Ba yu t lm nn bi bo quc t

Ti, tin v c ch h tr hp l l ba yu t c bn c th gip ngi nghin cu vit v c bi bo khoa

hc ng trn tp ch thm nh quc t.
Anh Hong Ch Cng, nghin cu sinh ti i hc Waseda Nht Bn trong bi vit gi VnExpress chia s cch
hiu v mt bi bo khoa hc v tp ch thm nh quc t, cng phng php cc nh khoa hc c th vit v
ng bi bo trn tp ch quc t:
Trc ht, ta hy xem th no l mt bi bo khoa hc? Th no l mt tp ch c thm nh quc t? C th hiu
nm ba, bi bo khoa hc (scientific paper) l bi bo c ni dung khoa hc c ng ti trn mt tp ch khoa hc
qua h thng thm nh (peer - reviewed/refereed) ca tp ch. Tp ch khoa hc c h thng thm nh bi trc
khi ng c gi l tp ch thm nh (peer - reviewed/refereed journal).
Tp ch thm nh c ban bin tp gm cc thnh vin t nhiu nc khc nhau trn th gii c xem nh tp ch
thm nh quc t (international peer - reviewed/refereed journal). Cc tp ch ny tt nhin c m s chun quc t
cho xut bn phm nhiu k (ISSN International Standard Serial Number). Gn y, mt s tp ch dng c hai
hnh thc xut bn phm l in (print) hoc in t (electronic publication) xem trc tuyn trn website.
Thng thng mt bi bo khoa hc c cu trc nh sau:
1. Tiu bi bo (Title): Ch tn bi bo, s lng t trong tiu bi bo ty theo quy nh tng tp ch, thng
thng t 10-18 t phn nh ni dung cp trong bi bo. Di tiu bi bo thng l tn tc gi, tp th tc
gi, email, c quan cng tc, ngy nhn bi bo v ngy chp nhn ng bi bo.
2. Tm tt (Abstract): S lng t phn ny ty theo quy nh ca tng tp ch, thng thng l 100-250 t. Tm tt
bi bo thng phi th hin vn /mc tiu nghin cu, phng php nghin cu, thi gian, s liu dng cho
nghin cu, kt qu tc gi mi tm ra, v kt lun. Tt c c trnh by ht sc ngn gn, c ng. Di tm tt l
t kha (Key words) gm 3 - 5 t quan trng c tn sut lp li nhiu.
3. Gii thiu (Introduction): y l phn dn nhp, phn ny thng ni v c s, l do, tm quan trng ca vn
tc gi mun nghin cu v cu trc ca bi bo. Quan trng nht l tc gi phi nu r cu hi nghin cu ca
mnh (research question).
4. Lc s v nghin cu trc y (Literature review): Mt s bi bo khoa hc gp mc ny vi mc gii thiu
(introduction) bn trn, ty vo tc gi, cng c nhiu trng hp tch ring. Phn ny tc gi phi nu nhng
nghin cu quan trng trc y trn th gii lm lin quan n vn mnh nghin cu. Tc gi phi ch ra cc
nghin cu trc i ti u, t kt qu g? Nhng g cn thiu, cha hon chnh, hoc b sai lch? k c v mt
l thuyt (theoretically) v thc nghim (empirically), t tm cch b sung, hon chnh, iu chnh th hin s
ng gp mi ca tc gi cho s pht trin khoa hc.
Nu nghin cu ca tc gi cp n mt vn l thuyt hoc thc nghim hon ton mi cha ai nghin cu th
phn ny ch cn ni n vn ring tc gi cng c th gp vo phn gii thiu. Trong thc t, c rt t cc nghin
cu nh vy, phn ln c pht trin t cc nghin cu trc .
5. Phng php v s liu dng cho nghin cu (Methodologies and Data): Phn ny cp nghin cu s dng
phng php g. Chng hn nh phn tch nh tnh (qualitative analysis), phn tch nh lng (quantitative
analysis), m t (descriptive), thc nghim (empirical study)... ty tng cng trnh, mc tiu, lnh vc nghin cu
chn cho ph hp v s liu/d liu no. y l cng c gip tc gi tr li cu hi nghin cu ca bn thn a ra.
6. Kt qu v tho lun (Results and Discussion): Phn ny tc gi ch ra, gii thch v tho lun v cc kt qu mnh
mi tm thy m nghin cu trc cha tm ra hoc phn bc li kt qu ca cc nghin cu trc, hoc b sung
thm hon thin v l thuyt hoc thc nghim cho cc nghin cu trc y cp mc lc s
(Literature review). Ni cch khc, y chnh l cu tr li cho cu hi nghin cu mc Gii thiu - Introduction.
7. Kt lun (Conclusion): Phn kt lun tng lc kt qu nghin cu, nu bt ngha khoa hc ca kt qu nghin
cu, ng dng ca chng vo thc t cuc sng, hoc gip cho vic hoch nh chnh sch ra sao (ng gp

