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CH : UBUNTU SERVER
Tm tt l thuyt cc lnh qun tr h thng v mng
----//----

MC LC
I.

Cc lnh shell c bn............................................................................................... 5

1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin, ngi dng,
mt khu...................................................................................................................... 5
a.

Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux....................................................... 5

b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc. ................................................................ 7

c.

C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc. ..................................................... 8

d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm. .............................................................. 9

e.

C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu. .............................................................. 10

2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng. ....................... 11

a.

Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn h

thng. ..................................................................................................................... 11
b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi. ....................................................................... 12
c.

Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng. ................ 13

d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc, ........................ 14

e.

C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh. ......................................................... 15

II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng mng trn client. ...... 16
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1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng. ............................................... 16

2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng. .......................................................... 17
3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing). ........................................................................... 18
4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng............................................................... 19
5. Cu hnh DNS trn client. .................................................................................. 21

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GHI NH 1

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GHI NH 2

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I. Cc lnh shell c bn.

1. Cc lnh lin quan n vic ng nhp, ng xut, qun l tp tin,
ngi dng, mt khu.
C rt nhiu l do chng ta tm hiu v c ch dng lnh trong Linux nh
tng tc mt cch trc tip vi h thng, qun l cc ngun ti nguyn, g li trong
khi pht trin phn mm hoc trin khai h thng mng Ubuntu cng nh cc h
iu hnh da trn nhn Linux khc cung cp mt tp hp v cng a dng cc lnh
t n gin n phc tp p ng nhu cu t ngi dng thng thng n nhng
chuyn gia v h thng.
a. Cu trc cy th mc trong Ubuntu Linux.
Khng ging nh trong Windows, cy th mc trong Ubuntu bt u t mt
im gc duy nht gi l th mc root, cc phn vng a cng c gn kt vo
mt th mc nhnh trn cy th mc ny mt cch t ng hoc th cng.
H thng tp tin trong Linux c phn bit ch hoa v ch thng, do cn
ch khi t tn th mc, g lnh hoc truy cp vo th mc web trn server Linux.
Ch : Trong Linux, tt c mi ngun ti nguyn, ngoi tr cc tin trnh
u c xem l tp tin. V d nh a, chut, bn phm T ta c cc loi tp
tin khc nhau: tp thun vn bn, tp tin khi (i din cho cc thit b lu tr, truy
xut theo block), tp tin thc thi Pht biu ny khng loi tr th mc, vn cng
l mt loi tp tin cha tn v a ch truy xut n cc tp tin bn trong n. Cc loi
tp tin khc nhau c vit tt nh bng k hiu sau:
File thng
thng
-

Th mc

Lin kt

Thit b
nhp k t
c

Socket mng
s

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Thit b lu
tr
b

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/: Th mc gc, cha tt c cc th mc khc.

/home: Th mc nh l ni cha tt c cc thng tin, ti liu ca tng ngi
dng, mi ngi dng (ngoi tr ngi dng root-l ngi dng c quyn qun tr ti
cao) s c mt th mc con ring nm trong th mc /home ny.
/dev: Cha cc ng dn thit b phn cng nh cc a, phn vng, thit b
nhp xut...
/etc: Cha cc file cu hnh cho h thng v cc dch v.
/etc/init.d: Cc script cn thit cho qu trnh khi ng h iu hnh Linux.

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/usr/bin: Cha cc file thc thi thng thng.

/usr/sbin: Cha cc file thc thi dnh cho qun tr h thng.
/usr/share/doc: Cc loi ti liu khc nhau.
/usr/share/man: Hng dn s dng cho cc lnh.
/usr/src: Cha m ngun cho cc ng dng trong h thng (nu c)
/usr/src/linux: Cha m ngun cho nhn (kernel) ca Linux
/bin: Cha cc file thc thi trc v khi khi ng.
/tmp, /var/tmp: Cha cc file tm.
/var: Cha cc file cu hnh v d liu ca cc dch v.
/var/log: Cc file log ghi nhn li cc s kin v li trn h thng.
/lib: Th vin lin kt ng (th vin chia s).
/proc: Cha cc thng tin v cc vng b nh phc v cho cc tin trnh ang
thc thi.
b. Cc lnh qun l tp tin v th mc.
-

To th mc:
mkdir
Tnthmccnto

Xa th mc:
rmdir
Tnthmccnxa

Di chuyn, i tn th mc hoc file:

mv
Ngun
ch

Sao chp file hay th mc:

cp
Ngun
ch

To file text:

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cat > Tnfilecnto

Sau g ni dung ca file vo, n Ctrl+D kt thc.
-

Xem ni dung file text:

cat
Tnfilecnxem

Xa file:
rm
Tnfilecnxa

Lit k danh sch file v th mc:

ls
Tnthmc
Dng vi tham s l hin th chi tit hn: ls
-lTnthmc

c x dng u ca file text:

head
n
x
Tnfilecnc

c x dng cui file text:

tail
n
x Tnfilecnc

c. C ch phn quyn trn tp tin v th mc.

