BO HIM TRONG HOT NG XY DNG

Ch u t v cc ch th tham gia hot ng xy dng phi mua bo him theo quy nh ca php
lut xy dng. iu ny c th lm tng thm chi ph cho nh thu, t vn, ch u t v c ngi
dn khi xy dng li nh ca mnh, v gi b thu s cao hn, nhng l chi ph cn thit cho mt
x hi tin b, nhng bt cp xy ra khng b lng tng trong hnh x thc t. Bo him phi l
cnh tay ni di ca qun l nh nc v cht lng cng trnh xy dng, theo hng x hi ha,
x hi t gii quyt cch h thng, ng mc v c thc hin, gp phn quan trng gim thiu s
c xy ra v khi s c xy ra, vic gii quyt s khng qu phc tp, ko di, gy tranh ci nh hin
nay.
1. Cc quy nh v bo him trong hot ng xy dng ti cc vn bn quy phm php lut
Vic quy nh cc ch th tham gia hot ng xy dng phi thc hin mua bo him trong hot ng xy
dng c quy nh r rng trong Lut Xy dng v cc vn bn php lut hng dn Lut Xy dng, c
th nh sau:
a) i vi cc nh thu t vn : im khon 2 iu 51, im g Khon 2 iu 58v im khon 2 iu 90
Lut Xy dng quy nh nh thu kho st xy dng, nh thu thit k xy dng cng trnh v nh thu
gim st thi cng xy dng cng trnh c ngha v mua bo him trch nhim ngh nghip.
b) i vi nh thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh: im h khon iu 76 Lut Xy dng quy nh: " Nh
thu thi cng xy dng cng trnh c ngha v mua cc loi bo him theo quy nh ca php lut v bo
him".
im b Khon 1 iu 45 Ngh nh s 48/2010/N-CP ca Chnh ph v Hp ng trong hot ng xy
dng quy nh c th hn "Bn nhn thu phi thc hin mua cc loi bo him cn thit (bo him thit
b, bo him i vi bn th ba) bo m cho hot ng ca mnh theo quy nh ca php lut."
c) i vi Ch u t: im i khon iu 76 Lut Xy dng quy nh: " Ch u t xy dng cng trnh c
ngha v mua bo him cng trnh xy dng".
V quy nh ny, im a Khon 1 iu 45 Ngh nh s 48/2010/N-CP cng nu r "Bo him cng
trnh xy dng do ch u t mua. Trng hp, ph bo him ny c tnh vo gi hp ng th bn
nhn thu thc hin mua bo him cng trnh theo quy nh".
Tuy nhin ti vn bn s 13994/BTC-BH ngy 19/11/2008, B Ti chnh c kin " 1. Theo quy nh ti
Lut Kinh doanh bo him, bo him trong hot ng xy dng khng phi l bo him bt buc. Do , B
Ti chnh khng ban hnh quy tc, biu ph bo him trong hot ng xy dng. Vic mua, bn bo him
trong hot ng xy dng c thc hin nh i vi cc loi hnh bo him t nguyn khc.
2. Cc i tng (t chc, c nhn) c ngha v phi mua bo him trong hot ng xy dng phi tin
hnh mua bo him ti cc doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th c cp giy php thnh lp v hot ng
ti Vit Nam v c php cung cp loi sn phm bo him ny. Cc doanh nghip bo him phi nhn th
ni trn c quyn ch ng xy dng quy tc, iu khon, biu ph bo him ca loi hnh bo him ny
tng t nh cc loi hnh bo him t nguyn khc."
iu ny c mu thun gia Lut Xy dng v Lut Kinh doanh Bo him khng? B Ti chnh gii thch c
ng khng?
Nu ch c qua th thy l cc quy nh v bo him gia hai Lut nu trn mu thun v lm cho cc ch
th trong hot ng xy dng khng bit phi thi hnh theo quy nh ca Lut no? Tuy nhin, theo quy nh
ti khon 3 iu 83 Lut ban hnh vn bn quy phm php lut 2008 th "Trong trng hp cc vn
bn quy phm php lut do cng mt c quan ban hnh m c quy nh khc nhau v cng mt vn
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 th p dng quy nh ca vn bn c ban hnh sau". Do Lut Xy dng ban hnh ngy 26/11/2003
cn Lut kinh doanh bo him ban hnh ngy 09/12/2000 nn vi quy nh ny th r rng cc ch th phi
thc thi mua bo him theo Lut Xy dng.