(contribution) ca nghin cu), u nhc im ca nghin cu nh th no, v nhng nh hng cho cc nghin
cu lin quan trong tng lai.
8. Ti liu tham kho (References): Mc ny gm cc ti liu c trch dn hoc l c s quan trng cho vic phn
tch logic ca nghin cu cp trong bi bo. Xin lu , phn ny cn trnh by theo tiu chun cc tp ch a ra.
Trn th gii thm ch xut hin cc trng phi khc nhau v tiu chun cho vic vit mc ti liu tham kho nh
trng phi i hc Chicago, M.
9. Li cm n (Acknowledgements) nu c: L li cm n ti cc c quan, t chc ti tr, cc c nhn c ng gp,
gip cho vic vit v hon thin bi bo.
Trn y l cu trc (structure) ca mt bi bo khoa hc thng thng, trong thc t c th c thay i cht t. Khi
np (submit) bn tho bi bo (manuscript) ca mnh cho tp ch no tc gi cng ht sc lu v cc yu cu trnh
by mt bi bo khoa hc tp ch c v cu trc ln nh dng (format), ko b t chi.
Vy lm th no vit v ng c?
Cu tr li di y cng s lm sng t ti sao cc nh nghin cu trong nc t khi vit v ng bi bo khoa hc
trn tp ch thm nh chun mc quc t.
Ta bit rng, ti nghin cu i khi xut pht t cc tng, kinh nghim, hoc s tri nghim thc t, cng c
th t vic quan st cc hin tng t nhin quanh ta, hay t mt i hi trong thc tin, gi m t cc nghin cu
trc y... Khi c tng, ny sinh cu hi nghin cu trong u, ngi vit bt u cng vic thu thp s liu, d
liu, nh hnh phng php, sp xp thi gian, cui cng l thc hin hot ng, cng vic nghin cu.
Ngi lm nghin cu tri qua qu trnh t duy, sng to, tm ti, tnh ton, thc nghim, th nghim, th nghim, so
snh, tng hp, miu t, din gii, lp lun v kt lun (tm ra cu tr li) ri i ti trnh by, cng b kt qu nghin
cu (Tt nhin l cc lnh vc khoa hc v ti khc nhau s c quy trnh khc nhau, trn y ch l quy trnh
chung nht, v cng khng hn l chun nht).
Tuy nhin, trnh lp, ta phi tm xem trn th gii lm nghin cu hay cha hoc h lm n u? Mun
vy nh khoa hc phi cp nht thng tin v cc nghin cu lin quan ti vn mnh mun lm bng cch c/xem
cc cng trnh cng b trc y trn cc tp ch, sch, n phm...
Mun vit c phn 4 - Lc s (Literature review) ca bi bo khoa hc, cn tm c rt nhiu cc nghin cu
trc trnh trng lp, tm ra khim khuyt cha hon thin, nhng nghi ng v kt qu cn c kim tra, b
sung, gii quyt. Vic ny cng c th gip ta ny sinh mt l thuyt mi hay xut mt phng php tip cn khc
hon ho, hiu qu hn trong tng nghin cu ca mnh cng nh c c cu hi nghin cu (research
question) c o, mi.
Phi ni rng, y l mt trong nhng phn quan trng v kh khn nht. V khng my khi ta phn bc li c
ngi khc, v vic tm mt k h trong nghin cu ca ngi khc pht trin hon thin n khng h n gin,
c bit trong gii nghin cu ti cc nc pht trin i trc Vit Nam rt xa. iu ny gii thch ti sao chng
gii thiu (introduction chapter) ca lun vn tin s nc ngoi li quan trng nh vy, v n phn nh ngay trin
vng ng gp ca lun vn trong nghin cu hc thut m bn cht ca nghin cu khoa hc l tm ra ci mi, ci
hiu qu hn ci c nu khng ch ra c nh vy chng t nghin cu khng c ng gp g v mt khoa hc cho
kho tng tri thc nhn loi.
Thng thng cc nh nghin cu hay tm trn cc ngun c uy tn chnh l cc tp ch thm nh (peer
reviewed/refereed journal), tt nhin l c sch v cc n bn khc. Trn mng c th tm t cc trang websites nh:
Elsevier Science Direct, ProQuest, EBSCO, SCOPUS, Taylor & Francis Journals, Wiley Interscience v.v Tuy nhin
ph download mt bi bo ln ti vi chc USD.
trong nc khng my khi cc trng, trung tm nghin cu, vin nghin cu mua c bn quyn truy cp,
cng chng nhp cc tp ch thm nh n bn di dng in ca nc ngoi my, nn khng th cp nht c vi

