A study on challenges faced women entrepreneurs and government polices

for the development of women entrepreneurs in India

Prof. Alekha Chandra panda
Asst. Prof. (Sinhgad institute of Management)
Vadgaon (Bk), pune
Emal- panda.alekh@gmail.com
Phone: 9049931006
Abstract:
Since ages India has been men-dominated country. But, time is changing now. Women in
India have outraged the fact that since hundreds of years they had been following the orders
of men. They now know their rights and duties and with the spreading awareness amongst
the women they are now no less then the men. They are walking with men at the same pace
in each and every field. Following this latest trend, women are no less and backward any
more. Many women have established their own economy i.e., entrepreneurial empire and
are now ruling their world as they wished to. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of
women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic
status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for
women to emerge into business ventures The growing economic power and influence of
women-owned businesses are changing the shape of the Indian economy. India is brimming
with the success stories of women entrepreneurs. They stand tall from the rest of the crowd
and are applauded for their achievements in their respective Field. This paper focuses on
woman entrepreneur. Any understanding of woman in global scene and especially in India,
also the paper talks about the status of woman entrepreneurs and the problems faced by
them when they set up and managed their own businesses in the competitive world of
business environment.
Key words: Entrepreneurship development, Women entrepreneurs, economic growth,
India
INRODUCTION:
The role of Indian women has undergone dramatic and drastic changes from era to era,
while with the eras themselves there have existed simultaneous contradictions, this in itself
has created problems for contemporary women in experiencing a continuity of their
identity within the society. Today the educated women do not want to limit their lives in the
four walls of the house. They demand equal respect from their partners. However, Indian
women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are
deep rooted in Indian society. Despite all the social hurdles, many women have become
successful in their works. These successful women have made name & wealth for
themselves with their hard work, diligence, competence and will power
India is brimming with the success stories of women entrepreneurs. They stand tall from
the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field.
These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to

survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and
perseverance. Ability to learn quickly from her abilities, her persuasiveness, open style of
problem solving, willingness to take risks and chances, ability to motivate people, knowing
how to win and lose gracefully are the of the Indian women entrepreneurs.

OVERVIEW:
Entrepreneurship is a difficult task, which is fraught with struggle and taking risk. Even
though the challenges for becoming an entrepreneur for man and women are same, women
have a distinct set of factors that first impede their entry as entrepreneur and survival as
successful business women.
Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate,
organize and operate a business enterprise. Government of India has defined women
entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by a women having a minimum
financial interest of 51% of the capital and giving at least 51% of employment generated in
the enterprise to women. Like a male entrepreneurs a women entrepreneur has many
functions. They should explore the prospects of starting new enterprise; undertake risks,
introduction of new innovations, coordination administration and control of business and
providing effective leadership in all aspects of business. Women in business are a recent
phenomenon in India. By and large they had confide themselves to petty business and tiny
cottage industries. Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors.
Which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their on legs A
sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is the motivational
factor behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities
women want to get independence under the influence of these factors the women
entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing new.
NEED OF THE STUDY:
According to the Third All India Census of Small Scale Industries conducted in 2001-02
and subsequent estimates made, only 10.11% of the Micro and Small Enterprises in India
are owned by women while 9.46% of the MSE enterprises are managed by women.
Currently their estimated number is 12.99 lakh women managed enterprise and 12.15 lakh
women managed enterprise. The Womans entrepreneurship has been recognized during the
last decade as an important untapped source and has been largely neglected both in society
in general and in the social sciences. In India the women entrepreneurs are very less. There
is a need to review existing literature as it relates to the challenges and opportunities faced
by Womans entrepreneurs India
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:
The main objective of the study is to investigate the issues and challenges faced by
Womans entrepreneurs in India. Womans entrepreneurship has been recognized during the
last decade as an important untapped source of economic growth but they are neglected

