Hence the general solution is y= C.F. + PLL Q+VBe (~ AcE, pg PH 4 80430) EXERCISE 8.5 Solve the following differential equations : 1) D*+ 7D + I2)y =e GB) D+ D+ 4-44 6) (+1) y=0 when x=0,y=2 and when x=F y=—2 » 2) (D*~4D + 13)y=e* 4) @?= 13D 4 12yy =e 4 50k 7 2y 5B 2y= 12 vhenaatog,y«Oand whe 0, 0 (7) OP #3D-4) y=? (9) D’y=-9sin 3x 1D) (D?= thy =cosae—2 sin 2x (13) (D? + 20+ 3)y = sin 2x ® *~2D~3)y = sine coax (10) ©? 6D +9) y=x4. 2) (D? + Syy = cos? (14) (3D? + 4D + Dy =3e*3 6 Applications : n differential equations which have of these types v6 Construction of the mathemat and i) Seeking solution for the model formulated in (i) using the methods discussed earlier, + In a certain chemical reaction the rate of conversion of a + is proportional to the quantity of the substance still instant. At the end of one hour, 60 graras remain and at the end of 4 hours 21 grams. How many grams of the first substance was there Sdution : Let x grams of the substance remain after # hours. Then the Aiferential equation ofthe reaction is $f =~ kr... (1) where k isa positive constant, The solution of (1) is x = ce @ Whent=1, x= 60= 60 = ce* -@) andwhen t=4,x=21 = 2i=ce™ =a) Initially when t=0,x%. To find c eliminate k between (3) and (4) _ + From(3),wehave =e 60 _ 60% 3_60* ze (Of =S ie, O=or 3 log c = 4 log 60 — log 21 = 5.7906 log ¢ = 1.9302 = anti log 1. Substituting in (4), ‘Taking logarithms, 102 = 85.15 ence initially there was 85 gms (approxi xanpie £33: Find he eb plyo es imumrancDatze tan eee. cae nrc polyoma be y= Since at ceisniiaoaer a Betgenu-n = ke-D 0 atx=—1and! separating the variables we have. dy = Ka? 1) dr fov=4 fener y=t(B-a}e w when x=—1, y=4and when x= 1,y=0 i ymial y = x? -3x+6. ‘he Saeed re at each point (x, y) on Formolate the differential equation representing the pol =e ani 7 Slope of the normal at any point P(x.9) =~ GySlope of the normal AP=2=5 .. -S€=2>— ydy =(2—ayde 2 Integrating both sides, Larr-Zee -(l) Since the curve passes through (2, 3) 944 5 5 Ja4-F+e=e=5; pute=% in(), San S ek a years Example 8.35 : A bank pays interest by continuous compounding, treating Suppose in an account interest accrues at 8% per year compounded inuously. Calculate the percentage increase in such an account Over one Take © = 1.0833) Solution : Let Rs. x be the principal. The required differential equation is Sais or X= 008 dr Integrating both sides by interest rate as the instantaneous rate of change of principal. lope = 0081+ log c= log == 0.08 => x=cc! Letx=x9 when t= 0 =3 x= We have x(0) = xe", 120...) To calculate the percentage increase in such an account in one year (i.e, f=1), a 100 or ($2 1) 100 But from (1), AD. £8. 10835 we find the value of the expression -1)x 100 = (1.0833 ~ 1) x 100 = 8.33% Hence percentage increase is 8.33% in such an account for one year. Example 8.36 : For a postmortem report, a doctor requires to know approximately the time of death of the deceased, He records the first 00 a.m. to be 93.4°F. After 2 hours he finds the temperature room temperature (which is constant) is 72°F, estimate the Solution : Let T be the temperature at any time 1, then the temperature difference is given as T— 72, By Newton's law of cooling the rate of change of temperature is proportional to the difference in temperature, given by fe¢-n GF = kT ~ 72) where k is the constant of at at f= Skim tog 7-12) tr 0-9 TT wee ie, T=ce"+72 ...(1) Atre0 ; T= 934°F sFrom() 934=ce'+72 = e=214 when t= 120 min; T= 91.4 becomes 9.4214) 4.72 = e202 "Tn log, oes we ek = se 24 ef -0025 =-355x 10 cts tha he pele ede ctintion of 1¢ time elapsed after the death, then (1) becomes = nk _266 98.65 214e%472 = cl 2286 ‘Note that k < 0 and thi the decay type. Hence if 1 36) _-1x 104 =n = pone ta) = +I 10,00945) = - 266 min. = 4 hours 26 min before the first recorded temperate +. The approximate time of death is 10.00 brs. 4 hrs 26 min ie, 5:34 am. Note : Since i sa decay problem, we can even take 2 » — KP 72) where k>0 Example 8.37 : A drug is excreted in a patients urine. The urine is monitored i is administered 10 mg of drug at time 1=0, which is excreted at a Rate of — 37!” mg/h,What is the general equation for the amount of drug in the patient at time t> 0 (ii) When will the patient be drug free? al iB Solution : (The solution involves solving a simple differential equation through integration. dA G=- 3? = da =—30'? de Invegrating, fth= $209 tt = hae 5 bn 2P ye Given hat hen 1=0, A210 =e 10 the amount of gin the patent time 1> is A =—20"24 10 i) The patient will be drug free when A =0 then, 0 = - 277+ 10> 5= 3? YFar9-1 Hence the patient will be drug free in 2.9 hours Example 8.38 : The number of bacteria in a yeast culture grows at a rate’ wh proportional to the number present. If the population of a colony of yé ihe number of bacteria at the end ‘Solation : Suppose that the number of bacteria is xq when 1 = 0 and it is x at tine nour tea genta wr > Sak vet where kis the constant of proportionality ax ts = Fata = [Fak far = loge = be adits x= cel 212) By-our assumption, when t= 0, x = xo so that Q) = x9 = cand s0 (2) => x= 29 e" 8) Given x = 3x9 when r= 1. So (3) yields B(x) = age => eb 3 (4) a4 Next let x=, when = 5. Then (3) yields xy = 96% = 2g(€)" = 293° by (4) Hence, the bacteria is expected to grow 3° times at the end of 5 hours. Example 8.39 : ‘The temperature T of a cooling object drops at a rate proportional to the ince T — S, where S is constant temperature of surrounding medium. If ly T= 150°C, find the temperature of the cooling object at any time 1 Solution: Let Tbe the temperature ofthe cooling object at any time t. a 2 GZe—Ur-5) whete k> dis wconsiam. = f= kar Integrating both sides we get a no og (7-5) =~ etl [pga t fa erste 0 Its given that atr=0, 7'=150°C log (150-5) =0+ loge => loge =log (150-5) Pulting the value of loge in (1) we et log (P—S) =~ kt + log (150-5) r-s = los T59-5 = Tone _get > pope eM = T=S4150-9¢ Note : From the last to examples we observe that If k > 0, we say that y grows exponentially with growth constant k (growth problem). (2) If k < 0 we say that y decreases exponentially with decreasing constant k (decay problem),