th gii. iu ny khin gii nghin cu thm ch c gii thm nh (reviewer) trong nc rt kh khn trong vic
vit/thm nh phn Literature review (v hnh chung khng bit mnh c lm li ca th gii khng, cng chng bit
c ai lm cha). y l cn tr th nht i vi gii nghin cu trong nc.
V phng php, do gii nghin cu trong nc khng cp nht vi th gii nn gp kh khn trong vic tip cn
vi cc phng php nghin cu tin tin ca th gii v thnh tu nghin cu ca th gii. Nguyn nhn, mt mt
nh cp phn trn, mt khc do khng trang thit b th nghim, hoc t trc ti nay cha h c hc, tri
nghim, ri t khi c tham d hi tho quc t nn khng c c hi trao i hc thut hoc lin kt vi chuyn gia,
gii nghin cu nc ngoi. Thiu v yu v phng php nghin cu chnh l cn tr th hai.
Ting Anh
Mt im lu na l mun ng c trn cc tp ch thm nh quc t, thng thng ngi vit phi trnh by
bi bo bng ngn ng thng dng l ting Anh. i vi gii nghin cu trong nc, ngoi tr nhng ngi tng
hc, tu nghip nc ngoi, s khng nh cn li gp tr ngi v vic trnh by, vit bi bo thng tho bng ngn
ng th hai. y chnh l cn tr th ba, ngoi ng cha tho.
Nh bit, mun ng c bi bo trn cc tp ch thm nh quc t, bi bo phi tri qua khu thm nh kht
khe (peer reviewed/refereed). Sau khi gi cho ban bin tp, bi bo s c gi ti t nht hai phn bin kn c
lp, thng l nhng chuyn gia u ngnh, gio s uy tn trn th gii. Qu trnh phn bin kn ny s nh gi
khch quan xem cng trnh nghin cu ca tc gi c g mi v c ng gp g khng c v l thuyt ln thc
nghim trong khoa hc. Nu vt qua c khu ny, tc gi bi bo s nhn c mt th thng bo chp nhn
ng km kt qu ca phn bin.
Tc gi phi iu chnh, gii trnh, gii thch nu cn thit theo yu cu ca phn bin. Qu trnh ny mt ti vi
thng thm ch c nm i vi cc tp ch c hng (rank) cao. Nu bi bo khng c ng gp g s b t chi ng
(reject). kh nng c chp nhn ng cao, cu hi nghin cu phi r rng, phng php nghin cu ph
hp, u vit, kt qu nghin cu phi mi v khc bit (originality) m cc nghin cu trc cn thiu, hoc khng
tm ra, hoc kt lun mi ca ta phn bc li c kt lun ca cc nghin cu trc. Ni cch khc, bi bo phi
c ng gp nht nh v l thuyt hoc thc nghim cho khoa hc.
iu kin ti chnh
Tm li, iu kin cn th nht, mun vit v ng c mt bi bo khoa hc trn tp ch thm nh quc t th
ngi vit phi c ti. Ci ti y mun cp ti l nng lc thc s ca ngi lm nghin cu c v chuyn
mn, phng php nghin cu, ln trnh ngoi ng, v i khi cn n s hy sinh, lng say m, v c ci tm ca
ngi lm nghin cu khoa hc.
iu kin cn th hai y chnh l ngi vit phi c tin. Rt nhiu tp ch thm nh quc t c uy tn trn th
gii (c ch s impact factor cao) c ph dch v cho vic ng v thm nh rt cao. C tp ch ln ti ngt nght 100
USD/ trang. Gi s bi bo ca bn 20 trang mt gn 2000 USD cho vic ng mt bi bo khoa hc. Tin ng bi
gp i c thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ca Vit Nam mt nm. Vy nn, mun gim chi ph cho vic ng, cc
nh nghin cu thng vit rt sc tch v c ng, trn di 10 trang i vi cc tp ch c ph cao, cn i vi tp
ch ph thp hn c th cn i vit di hn mt cht. Ngoi tr cc nghin cu c ti tr th vi mc thu nhp
ca ngi lm nghin cu trong nc hin nay rt kh khn ng bi vit cho d h c c chuyn mn, ngoi ng
v phng php nghin cu tt. y l cn tr th t, ti chnh hn hp.
iu kin th ba y chnh l chnh sch cho ngi lm nghin cu. Chnh sch y chnh l cc c ch v
i ng c c mt mi trng tt cho nhng ngi lm nghin cu pht huy ht kh nng v nhn c
nhng th lao chnh ng vi cng sc mnh b ra hay ch t c nh gi v cng nhn mt cch cng bng v
sng c nh nghin cu. Mun lm c th nhng ngi lm qun l khoa hc cn thay i v t duy, vic phn
b ngn sch cho nghin cu phi hp l, ng ngi, ng ti, trnh lng ph, dn tri, v theo kiu t hng,
hp ng. Vic u t cho cc trang thit b, cng c, dng c, phng th nghim cng cn c ch v y chnh
l phng tin h tr quan trng cho nghin cu. Vic mua bn quyn truy cp cc tp ch thm nh quc t l rt
quan trng gip gii nghin cu c th tip cn c vi thng tin khoa hc, phng php nghin cu hin i ca

