,

,
,
:
1.
2. ,

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.


(individual difference)- ,
,

1. 2.
:
1.
2.


1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
(1)
(2)


(two-factor theory of Intelligence)
1 (Charles E. Spearman)
1904
2 ,

(1) (general factor)-- G

,
(2) (specific factor)-- S
,
3
4


(group-factor theory of intelligence)
1 (Louis Leon Thurstone)
(primary mental ability)
2
1 (verbal comprehension; V)
2 (word fluency; W)
3 (number; N)
4 (space; S)
5 (associative memory; M)

6 (perceptual speed; P)

7 (general reasoning; R)
3 PMAT


1 (Joy P. Guildford)
1959
2 :
1 (content)
--

2 (operation)
--

3 (product)
--


1 (Robert J. Sternberg)
1985
2
1 (componential intelligence)--
, , , , ,

2 (experiential intelligence)--

3 (contextual intelligence)--


:
1 IQ
2 IQ ,


1 (Howard Gardner)
2

4
(1) (linguistic intelligence)

(2) (logical-mathematical
intelligence)
(3) (spatial intelligence)

(4) (musical intelligence)

(5) (bodily-kinesthetic
intelligence)
(6) (interpersonal intelligence)

(7) (intrapersonal intelligence)

(8) (naturalist intelligence)

*
;

6 (assessment in
context)
7

/ ,
,

 (Joy P Terman)
(1) 1921 1528
856 672 12
135 140

(2) Standford-Binet test)

(3)
-- 1%
(3)


-
(Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale):
1 (Lewis M. Terman) 1916
2 --

(intelligence quotient)
IQ = (MA / CA) * 100
MA: mental age
CA: chronological age


1 1972
2 250

1
2
3
4
5
6

Marlands Definition of gifted and talented

Gifted and talented children are those
identified by professionally qualified persons
who by virtue of outstanding abilities are
capable of high performance. These are
children who require differentiated educational
programs and services beyond those normally
provided by the regular school program in order
to realize their contribution to self and society.

Children capable of high performance

include those with demonstrated
achievement and/or potential in any of the
following areas:
1 General intellectual ability
2 Specific academic aptitude
3 Creative or productive thinking
4 Leadership ability
5 Visual and performing arts
6 Psychomotor ability


1
2

3
4

 1978

1
2 3
4 5

Revised Marlands definition (in 1978)

In 1978 the US Congress revised Marlands
definition to read as follows. The gifted and
talented are:
children and, whenever applicable, youth who
are identified at the pre-school, elementary, or
secondary level as possessing demonstrated or
potential abilities that give evidence of high
performance capability in areas such as
intellectual, creative, specific academic or
leadership ability or in the performing and visual
arts, and who by reason thereof require services
or activities not ordinarily provided by the school.

 1988

1
2 3 4
5

Revised Marlands definition (in 1988)

The term gifted and talented means
children and youth who give evidence of
high performance capability in areas
such as intellectual, creative, artistic, or
leadership capacity, or in specific
academic fields, and who require
services or activities not ordinarily
provided by the school in order to fully
develop such capabilities.


(National Excellence: A Case for
Developing Americas Talent)
1 1993
2 (quiet
crisis)
3 :
(1)
(2)

(3)

(4)

1 2
3 4 5

The 1993 quiet crisis report presented the following

definition:
Children and youth with outstanding talent perform or
show the potential for performing at remarkably high
levels of accomplishment when compared with others of
their age, experience, or environment. These children
and youth exhibit high performance capability in
intellectual, creative, and/or artistic areas, possess an
unusual leadership capacity, or excel in specific
academic fields. They require services of activities not
ordinarily provided by the schools. Outstanding talents
are present in children and youth from all cultural
groups, across all economic strata, and in all areas of
human endeavor.

(Rezullis threering model)

1 (above average
ability)
2 (creativity)
3 (task commitment)
(motivationpersistence)

 (Gagn)
1 (gifts)
(talents)
(1) (gifts):
(untrained natural abilities)
(intellectual)
(creative) (socioaffective)
(sensorimotor)
(2) (talents) :
(learned capabilities)
(academics) (arts)
(business) (leisure)
(social action) (sports)
(technology)

2 (talents)
(gifts)

(chance)


Taylors multiple-talent totem pole)
1
2
1 (academic)
2 (productive thinking)
3 (communicating)
4 (forecasting)
5 (decision making)
6 (planning)
7 (implementing)
8 (human relations)
9 (discerning opportunities)


(1997)

1
2
3
4
5
6


1 Torrance) (creative

thinking ability)
(Guildford)

2
(fluency)
(flexibility)
(originality)
(elaboration)

3 (creativity test)

4 (Sternberg)
(Lubart) ,

5 Treffinger)
(Renzulli) IQ
,

,
,

,
;

IQ


1
1 60
2 120 300

2 :
1
2