GI TR DINH DNG CA THC PHM

ThS. BS o Th Yn Phi
I TNG
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Sinh vin Y khoa nm th 4 h tp trung di hn

Sinh vin Y khoa nm th 3 h tp trung 4 nm

MC TIU
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Bit cch phn loi cc nhm thc phm chnh theo gi tr dinh dng

Nm vng tnh cht ca cc cht dinh dng trong thc phm v nguyn tc bo tn cc
dng cht ny khi bo qun v ch bin thc phm

Gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm khng ch ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht dinh dng c
trong thc phm m cn b nh hng bi ti, sch, cch ch bin, bo qun thc phm, v
thnh phn cht phn dinh dng trong ba n.
Thc phm thng c phn thnh cc nhm ty vo thnh phn cht dinh dng c nhiu nht
trong thc phm . Thc t, loi thc phm no cng c cc cht dinh dng trong t nhin,
nhng vi t l nhiu t khc nhau m thi.
NHM THC PHM GIU M (PROTID)
Cht m (Protid) c to nn bi cc acide amine, kt ni vi nhau theo cc cu trc khc
nhau to nn nhng loi protid khc nhau c trng cho tng loi. V vy d trong t nhin ch
c khong 22 loi acide amine nhng c v s loi protid khc nhau. i vi loi ngi, c 8 acid
amin thit yu ( tr em c thm 2 loi) m c th khng th t tng hp, phi em t thc phm
vo. Thc phm cung cp cht m c gi tr sinh hc cao l thc phm m trong thnh phn c
cc loi acide amine vi mt t l cn i ph hp.
Thc n cung cp cht m gm 2 ngun chnh, ng vt (tht, c, tm cua, trng, sa) v thc
vt (u h, ng cc, u ht, nm). Cht m t thc n ng vt c gi tr sinh hc cao hn,
y cc loi acide amine thit yu hn so vi cht m t thc n thc vt, v vy m ng vt
cn chim >50% khu phn hng ngy.
Sa v trng c xem l hai loi thc phm cung cp m c gi tr sinh hc cao nht, v cha
y cc loi acide amine vi t l ph hp. Tuy nhin, nu n trong ba n hn hp (v d n
vi cm) th tht c li tt hn v c tha lysin cn i thnh phn m trong ng cc vn rt
thiu lysin. Trong ba n hng ngy, nn c s phi hp a dng gia cc thc phm giu m
khc nhau c tt c cc loi acide amine vi thnh phn cn i.
Cht m trong thc phm thng t b phn hy bi nhit , v vy vn cn gn nh y
trong thc n sau khi ch bin. Cc loi nc hm tht, c khng cha cht m (v cht m
khng b phn hy v khng ha tan trong nc). Thc phm giu m thng d b phn gii nu
bo qun khng tt, sinh ra cc c cht nh histamin, mycotoxin, mytilotoxin c th gy ng
c.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT BO (LIPID)

