CUA HE THONG

3.1. BANG THONG VA PHO CUA TN HIEU SO
Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ngau nhien w(t) c nh ngha:
W (f)2
T

Pw (t ) = lim

T
T >

ay dau gach ngang tren au la ky hieu trung bnh cua ham. Va WT(f)
la bien oi Fourier cua wT(t), vi
w(t ) T / 2 < t < T / 2
wT (t ) =
elsewhere
0

Mat o pho cong suat cua tn hieu ieu che (tn hieu bang thong) co quan
he vi mat o pho cong suat cua cua tn hieu ng bao phc. Neu tn hieu
bang thong c bieu dien di dang
s (t ) = Re{g (t ) exp( j 2f c t )}
ay g(t) la tn hieu ng bao phc cua tn hieu bang thong, th mat o pho
cong suat cua tn hieu bang thong c tnh bi
Ps ( f ) =

1
Pg ( f f c ) + Pg ( f + f c )
4

ay Pg(f) la mat o pho cong suat cua g(t).

Bang thong cua tn hieu co nhieu cach nh ngha khac nhau tuy theo tng
trng hp, va khong co mot nh ngha thong nhat chung cho moi trng hp.
Tat ca cac trng hp eu da tren nh ngha mat o pho cong suat cua tn
hieu.
Bang thong tuyet oi cua tn hieu c nh ngha la khoang tan so tren
o mat o pho cong suat khong bang khong. Tn hieu xung vuong bang tan goc
co mat o pho cong suat la ham (sinf)2/f2, ham nay trai rong ra vo cung do o
bang thong cua tn hieu xung vuong la vo cung. Mot nh ngha bang thong n
gian hn va c s dung nhieu hn la o bang thong da vao khoang cach
gia 2 iem 0 au tien (null-to-null bandwidth). Bang thong thong luc nay bang
o rong pho cua bup chnh cua tn hieu.
nh ngha bang thong thng c s dung nhat la bang thong na cong
suat (half-power bandwidth). Bang thong na cong suat c nh ngha la
khoang cach gia 2 iem ma mat o pho cong suat giam hay 3dB so vi gia
tr nh. Bang thong na cong suat con c goi la bang thong 3dB.

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FCC (federal Communication Commission) nh ngha bang thong chiem

gi bi tn hieu la khoang tan so cha lai chnh xac 0.5% vung bang tan di
va 0.5% vung bang tan tren cua cong suat tn hieu. Hay noi cach khac 99%
nang lng tn hieu nam trong vung bang thong.
Mot cach nh ngha khac da vao mc c a ra ben di mc nh.
V du bang thong suy hao 45dB, hay 60dB.
Ma hoa ng truyen (Line Coding)
Tn hieu so thng s dung cac dang ma hoa ng truyen khac nhau e
co cac dang pho khac nhau phu hp vi ng truyen. Cac ma ng truyen
khac thng c dung trong thong tin vo tuyen la ma RZ(return-to-zero),
NRZ(non-return-to-zero), va ma Manchester. Cac loai ma nay co the la n
cc hoac lng cc. Ma RZ tr ve 0 trong moi chu ky bit. ieu nay lam pho tn
hieu rong ra, bu lai kieu ma hoa nay cung cap them thong tin nh thi. Ma
NRZ khong tr ve 0 trong chu ky bit-no gi nguyen gia tr trong mot chu ky bit.
Ma NRZ hieu qua hn ma RZ ve mat pho, tuy nhien kem hn ve mat nh thi.
Hn na, do co thanh phan dc ln nen 2 loai ma nay khong thch hp cho cac
mach chan dc nh mach khuyech ai am tan hay cac chuyen mach thoai.
Ma Manchester la mot dang ac biet cua ma NRZ, ma nay rat thch hp
cho cac tn hieu phai i qua cac mach chan dc hay cac chuyen mach thoai do
no khong co thanh phan dc va cung cap phng thc nh thi n gian. Ma
Manchester s dung 2 xung cho mot bit, do o de dang khoi phuc xung clock.

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0
V
0
-V
V
0
-V
Hnh3.1 Dang song cua ma hoa ng. (a) NRZ
n cc (b) RZ lng cc (c) Manchester RZ

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0.5Tb

Rb

2Rb

3Rb

2Rb

3Rb

Tb

Rb
Tb

Rb
2Rb
3Rb
Hnh 3.2 Mat o pho cong suat (a)NRZ n cc;
(b)RZ lng cc ; (c)Manchester RZ
3.2. KY THUAT TAO DANG XUNG
Nh ta a biet, mot day xung vi o rong T n cc hoac lng cc co vo
han thanh phan tan so. Tuy nhien cac ng truyen dan thc te co bang tan b
han che, v the xung thu c b m rong ay. Phan m rong nay chong lan
len cac xung pha trc va pha sau gay anh hng cho viec phan biet cac