nhn loi. Chnh sch h tr v vic ch ng tham gia cc hi tho quc t gii nghin cu trong nc c c hi
tip cn, trao i kinh nghim v hc thut cng quan trng khng km.
Li kt cho bi vit l ba yu t c bn c th gip ngi nghin cu c th vit v ng c bi bo khoa hc trn
tp ch thm nh quc t l ti, tin v c ch h tr hp l. Nhng yu t chnh cn tr gii nghin cu trong nc
l thiu cp nht thng tin, phng php nghin cu khoa hc ca th gii; yu v ngoi ng; ti chnh hn ch; v
mi trng, trang thit b cho nghin cu cha lnh mnh v y c th khuyn khch c nhng ngi c
kh nng v tm huyt ton tm ton cho nghin cu khoa hc.

literature review

Hong Ch Cng

25 Thng 4 2012 lc 19:18

Xem xt cc ti liu c lin quan (literature review - LR) ngoi mc ch c c gc nhn rng hn cn c thm mc
ch l loi b nhu cu ti khm ph kin thc c trnh by ri.
LR gip bn xy dng da trn cc cng trnh c thc hin trong lnh vc bn ang nghin cu. LR cng nhm
chc chn rng khng c iu g b b st trong nghin cu. N cho thy bn tm kim cc ti liu k cng v xc
nh hu ht cc ti liu c th hu ch trong bi nghin cu ca bn.
Tuy nhin, cc ti liu c lin quan m bn tm c khng c ngha l lc no chng cng s ph hp. iu cn
thit i vi ti liu m bn s s dng trong qu trnh ph bnh (critical examination) l liu chng c sc mnh
hay khng khi bn t chng vo bi nghin cu ca mnh. Nu nh bn da trn nhng khi nim, l thuyt khng
c cn c v km suy xt thu o, khi , c bi nghin cu ca bn s km thuyt phc. iu ny khng c ngha
l bn phi da vo nhng tc gi ni ting v tuyn b rng nhng tranh lun ca h c lp lun khng tt
hoc l khng da vo s tht. iu c v hi kiu ngo. Thay vo , xc nh nhng im yu hoc hn ch
ca cc l thuyt ca tc gi, v tranh lun hoc xc nh nhng im khng thch hp vi tnh hung c th ca bi
nghin cu ca bn c l l iu nn lm hn.

Tiu chun nh gi LR:

80-100% - excellent: LR bn thn n l mt ng gp ng k vo nhng ti liu hin c.
70-79% - very good, distinction level: LR c miu t v a ra nh gi c sc thuyt phc t nhng gc
nhn phc tp hoc mi l.

60-69% - good: LR a ra nh gi c sc thuyt phc vi nhng gc nhn c sn t cc ti liu hin c.

50-59% - compentent pass level: M t tt (cc) lnh vc thch hp ca cc ti liu c lin quan. Nu ln mt
s ph bnh (criticism) chung nhng khng a ra nh gi cht ch vi cc khi nim ang nghin cu.

46-49% - borderline fail: M t khng hoc c hn ch (cc) lnh vc thch hp ca cc ti liu c lin
quan, v/hoc khng nu ln ph bnh hay nh gi.

< = 45% - fail: Tc gi th hin rng mnh c cn t v cha hiu thu o.

Ngun: Colin Fisher (2007), "Researching and Writing a Dissertation - A Guide Book for Business Students"

According to Caulley (1992) of La Trobe University, the literature review should:

compare and contrast different authors' views on an issue

group authors who draw similar conclusions
criticise aspects of methodology
note areas in which authors are in disagreement
highlight exemplary studies
highlight gaps in research
show how your study relates to previous studies
show how your study relates to the literature in general
conclude by summarising what the literature says

The purposes of the review are:

to
to
to
to
to

define and limit the problem you are working on

place your study in an historical perspective
avoid unnecessary duplication
evaluate promising research methods
relate your findings to previous knowledge and suggest further research

A good literature review, therefore, is critical of what has been written, identifies areas of controversy,
raises questions and identifies areas which need further research.