both in society in general and in the social sciences and to study various Government
policies and programs for the development of the Women entrepreneurship.
METHODOLOGY:
An extensive literature review of secondary data sources was undertaken as relevant to the
stated objective, as the study has been conducted within a short period of time, thus the
scope of the study is limited. Since the study is based on secondary data, only qualitative
analysis has been used to arrive at conclusion rather than rigorous statistical analyses.
LITERATURE REVIEW:
There are approximately 1,013,000 self-employed women (7.6% of women in
employment) and 2,706,000 self-employed men (17.4% of men in employment) in the UK.
Survey evidence indicates that businesses that are wholly or majority female-owned
account for between 12.3% - 16.5% of the UK business stock. A large proportion of female
entrepreneurial activity takes place in businesses that are co- owned equally by men and
women. If the definition of womens enterprise included co-owned businesses (an approach
often used by US researchers), it is estimated that between 34.1% - 41.2% of the UK small
business stock is either owned or co-owned by women. (Carter et al., 2006)
Support for women entrepreneurs in the Czech Republic has become apparent in recent
years. The SME support programmes open to both genders, from the Ministry of Industry
and Trade made 2,584 grants to women entrepreneurs, i.e. 17.1 % of the total grants
awarded. This represented financial aid of 9 million Euros to Czech business women, i.e.
5.7% of the total financial support available. Women entrepreneurs also owned 11% of the
Limited companies which obtained grants. (Women Entrepreneurs, 2001
There are more than 821 000 women entrepreneurs and they contribute to an excess of
CAD 18 109 billion to the economy annually. Between 1981 and 2001, the number of
women entrepreneurs increased 208%, compared with a 38% increase for men. Average
annual sales for women owned firms are significantly lower. In 2000, women-owned SMEs
averaged CAD 311 289 in sales, compared with 654 294 in sales for firms owned by men
(Sarmite and Bulte, 2003)
The total entrepreneurial activity rate for men is 8.1% compared to 4.9% for women. Men
are 1.7 times more likely to be involved in entrepreneurial activity than women. This is
slightly higher than the corresponding global average for 2002 of 1.6 times more. The
overall difference between entrepreneurial activity rates of men and women in South Africa
is largely due to the much higher opportunity entrepreneurial activity rates amongst men.
Men are twice more likely to be involved in opportunity entrepreneurship than women.
(Hendricks, Lindiwe, 2005)
Various studies have been conducted to study the issues and challenges faced by the
women entrepreneurs. Like Women are inferior to man: weak, passive, less intelligent and
less capable (Akhouri, 1988), such a value system has suppressed their independent
thinking and action to a great degree.The absence of basic literacy and innumeracy skills
are the major barriers to the establishment of successful enterprise, and lack of proper
education and training makes huge gapes in womens knowledge and skills (Howarth,

1990). Caste/Community restriction and traditions compound the problems for the
womens, for instance Muslim women have to follow the purdan systems which
contributes as a major factor in preventing them from engaging in profitable activities
(Kumari, 1995). In a study conducted in UP, 92% of the women entrepreneurs sampled
claimed to face Professional disrespect by virtue of their gender. This finding has been
reinforced in another study which found that it is difficult to come with the attitudes and
behaviour of lower level staff who simple refused to accept women in the role of
entrepreneurs (Shah, 1991).A study on female entrepreneurship has highlighted womens
lack of confidence and assertiveness (McColl, 1989). A significant factor preventing
women from being self-employed is their perception of themselves which is still dominated
by traditional gender stereotypes (Bradley, 1989). The decision to start an enterprise is
influenced by a host of factors, the first of which is initiative, Usually women are
discouraged from starting a venture since there are not others who are like them (Iyer,
1993). The discouragement from the home, coupled with opposition from society at large
crate emotional barriers (Choudhary 1995). There is lack of family support to women
entrepreneurs and also access to peer support; this is confirmed by (Easwaran, 1992). A
comparative study of male and female entrepreneurs in up (Iyer, 1995) came up with the
extreme finding that 95% of the female entrepreneurs face Family problems in the startup phase, as compared to only 16% males. Women entrepreneurs lack systematic planning,
particularly at the time of project preparation (Singh, 1992). Complicated banking
procedures, like collateral, and the attitudes of banker force women entrepreneurs to plan
on non institutional source of credit such as family, friends and money lenders (Iyer, 1991).
Women entrepreneurs are technical ignorant, besides lack of technical know how about
running the unit, inadequate technology evaluation, lack of specialized skills to work on
specific projects (Singh 1992). It was found that women are unable to get things done
quickly in the planning and implementation stage of her enterprise (Shah, 1991). A study of
women entrepreneurs in Karnataka revealed that the attitude of government officials was
least of the problems faced by women in setting up and managing their enterprise (Padaki,
1994). While the government has initiated various policies and schemes targeted at women,
often the implementation leaves much to be desired and those women who do participate,
do so only to fulfil pre-determined targets, as beneficiaries on paper (World Bank, 1991).
The problem of inadequate flow of information on commercial, technical and training
matter to the bulk of the population of women (Malhotra, 1988). The authorities providing
clearances, are male dominated and not supportive of women entrepreneurs. In general,
women have less access to finance and financial support than man (Howarth, 1992). There
is a gender bias and a general distrust towards the credit worthiness of women. Banks
emphasize collateral guarantees, as the primary determinant for credit rating, rather than
viability of the project. Lack of inheritance rights leaves women with little hope for
providing collateral (Choudhary, 1995). Studies reveals that even amongst successful
business women, one in every five face problems related to marketing. (Singh et al, 1986).
Mali (1992) profiling entrepreneurs in the North east region found that women
entrepreneurs face the problems related to finance in the form of delays in sanction and
distribution of loans by the banks/financial institutions.
Reasons Women Become Entrepreneurs:
Many studies indicate that women start businesses for fundamentally different reasons than
their male counterparts. While men start businesses primarily for growth opportunities and
profit potential, women most often found businesses in order to meet personal goals, such