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xung. Anh hng nay c goi la nhieu giao thoa gia cac ky hieu (ISI
Interymbol Interference).
e giam anh hng cua ISI, kenh truyen dan can phai co dai thong u
rong, tuy nhien khi o tap am se tang len do nhiet, giao thoa RF. Do o dai
thong cua thiet b can phai c thiet ke tot ve o rong, o doc e chong cac
can nhieu, tuy nhien phai at mot gia tr toi u e khong tao ra ISI do gii han
dai lam xung dao ong keo dai va o doc tang tao ra o tre nhom ln.
Co the trnh bay s han che bang tan bang ham truyen at cua bo loc
thong thap ly tng nh hnh 3.3a. Neu ta a mot xung kim (t) vao bo loc
nay th pho cua tn hieu nhan c au ra se co dang ham ch nhat sau:
f
H ( f ) =
2 f0

Trong o f0 la tan so cat.

Bien oi fourier ngc cho bieu thc tren ta c ap ng au ra:
h(t) = 2f0Sinc(2f0t)
Hnh 3.3b cho ta thay dang cua ap ng nay. Ngoai tr gia tr nh tai
trung tam, cac iem khong xuat hien moi thi iem kT0 = k

1
, trong o k la
2 f0

so nguyen dng khac khong . Khoang cach T0 c goi la khoang cach

Nyquist.
Neu ta phat i mot day xung kim T(t) gom cac xung kim cach nhau mot
khoang Nyquist, th co the tranh c nhieu giao thoa gia cac ky hieu (neu
tien hanh pha biet cac xung nay tai cac thi iem kT0 cua cac xung thu c
(hnh 3.3c).

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f
H ( f ) =
2 f0

f0

f0

Xung (t)

Day xung T(t)

0 T
h(t) h(t-T)

h(t)

2f0

2f0

-3T0 -2T0-T0 0 T0 2T 3T0

-3T -2T -T 0 T 2T 3T

Hnh 3.3: Ham truyen at cua bo loc thong thap ly tng va cac ap
ng au ra
Neu khoang cach gia cac xung kim T nho hn khoang cac Nyquist T0, th
s chong lan cua cac xung nay lam ta khong the phan biet c chung. Noi
mot cac khac o rong bang tan can thiet e phan biet cac xung (cac ky hieu)
co toc o ky hieu Rs= 1/T th 2 f 0 =
f0 =

1
, ngha la:
T

R
1
= s
2T
2

ay chnh la nh ly gii han bang thong Nyquist.

nh ly Nyquist:
Trong thc te rat kho thc te rat kho thc hien c bo loc thong thap ly
tng nh a e cap. V vay e at c ieu kien can thiet cua bo loc trong
ng truyen dan thc te, ta ap dung nh ly Nyquist sau ay.
Ngay ca khi xep chong ac tnh oi xng kieu ham le ng vi tan so cat f0
vi ac tnh cua bo loc thong thap ly tng th iem cat (iem 0) vi truc cua
ap ng xung kim van khong thay oi.
Cac ac tnh cua bo loc thoa man nh ly th nhat cua Nyquist thng
c s dung co dang nh hnh 3.4 c goi la ham o doc (Roll off) va co
the c bieu th bang ham truyen at Roll(f) sau au:

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1, f f 0 (1 )

1
( f f 0 ), f 0 (1 ) f f 0 (1 + )
Roll ( f ) = 1 sin
2f 0

2
0, f f 0 (1 )

Trong o c goi la he so o doc (Roll-off factor).

Phan nghieng cua roll(f) co the chuyen thanh cac ac tnh Cosin bnh
phng nh sau:

Roll ( f ) = cos 2
( f f0 ) +
4
4f 0
Do vay Roll(f) cung c goi la ac tnh doc cosin.
Ngoai ra ta cung co the trnh bay phan nghieng noi tren dang ham cosin tang
sau ay:

1, f f 0 (1 )

1
( f f 0 ), f 0 (1 ) f f 0 (1 + )
Roll ( f ) = 1 + cos
2f 0

2
0, f f 0 (1 )
v the Roll(f) cung con c goi la ac tnh doc cosin tang.
ap ng xung kim h(t) cua bo loc co ac tnh doc cosin co the c bieu
dien bang bien oi Fourier ngc sau ay.
cos(2f 0 t )
h(t ) = 2 f 0 Sinc(2 f 0 t )
2
1 (4f 0 )
Trong o c s dung nh la mot thong so, goi la he so roll-off (he so
trt).
Khi nay o tong bang tan can thiett e phan biet cac xung hay o rong
bang tan Nyquist c xac nh theo cong thc sau:
B N = f 0 (1 + ) = Rs (1 + ) / 2
Trong o Rs la toc o truyen dan cac ky hieu.

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h(t)
2f0

f0

f0(1-)

f0(1-) f0

-3T0 -2T0-T0 0 T0 2T 3T

f0(1+)

f0(1+)

Hnh 3.4 Cac ac tnh va ap ng xung kim cua bo loc thoa mang
nh ly Nyquist