2. Cc loi bo him trong hot ng xy dng
a) Khi nim v bo him
Bo him l nhng quan h kinh t gn lin vi qu trnh hnh thnh, phn phi v s dng cc qu tp
trung - qu bo him - nhm x l cc ri ro, cc bin c. Bo him bo m cho qu trnh ti sn xut v
i sng ca x hi c din ra bnh thng. Bo him l bin php chia s ri ro ca mt ngi hay ca
s mt t ngi cho c cng ng nhng ngi c kh nng gp ri ro cng loi; bng cch mi ngi trong
cng ng gp mt s tin nht nh vo mt qu chung v t qu chung b p thit hi cho thnh vin
trong cng ng khng may b thit hi do ri ro gy ra. Bo him l mt cch thc trong qun tr ri ro,
thuc nhm bin php ti tr ri ro, c s dng i ph vi nhng ri ro c tn tht, thng l tn tht
v ti chnh, nhn mng,...Bo him c xem nh l mt cch thc chuyn giao ri ro tim nng mt cch
cng bng t mt c th sang cng ng thng qua ph bo him.
Bo him l mt hot ng qua mt c nhn c quyn c hng tr cp nh vo mt khon ng gp
cho mnh hoc cho ngi th 3 trong trng hp xy ra ri ro. Khon tr cp ny do mt t chc tr, t
chc ny c trch nhim i vi ton b cc ri ro v n b cc thit hi theo cc phng php ca thng
k.
b) Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip
Bo him trch nhim ngh nghip l bo him trch nhim php l ca ngi c bo him pht sinh do
vic vi phm trch nhim ngh nghip. Doanh nghip bo him cung cp s bo m v mt ti chnh cho
cc c nhn, t chc, cng ty hnh ngh chuyn mn i vi trch nhim dn s pht sinh t vic hnh
ngh chuyn mn (c th do hnh ng hoc thiu st ca ngi chu trch nhim chuyn mn chnh cng
nh ca nhn vin ca h).
Nhng ngi hnh ngh chuyn mn phi thc hnh cng vic, thao tc ngh nghip chuyn mn vi s
cn thn v tay ngh m bo yu cu chuyn mn. Tuy nhin, thc t v nhiu l do vn c th gy thit hi
cho bn th ba t nhng hnh ng bt cn, nhng sai phm hoc thiu st trong qu trnh thc hin cc
cng vic chuyn mn. Vi bo him trch nhim ngh nghip, nh thu kho st xy dng, nh thu thit
k xy dng cng trnh v nh thu gim st thi cng xy dng cng trnh ( di y gi chung l nh thu
t vn) c bi thng nhng nhng khon sau:
- S tin m ngi c bo him ( nh thu t vn) c trch nhim thanh ton i vi cc khiu ni c
lp chng li ngi c bo him trong thi hn ghi trong ph lc l hu qu trc tip ca cc hnh ng
bt cn, sai st hoc thiu st khi ngi c bo him hoc ngi lm thu cho h thc hin cc cng
vic chuyn mn c xc nh trong Ph lc hp ng bo him.
- Cc chi ph v ph tn pht sinh c ngi bo him chp thun bng vn bn nhm bo cha hoc gii
quyt khiu ni.
- S tin bi thng ca bo him c xc nh theo cc khon trn v gii hn bi thng cho mi khiu
ni. Gii hn bi thng - mc trch nhim gp cho tt c cc khiu ni ca bn th ba chng li ngi
c bo him trong mt thi hn bo him, bao gm c ph tn v chi ph bo cha do ngi c bo
him chp thun m doanh nghip bo him c th phi tr.
- Trng hp khiu ni hng lot: hai hay nhiu khiu ni pht sinh t mt hnh vi bt cn (v d t cng
mt li kho st, tnh ton thit k hoc gim st thi cng xy dng). Bt k s ngi b thit hi, tt c cc
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khiu ni ny c coi l mt khiu ni v ngy xy ra tn tht l ngy m khiu ni u tin trong mt lot
khiu ni c pht ra bng vn bn chng li ngi c bo him.
Trong thc t, cc nh thu t vn mua bo him cho n v mnh theo 1 trong 2 dng: mua cho ton b
hot ng t vn c hp ng trong nm ti chnh hay mua theo tng hot ng ring l. Mc mua v mc
chi tr bo him tng ng khng quy nh mc sn, nn thng l mua gi tr thp, chiu l, khng b
pht khi Thanh tra xy dng kim tra cng trnh. Cc doanh nghip bo him do vy cng khng cn thu
chuyn gia phi xem xt nng lc t vn, gii php thit k, mc an ton ... c cch hnh x (bn
bo him) ph hp nh thng l cc nc. c bit, cc hot ng t vn cho nhng cng trnh ring l
ca dn c trong th xy chen hu nh khng mua bo him. Kt qu l khi xy ra s c, do s sut
ngh nghip, nh thu t vn khng kh nng ti chnh khc phc, gy thit hi cho x hi v phc
tp cho vic qun l cc hot ng xy dng.
c) Cc loi bo him cn thit (bo him thit b, bo him i vi bn th ba) m nh thu thi cng xy
dng cng trnh bt buc phi mua bo m cho hot ng ca mnh theo quy nh ca php lut.