as gaining feelings of achievement and accomplishment. In many instances, women

consider financial success as an external confirmation of their
ability rather than as a primary goal or motivation to start a business, although millions of
women entrepreneurs will grant that financial profitability is important in its own right.
Women also tend to start businesses about ten years later then men, on average.
Motherhood, lack of management experience, and traditional socialization has all been
cited as reasons for delayed entry into entrepreneurial careers. In fact, over 30 percent of
women entrepreneurs reported that they started a business due to some traumatic event,
such as divorce, discrimination due to pregnancy or the corporate glass ceiling, the health
of a family member, or economic reasons such as a layoff. But a new talent pool of women
entrepreneurs is forming today, as more women opt to leave corporate America to chart
their own destinies. Many of these women have developed financial expertise and bring
experience in manufacturing or non-traditional fields. As a result, the concentration of
women business owners in the retail and service sectorsand in traditional industries such
as cosmetics, food, fashion, and personal careis slowly changing.
The Importance of Women Entrepreneurs:
Women entrepreneurs encounters only one third of all entrepreneurs. And as half the
population on this planet is women there is an unnatural gap between genders. There is thus
potential to enhance the level of women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs have a
massive potential which are yet to be unleashed. Not only due to the gender gap, but also
because women bring in diversity to the innovation process. More women will provide per
se entrepreneurs with a more diverse perspective. Solutions to market inequalities are not
solved just by male entrepreneurs with male thinking innovation. Now women also brings
in solutions to market inequalities and their innovations may not be alike those of the man.
Thus women entrepreneurship is to be
seen as part of the diversity question. One good example here relates to user driven
innovation. Where consumer needs are the key driver for innovation. In order to produce
user driven innovation the agent needs to adapt the need from the consumer. The results of
that are bound to be different whereas the agents are a man or a woman Women
entrepreneurs can possibly lead to another kind of innovation. Women entrepreneurs are
mainly employed in the service sector that is tourism, ICT, health, social services etc. A
common factor is the great potential of these sectors. Together with creative and new ways
of thinking innovation, involving the consumer and the gender gap the potential in
promoting women entrepreneurs are obvious. Women entrepreneurship receives a great
deal of attention in developed countries. They conclude that among other changing
mindsets, adapt policies to allow better family life and work balance by using specific
instruments like tax regulation, allowances, leave provision etc. will promote women
entrepreneurship. (Dawad, 2007).
Problems faced by Women Entrepreneur in India
Women entrepreneurs face a series of problems right from the beginning till the enterprise
functions. Being a woman itself poses various problems to a woman entrepreneur, the
problems of Indian women pertain to her responsibility towards family, society and lion
work.