Cht bo (Lipid) trong thc phm gm 3 thnh phn chnh l triglycerid, phosphorlipid v
cholesterol. Triglycerid chui di cn c tiu ha thnh glycerol v cc acide bo mi c hp
thu, trong khi triglycerid chui trung bnh hoc ngn, phosphorlipid v cholesterol c hp thu
m khng cn tiu ha.
Cht bo trong thc phm c t hai ngun khc nhau : ng vt v thc vt. Cc cht bo c
ngun gc ng vt thng gi l m, cht bo ngun gc thc vt thng c gi l du. Cc
loi cht bo ng vt thng cha nhiu acide bo no (acide bo bo ha) d b ng c hn
trong khi cc cht bo thc vt c nhiu acide bo khng no (acide bo cha bo ha) thng c
nhit ng c thp hn. Acide bo khng no c li cho sc khe hn, nht l i vi h tim
mch, nn v mt nguyn tc cc loi cht bo c nhit ng c cng thp th cng tt cho
sc khe v ngc li. M c d c ngun gc ng vt, nhng cha nhiu acide bo khng no
(omega-3, omega-6, omega-9) nn t ng c v c xem l mt loi cht bo tt. Du thc
vt nu c no ha (v d lm margarine, shorterning) hoc du ca cc cy h c (du c,
du da) cng c nhit ng c cao hn nn khng c li cho sc khe.
Trong bp n gia nh, cn lu lun phi c cng lc 2 loi du. Cc cht bo no chu c nhit
cao hn v t sinh ra cc c cht hn trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm nn phi c loi du
nng (cooking oil) dng chin nhit cao. Acide bo khng no d tt cho sc khe nhng d
b phn hy v sinh ra c t khi dng nhit cao ko di nn cn c loi du nh (salade oil)
trn x lch, nu cho cho tr em, tm p thc phm
Cht bo khi ch bin nhit cao ko di hoc bo qun khng tt thng b phn hy v sinh
cc c cht (acrolein, cc gc oxy ha) c th gy ng c cp hoc tn thng t bo v lu
di. V vy cn bo qun cht bo ni ti, mt, kh ro, v khng dng li du m qua s
dng.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT BT NG (GLUCID)

Cht bt ng (Glucid, Carbohydrat) c cu trc nh nht l Glucose. Cc phn t Glucose kt
ni thnh chui di ngn khc nhau to nn cht bt ng khc nhau.
Thc phm cung cp cht bt ng ch yu c ngun gc t thc vt. Cht bt ng chim t l
cao nht trong khu phn n, c v mc cung cp nng lng ln khi lng thc phm, nht l
cc nc ang pht trin. hp thu v chuyn ha cht bt ng, c th cn cc vi cht dinh
dng, quan trng nht l vitamin nhm B. Nhng thc phm ch cung cp cht ng m khng
lng vi cht dinh dng gip cho s chuyn ha gi l cc thc phm cung cp nng lng
rng. tr em, nu ch c nui n bng cht bt, thiu vi cht dinh dng v cht m, s dn
n suy dinh dng Kwashiokor, mt th suy dinh dng nng c ph, x gan, suy tim
Khi ch bin cc loi ng cc, nn xay xt va phi gi lp v cm bn ngoi ht ng cc, vo
ra ht nhanh, trnh ch xt mnh Nn ch bin thc n t cc loi ng cc nguyn v, nguyn
ht (u xanh, u ) thay v i b v.
Mt s loi khoai sn c cha cc c cht t nhin (v d glucoside to acide cyanhydric trong
sn) hoc sinh ra trong qu trnh bo qun (v d solanin trong khoai ty sp mc mm, nm mc
alfatoxin trong cc ng cc b m mc), cn loi b khi ch bin thc n.
NHM THC PHM GIU VITAMIN
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C hai loi vitamin chnh :

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Vitamin tan trong nc : vitamine nhm B, vitamine C

Vitamine tan trong cht bo : vitamine A, D, E, K.

Thc n ng vt nht l gan, trng, sa l ngun cung cp vitamin tan trong bo ch yu. Cc
vitamin ny cn phi c cht bo i cng mi c hp thu v chuyn ha. a s vitamin tan trong
cht bo kh b hy bi nhit (ngoi tr vitamin E), nhng c th b bin cht vi nh nng mt
tri mnh.
Cc vitamin nhm B c cung cp ch yu qua cc loi u nguyn v v thc n ng vt.
Vitamin trong nhm ny, nht l vitamin B1 d b hy vi nhit v cht kim, d ha tan trong
nc nn d bay theo hi nc nu un nu ko di.
Rau v tri cy ti l ngun thc n chnh cung cp vitamin C. Vitamin C rt d b hy bi nhit
, nh nng, v ha tan nhanh nn d mt qua nc ra. Qu trnh bo qun ko di cng lm mt
dn vitamin C trong thc phm.