Bo him i vi bn th ba l loi bo him trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng ca doanh
nghip xy dng (nh thu) pht sinh do gy thit hi v ti sn v tnh mng, sc khe ca ngi th ba
lin i (ngi lao ng; ngi s dng thit b, cng trnh xy dng...) trong qu trnh thc hin cc cng
vic xy dng, lp t. Thc cht y l loi bo him trch nhim bi thng thit hi ngoi hp ng ca
nh thu thi cng xy dng pht sinh do gy thit hi v ti sn v tnh mng, sc khe ca ngi th ba
trong qu trnh thc hin cc cng vic xy dng, lp t. Ri ro pht sinh trch nhim dn s m nh thu
thi cng xy dng c th gp trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, lp t l nhng khiu ni v thit hi ti
sn hoc thn th ca nhng ngi th ba.
Trch nhim ca nh thu thi cng xy dng trong cc trng hp ny c th c bo him bng mt hp
ng bo him trch nhim ring bit nhng thng thng c bo him cng vi bo him tn tht vt
cht ca cng trnh xy dng trong cng mt hp ng bo him mi ri ro trong xy dng, lp t.
Nh thu thi cng xy dng c th mua bo him trch nhim i vi ngi th ba i cng bo him tn
tht vt cht vi hn mc trch nhim khng vt qu 50% gi tr cng trnh c bo him phn thit hi
vt cht v ti a khng qu 3 triu la M. Ph bo him ca phn trch nhim i vi ngi th ba c
tnh bng 5% ph bo him ca phn bo him thit hi vt cht. T l ph bo him ny ch p dng vi
iu kin bn mua bo him tham gia bo him thit hi vt cht v trch nhim i vi ngi th ba trong
cng mt hp ng bo him.
Trong trng hp mun c bo him vi hn mc trch nhim vt qu gii hn trn th bn mua bo
him c th tham gia bo him trch nhim i vi ngi th ba bng mt hp ng bo him ring bit.
Trong thc t, cc nh thu thi cng xy dng thng khng mua bo him theo quy nh ca php lut.
Nu c, i vi cng trnh ln, l mua bo him my mc thit b s dng v trch nhim bn th ba (v
cng ch mua tng trng). Vic nh thu thi cng xy dng mua y cc loi bo him theo quy nh
thng ch tin hnh vi nhng d n ln, c bit cc d n lin quan n u t nc ngoi (FDI, ODA).
Nhiu trng hp khi s c xy ra do bin php thi cng, nh thu thi cng xy dng rt kh khn v nng
lc ti chnh khc phc.
d) Bo him cng trnh xy dng
Ch u t xy dng cng trnh phi mua bo him cng trnh xy dng ti cc doanh nghip bo him
c php hot ng ti Vit Nam. Bn mua bo him c th tha thun trc tip vi doanh nghip bo
him v quy tc, iu khon, biu ph bo him theo tnh hnh thc t cng trnh. Chi ph bo him c tnh
vo d ton cng trnh. Trng hp ph bo him ny c tnh vo gi hp ng th bn nhn thu phi
thc hin mua bo him cng trnh theo quy nh.
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Nu ch u t v cc ch th c hnh vi vi phm quy nh v ch bo him th b x pht theo quy nh

ti Ngh nh s 23/2009/N-CP ngy 27/2/2009 ca Chnh ph v x pht hnh chnh trong hot ng xy
dng, c th l:
- Ch u t b pht tin t 15.000.000 ng n 20.000.000 ng nu khng mua bo him cng trnh theo
quy nh ( im b Khon 3 Ngh nh 23/3009/N-CP).
- Nh thu t vn b pht tin t 10.000.000 ng n 15.000.000 ng do khng mua bo him trch nhim
ngh nghip theo quy nh ( khon 1 iu 20 Ngh nh 23/3009/N-CP).
- Nh thu thi cng xy dng b pht tin t 20.000.000 ng n 30.000.000 ng i vi nh thu thi cng
xy dng cng trnh khng mua cc loi bo him theo quy nh ( im c Khon 1 iu 26 Ngh nh
23/3009/N-CP).
Tm li, ch u t v cc ch th tham gia hot ng xy dng phi mua bo him theo quy nh ca php
lut xy dng. iu ny c th lm tng thm chi ph cho nh thu, t vn, ch u t v c ngi dn khi
xy dng li nh ca mnh, v gi b thu s cao hn, nhng l chi ph cn thit cho mt x hi tin b,
nhng bt cp xy ra khng b lng tng trong hnh x thc t. Bo him phi l cnh tay ni di ca qun
l nh nc v cht lng cng trnh xy dng, theo hng x hi ha, x hi t gii quyt cch h thng,
ng mc v c thc hin, gp phn quan trng gim thiu s c xy ra v khi s c xy ra, vic gii
quyt s khng qu phc tp, ko di, gy tranh ci nh hin nay.

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