Throughout history, women have been responsible for both the internal and external affairs
of their families. Their efforts have helped to keep society bound together to the extent that
it has been. This took place even though women were not accorded equal rights as men and
had much fewer opportunities to receive education. Indeed, education was often considered
to be an impediment to a girl obtaining a good husband and family, which was considered
to be her principal goal in life
The tradition, customs, socio cultural values, ethics, motherhood subordinates to ling
husband and men, physically weak, hard work areas, feeling of insecurity, cannot be tough
etc are some peculiar problems that the Indian women are coming across while they jump
into entrepreneurship. Women in rural areas have to suffer still further. They face tough
resistance from men. They are considered as helpers. The attitude of society towards her
and constraints in which she has to live and work are not very conducive.
Besides the above basic problems the other problems faced by women entrepreneurs are as
follows:
1. Family ties:
Women in India are very emotionally attached to their families. They are supposed to
attend to all the domestic work, to look after the children and other members of the family.
They are over burden with family responsibilities like extra attention to husband, children
and in laws which take away a lots of their time and energy. In such situation, it will be
very difficult to concentrate and run the enterprise successfully.
2. Male dominated society:
Even though our constitution speaks of equality between sexes, male chauvinism is still the
order of the day. Women are not treated equal to men. Their entry to business requires the
approval of the head of the family. Entrepreneurship has traditionally been seen as a male
preserve. All these puts a break in the growth of women entrepreneurs.
3. Lack of education:
Women in India are lagging far behind in the field of education. Most of the women
(around sixty per cent of total women) are illiterate. Those who are educated are provided
either less or inadequate education than their male counterpart partly due to early marriage,
partly due to son's higher education and partly due to poverty. Due to lack of proper
education, women entrepreneurs remain in dark about the development of new technology,
new methods of production, marketing and other governmental support which will
encourage them to flourish.
4. Social barriers:
The traditions and customs prevailed in Indian societies towards women sometimes stand
as an obstacle before them to grow and prosper. Castes and religions dominate with one
another and hinders women entrepreneurs too. In rural areas, they face more social barriers.
They are always seen with suspicious eyes.
5. Shortage of raw materials:

The scarcity of raw materials, sometimes nor, availability of proper and adequate raw
materials sounds the death-knell of the enterprises run by women entrepreneurs. Women
entrepreneurs really face a tough task in getting the required raw material and other
necessary inputs for the enterprises when the prices are very high.
6. Problem of finance:
Women entrepreneurs stiffer a lot in raising and meeting the financial needs of the business.
Bankers, creditors and financial institutes are not coming forward to provide financial
assistance to women borrowers on the ground of their less credit worthiness and more
chances of business failure. They also face financial problem due to blockage of funds in
raw materials, work-in-progress finished goods and non-receipt of payment from customers
in time.
7. Tough competition:
Usually women entrepreneurs employ low technology in the process of production. In a
market where the competition is too high, they have to fight hard to survive in the market
against the organised sector and their male counterpart who have vast experience and
capacity to adopt advanced technology in managing enterprises
8. High cost of production:
Several factors including inefficient management contribute to the high cost of production
which stands as a stumbling block before women entrepreneurs. Women entrepreneurs face
technology obsolescence due to non-adoption or slow adoption to changing technology
which is a major factor of high cost of production.
9.Low risk-bearing capacity:
Women in India are by nature weak, shy and mild. They cannot bear the amount risk which
is essential for running an enterprise. Lack of education, training and financial support from
outsides also reduce their ability to bear the risk involved in an enterprises.
10 Limited mobility:
Women mobility in India is highly limited and has become a problem due to traditional
values and inability to drive vehicles. Moving alone and asking for a room to stay out in the
night for business purposes are still looked upon with suspicious eyes. Sometimes, younger
women feel uncomfortable in dealing with men who show extra interest in them than work
related aspects.
11. Lack of entrepreneurial aptitude:
Lack of entrepreneurial aptitude is a matter of concern for women entrepreneurs. They have
no entrepreneurial bent of mind. Even after attending various training programmes on
entrepreneur ship women entrepreneurs fail to tide over the risks and troubles that may
come up in an organisational working.
12. Limited managerial ability:

Management has become a specialised job which only efficient managers perform. Women
entrepreneurs are not efficient in managerial functions like planning, organising,
controlling, coordinating, staffing, directing, motivating etc. of an enterprise. Therefore,
less and limited managerial ability of women has become a problem for them to run the
enterprise successfully.
13. Legal formalities:
Fulfilling the legal formalities required for running an enterprise becomes an upheaval task
on the part of an women entrepreneur because of the prevalence of corrupt practices in
government offices and procedural delays for various licenses, electricity, water and shed
allotments. In such situations women entrepreneurs find it hard to concentrate on the
smooth working of the enterprise.
14. Exploitation by middle men:
Since women cannot run around for marketing, distribution and money collection, they
have to depend on middle men for the above activities. Middle men tend to exploit them in
the guise of helping. They add their own profit margin which result in less sales and lesser
profit.
15. Lack of self confidence:
Women entrepreneurs because of their inherent nature, lack of self-confidence which is
essentially a motivating factor in running an enterprise successfully. They have to strive
hard to strike a balance between managing a family and managing an enterprise.
Sometimes she has to sacrifice her entrepreneurial urge in order to strike a balance between
the two.
Women empowerment and planning process in India:
The all round development of women has been one of the focal point of planning process in
India. The First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) envisaged a number of welfare measures for
women. Establishment of the Central Social Welfare Board, organization of Mahila
Mandals and the Community Development Programmes were a few steps in this direction.
In the second Five-Year Plan (1956-61), the empowerment of women was closely linked
with the overall approach of intensive agricultural development programmes.
The Third and Fourth Five-Year Plans (1961-66 and 1969-74) supported female education
as a major welfare measure.
The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79) emphasized training of women, who were in need of
income and protection. This plan coincided with International Womens Decade and the
submission of Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India. In 1976,
Womens welfare and Development Bureau was set up under the Ministry of Social
Welfare.
The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85) saw a definite shift from welfare to development. It
recognized, womens lack of access to resources as a critical factor impending their growth.

The seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90) emphasized the need for gender equality and
empowerment. For the first time, emphasis was placed upon qualitative aspects such as
inculcation of confidence, generation of awareness with regards, to rights and training in
skills for better employment.
The Eight Five-Year Plan (1992-97) focused on empowering women, especially at the
gross roots level, through Panchayat Raj Institutions.
The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) adopted a strategy of womens component plan,
under which not less than 30 percent of funds/benefits were earmarked for women-specific
programmes.
The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07) aims at empowering women through translating the
recently adopted National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001) into action and
ensuring Survival, Protection and Development of women and children through rights
based approach.
Schemes for the development and promotion of women entrepreneurs
In order to mainstream womens economic contributions and duly recognized what is often
their invisible labour, government and non government bodies are increasingly paying
attention to self employed women and entrepreneurs.
In order to encourage more and more women enterprises in the MSE sector, several
schemes have been formulated by this Ministry and some more are in the process of being
finalized, targeted only at the development of women enterprises in India like
1. Support to Training-cum-Employment programs for women (STEP)
2. Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
3. Development of Women and children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)
4. Training of Rural Youth for self-Employment (TRYSEM)
5. Socio-Economic Programme (SEP)
6. Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)
7. Mahila Samriddhi Yojna (MSY)
8. Indira Mahila Yojna (IMY)
9. Nehru Rozgar Yojna
10. Prime Ministers Rozgar Yojna (PMRY)
11. Assistance to women cooperatives
12. Science and Technology Projects for Women
13. National commission for Women(NCW)
14. Employment and Income Generating Training cum production Units for women
ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SCHEME FOR WOMEN
1. Trade related entrepreneurship assistance and development scheme for women
(TREAD)
2. Micro and Small Enterprises cluster development programme (MSE-CDP)
3. Credit Guarantee fund scheme for micro and small enterprises
4. Support for Entrepreneurial and Managerial Development
CONCLUSION:

Despite all the issues and challenges, many women have become successful in their works.
These successful women have made name & wealth for themselves with their hard work,
diligence, competence and will power, the emergence of women entrepreneurs and their
contribution to the national economy is quite visible in India. The number of women
entrepreneurs has grown over a period of time, especially in the 1990s. Women
entrepreneurs need to be lauded for their increased utilization of modern technology,
increased investments, finding a niche in the export market, creating a sizable employment
for others and setting the trend for other women entrepreneurs in the organized sector.
While women entrepreneurs have demonstrated their potential, the fact remains that they
are capable of contributing much more than what they already are. In order to harness their
potential and for their continued growth and development, it is necessary to formulate
appropriate strategies for stimulating, supporting and sustaining their efforts in this
direction. Such a strategy needs to be in congruence with field realities, and should
especially take cognizance of the problems women entrepreneurs face within the current
system.
There are new challenges and new people in business every time. So evolving is the
new concept of knowledge worker, and the problems of attrition have shifted the focus of
organizations to the women as future workforce, especially as knowledge workers.
Obviously, there are many examples where a woman has reached to the top, like Indira
Nooyi, CEO of PepsiCo, Dr. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw, Chairman & Managing Director of
Bioon Ltd, Anu Aga of Thermax, Sulajja Firodia Motwani of Kinetic Engineering Ltd, Ekta
Kapoor, creative head of Balajji Telefilms, and many more. So organizations have started
seeing women with a new hope, they are taking up women of ability, pairing them with
men of ability, to make the best organization and a profitable one too.
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