Xt trn bt k h iu hnh no th vic phn quyn c ghi file quyt nh
tnh an ton trong thao tc lu tr. Do , quyn hn khi thao tc trn file v th mc
rt c Linux ch trng.
C 3 ch th trong c ch phn quyn: User-dng cp quyn cho ngi
dng s hu file, Group-cp quyn cho nhm s hu file, Other-cp quyn cho
nhng ngi cn li.
Mi ch th s c 3 quyn hn khc nhau l: Read (r: quyn c), Write (w:
quyn ghi) v Execute (x: Quyn thc thi file).
Quy c v quyn hn: Read=4, Write=2, Execute=1. Quyn hn tng hp cho
mt i tng (User, Group hay Other) c tnh l tng ca 3 s trn. Nh vy c
th thy Linux biu din quyn hn bng mt con s nguyn 3 bits.

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V d: 755 c ngha l: User: 7=4+2+1(Read, Write, Execute), Group: 5=4+1

(Read+Execute), Other: 5=4+1 (Read+Execute).

Lnh dng thay i quyn hn p dng cho file hay th mc:

chmod
xyz
TnFileCnCpQuyn
Vi x: Quyn cho User, y: Quyn cho Group, z: Quyn cho Other
V d: chmod
755
/home/john/mydata.txt

d. C ch qun l ngi dng v nhm.

Mi ngi dng s c th thuc v mt hay nhiu nhm, trong c mt nhm
chnh (Initial Group).
Ngi dng c quyn hn ti cao trong h thng l ngi dng root, tng t
ta c nhm root. Trong ch dng lnh ta c th bit c ngi dng hin ti c
phi l root hay khng bng cch quan st du nhc lnh: Du nhc l $: ngi dng
thng thng; du nhc l #: ngi dng l root.
Nhm chnh l nhm bt buc phi c ca mi ngi dng.
Khi mt ngi dng to ra mt file th mc nh ngi dng y s s hu file
, nhm chnh ca ngi dng s l nhm s hu file y.
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Mt nhm c th cha nhiu ngi dng khc nhau, nhm c dng n

gin ha vic cp quyn. V d: Nu mun cho php ngi dng s dng mt ti
nguyn no , ta ch vic thm ngi dng vo nhm tng ng c cp quyn.
Mi ngi dng v mi nhm u c mt s nh danh gi l UserID v
GroupID.
-

Lnh to Group:
groupadd
TnNhm

Lnh xa Group:
groupdel
TnNhm

Lnh to User:
useradd
[-c
ch thch]
[-d
thmchome]

[-g
Nhmchnh]
[-G
nhm[,...]]
TnUser

Lnh xa User:
userdel
TnUser

Ch : Trong linux ta c th xem phn hng dn s dng ca hu ht cc lnh

bng cch g man
tnlnh, hay info
tnlnh
e. C ch lu tr v qun l mt khu.
Mt khu ca user c lu dng m ha, mc nh mt khu c lu trong
file /etc/shadow
Thng tin v ti khon ca cc user c lu trong cc file: /etc/passwd,
/etc/shadow
Thng tin v nhm c lu trong cc file: /etc/group, /etc/gshadow
-

Lnh dng thay i password cho mt user no :

passwd
TnUser

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H thng s yu cu nhp password mi cho user ny, cn c quyn root

thc hin thao tc ny.