NHM THC PHM GIU CHT KHONG

1. Cht khong a lng
C 7 nguyn t khong thuc nhm a lng c bit n : Canxi (Ca), Natri (Na) , Kali (K),
Chlor (Cl), Phosphor (P), Sulfur (S), Magne (Mg)
Cc cht khong thuc nhm ion dng (cation) nh Na, K, Ca, Mg l cc ngun thc phm cung
cp cc yu t kim. Ngun cung cp ch yu l sa, cc ch phm t sa, cc loi rau c.
Cc cht khong thuc nhm ion m (anion) nh S, P, Cl cung cp cc yu t toan, c nhiu trong
cc thc n ng vt nh tht c v cc loi ng cc.
2. Cht khong vi lng
C 7 yu t khong thuc nhm vi lng c khm ph v xc nh chc nng : St (Fe),
Km (Zn), ng (Cu), , Fluor (F), Iode (I), Selen (Se), Mangan (Mn).
Cc thc phm c ngun gc t bin nh c, tm cua s c, rong to l ngun cung cp cht
khong vi lng rt di do cho khu phn. Ngoi ra, cc thc phm dng c cng cha mt
lng khong vi lng ng k, mc d kh tiu ha hp thu hn cht khong c trong thc n
ng vt nh trng, gan, tht, c
THC PHM CUNG CP CHT X
Cht x khng c tiu ha v khng hp thu vo mu, nhng gi vai tr quan trng trong vic
iu ha tiu ha, chng to bn v iu ha hot ng c hc ca h tiu ha.
C 2 loi cht x :
o Cht x tan trong nc : gm, oligofructose...
o Cht x khng tan trong nc : cellulose
Thc phm giu cht x l cc loi rau, c, qu , ng cc nguyn v nguyn ht.
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DINH DNG HP L GI GN SC KHE

c mt ch n hp l, 3 iu cn lu khi thit k mt ba n l an a dng nhiu loi thc
phm hng ngy, an chng mc v n thc phm nguyn vn, cng gn vi thin nhin cng tt.
1. n a dng
n a dng nhm mc ch gip c th nhn c y cc cht dinh dng thit yu theo nhu
cu nh vo s b sung ln nhau ca cc thc n, v theo quan nim ca nhng ngi lm cng tc
dinh dng, khng c thc n tt, cng khng c thc n xu, tt hay xu l do cch la chn
thc phm cho ba n hng ngy ca chng ta m thi. Mi ngy mi ngi cn c n trn 2030 loi thc phm. Mi ba chnh cn c thc phm t cc nhm thc n giu cht bt ng,
giu m, giu lipid, giu sinh t v khong cht, trong mi nhm thc n nh vy nn c nhiu
lai thc n khc nhau. Cc mn n nn c ch bin t nhiu lai thc phm (> 3 lai) v nn c
nhiu mn n trong mi ba n (> 3 mn) . Trong ngy, nn thay i thc phm (> 3 ba) v nng
i mn theo ngy, ma
2. n chng mc
n chng mc nhm phn b s cung cp nng lng cho c th mt cch hp l theo nhu cu
hng ngy, iu ha hot ng ca h tiu ha. Cn phn chia thc n trong ngy thnh nhiu ba.
i vi tr tui nh tr mu gio, mi ngy tr n t 5-6 ba bao gm 3 ba chnh v 2-3 ba
ph. Cn ch n ba n sng ca tr. Nhu cu nng lng ca tr cao trong h tiu ha li nh,
nn cc ba ph rt quan trng cho vic cung cp nng lng theo nhu cu cho tr. n chng
mc cn c ngha l khng n qu nhiu mt thc phm no hoc loi b nhm thc phm no.
3. n thc phm nguyn vn
Thc phm nguyn vn l nhng thc phm gn vi trng thi ban u nht, gn vi thin nhin
nht, ti mi nht, khng thng qua ch bin phc tp hay bo qun lu di. Nhng thc phm
nguyn vn thng c thnh phn cht dinh dng di do hn, cn i hn, v c li cho sc
khe hn.