2. Cc lnh xem thng tin v ci t gi phn mm cho h thng.

a. Cc lnh xem thng tin v qun l cc tin trnh (process) ang chy trn
h thng.
Mi tin trnh ang chy trong h thng c nh danh bng mt ProcessID,
tin trnh c mt u tin, gi l Process Priority.
Trong ng cnh tin trnh th nht gi thc thi tin trnh th hai, ta gi tin
trnh th nht l tin trnh cha, tin trnh th hai l tin trnh con.
xem thng tin v cc tin trnh ang chy, dung lng b nh v ti nguyn
x l ang cp cho tin trnh ta c th dng lnh top

xem c cy cc tin trnh ta dng lnh pstree

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kt thc mt tin trnh ang thc thi ta c th dng lnh kill hoc killall
kill
Idcaprocesscntt
killall
Tncaprocesscntt
Trong v d v lnh top trn, ta c th kt thc tin trnh top bng 2 cch: kill
5763 hoc killall top
b. Ci t, g b v cp nht gi.
Bn cnh cng c trong giao din ha (GNOME, KDE...) ci t phn
mm cho Linux, cc lnh ci t bng dng lnh l khng th thiu i vi ngi
qun tr h thng.
Mi bn phn phi linux c h thng qun l gi khc nhau. Trong Ubuntu
Server l b cng c apt-get.
Lnh apt-get dng mt kho lu tr trn mng internet hoc trn a ly cc
gi ng dng v v ci t.
Danh sch a ch cc kho lu tr phn mm c t trong file
/etc/apt/sources.list
Bn cnh , b apt-get cn lm cc cng vic qun l ci t trn my cc b.

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cp nht danh sch gi phn mm trn my cc b vi kho lu tr ta

dng lnh
apt-get
update

nng cp tt c cc gi phn mm ang chy trn h thng theo phin

bn mi nht c trn kho lu tr ta dng lnh:
apt-get
upgrade

ci t mt gi phn mm no ta dng lnh:

apt-get
install
tngicnci
Tn gi cn ci phi tn ti trong danh sch gi.

g b mt gi phn mm khi h thng ta duung lnh:

apt-get
remove
tngicng

c. Xem thng tin v phn cng, ghi nhn cc s kin trn h thng.
Xem thng tin chi tit v phn cng ta c th dng lnh lspci

Xem thng tin v cc thit b kt ni thng qua cng usb: lsusb

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Lnh lshw dng xem thng tin chi tit v cc thit b, ngt, cc tuyn bus
ca h thng.
Cc file log trong h thng c lu tr trong /var/log, trong c cc file
chnh l syslog: ghi nhn li cc s kin ca h thng, dmesg: cc thng tin v qu
trnh khi ng ca h thng. Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu file log ng vi cc dch v ang
chy nh apache, mysql
Ta c th dng lnh tail xem phn cui ca file log, v d: xem 15 dng
cui trong file syslog: tail
n
15
/var/log/syslog
d. Xem thng tin v dung lng a, dung lng th mc,
Xem thng tin v dung lng cc phn vng ang c s dng: df
h

Xem thng tin v tng dung lng ca tng th mc con trong mt th

mc no :
du
sh
ngdn

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e. C ch pipeline trong lc thc thi lnh.

C cu pipeline trong linux p ng cho nhu cu ly kt qu ca mt lnh
truyn vo lnh khc, v trong thc t ngi qun tr vin c th phi thc hin nhiu
thao tc phc tp lin quan n nhiu yu cu nh: thng k cc t tn cng t bn
ngoi, qun l ti nguyn lu tr trn mt lng ln ngi dng, sn lc cc nguyn
nhn gy li cc cng vic ny i hi phi kt hp nhiu lnh li vi nhau v cc
lnh c th ly kt qu ln nhau thc thi.
Cu trc tng qut:
Lnh_1 | Lnh_2 ...
Khi s dng nh trn, Lnh 2 s ly tham s u vo l kt qu ca lnh 1,
tng qut ta s c lnh sau ly tham s u vo t kt qu ca lnh trc.
V d: ls /etc/init.d | tail n 5
Lnh ls /etc/init.d s tr v kt qu l danh sch cc file hay th mc c trong
/etc/init.d, tuy nhin kt qu ny khng hin ra mn hnh, m c dn vo cho lnh
tail hin ra 5 dng cui. Kt qu ca lnh nh sau:

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II. Cu hnh cc thit t ban u cho card mng v h thng

mng trn client.
1. Xem thng tin cu hnh hin ti ca card mng.
Tng t nh trong Windows, Ubuntu Linux cng c cc lnh xem v cu
hnh cho cc card mng trong h thng.
-

Lnh xem thng tin ca cc card mng ang hot ng:

ifconfig
[tncardmng]

Tn ca cc card mng c t ng t theo quy c ca Linux, vi card

mng Ethernet: eth0, eth1...
Cc thng tin hin ra bao gm: IP, broadcast, netmask, MAC, dung lng gi,
dung lng nhn...
Lnh ifconfig khng c tham s s xut ra thng tin cu hnh cu tt c cc
card mng.
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2. Cu hnh IP tnh v ng cho card mng.

Cc

thng

tin

cu

hnh

cho

card

mng

lu

trong

file

/etc/network/interfaces
Cu hnh IP ng da trn giao thc DHCP, ta thm vo file cu hnh trn cc
dng sau (gi s ang cu hnh cho card mng eth1):
auto eth1
iface eth1 inet dhcp
Dng u tin dng t ng bt card mng eth1 khi khi ng Linux hoc
khi c tn hiu. Dng th 2 cho h thng bit dng a ch ng vi giao thc
DHCP.
Cu hnh IP tnh: Xt v d cu hnh tnh cho card mng eth0 vi cc thng
tin: IP 192.168.1.2, subnetmask 255.255.255.0, a ch default gateway 192.168.1.1 ta
thm vo file /etc/network/interface nhng dng sau
auto eth0
iface eth0 inet static
address 192.168.1.2
netmask 255.255.255.0
gateway 192.168.1.1

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Ch : sau khi cu hnh thng qua cc file cu hnh, p dng thit t mi ta

chy lnh /etc/init.d/networking restart khi ng li dch v mng theo cu hnh
mi.

3. Cu hnh nh tuyn (routing).

Cc ty chn v routing gip cho mng hot ng n nh hn, linux cung cp
lnh thao tc trn bng nh tuyn (routing table). Thao tc nh tuyn c bit hu
dng khi my c nhiu card mng ni vi nhiu mng khc nhau. Cc thao tc bao
gm: xem thng tin nh tuyn, thm mt default gateway, thm mt dng nh tuyn
mi, xa mt dng nh tuyn...
xem thng tin ta dng lnh route, lnh ny s hin th thng tin v bng
nh tuyn, dng c destination l default chnh l dng m t v default gateway.

thm mt default gateway ta dng lnh route vi c php:

route
add
default
gw
achIPgateway

V d thm mt default gateway c a ch 192.168.100.2 vo bng nh

tuyn ta chy lnh route
add
default
gw
192.168.100.2, sau khi thm ta c
th gi lnh route kim tra.

xa mt default gateway ta dng lnh:

route
del
default
gw
achIPgatewaycnxa

Thm mt mu tin nh tuyn: Xt 2 v d sau

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route
add
192.168.1.8
gw
192.168.10.1
route
add
net
192.168.100.0
netmask
255.255.255.0
gw
192.168.10.1
Lnh th nht dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n host c IP 192.168.1.8
thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1
Lnh th hai dng thm mt ng nh tuyn n mng

c ip

192.168.100.0/24 thng qua gateway l 192.168.10.1

Xa mt mu tin nh tuyn: Tng t nh lnh route add nhng thay th bng
route del
Ch : Khi nh tuyn cho ng i n mng ta cn ch nh netmask. C th
thm ty chn dev ch ra tn card mng no c dng cho mu tin nh tuyn
c thm.

4. Gim st v qun l bng thng mng.

Linux cung cp rt nhiu cng c, gip cho vic qun l mng t hiu nng
cao. Cc cng c ny c thit k giao tip vi nhn linux v gim st/can thip
vo qu trnh x l gi tin.
Mt s cng c gim st v qun l bng thng mng: iftop, bwm-ng, bwm,
wondershaper
Cng c iftop: dng gim st bng thng mng theo tng kt ni trn mt card
mng nht nh. Cch dng:
iftop
i
TnCardMng

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Cng c bwm-ng, bwm: Dng gim st bng thng gi (Tx) v nhn (Rx) trn
tt c cc card mng, n v hin th l Kilobyte/s. Cch dng:
Gi lnh bwm-ng

Cng c wondershaper: l cng c dng gii hn bng thng trn mt

card mng no , cch s dng:
wondershaper
tncardmng tcdown
tcup
Tc down v up tnh bng Kilobit/giy
Ch : khi va ci t h thng, mc nh mt s gi cng c trn cha c
ci. ci ta dng lnh apt-get
install
tn_gi.

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5. Cu hnh DNS trn client.

Vic cu hnh DNS trn my client n gin ch l vic ch ra IP ca DNS
server cn dng khi truy vn.
Tp tin cha thng tin DNS trn client l /etc/resolv.conf
thm mt DNS server vo danh sch ta thm mt dng c dng
nameserver
IPDNSserver vo file trn.

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