I HC QUC GIA TP.

H CH MINH

I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
---oOo---

NH THUN

C LNG KNH TRUYN MIMO DNG

THUT TON BN M CI TIN
Chuyn ngnh: Vt l V tuyn in t
M s: 62 44 03 01

TM TT LUN N TIN S VT L

TP. H Ch Minh nm 2012

Cng trnh c hon thnh ti: i hc Khoa hc t nhin, HQG. HCM

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS. V nh Thnh

(ghi r h tn, chc danh khoa hc, hc v)
Phn bin 1:
PGS. TS. Phm Hng Lin
Phn bin 2:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Phng
Phn bin 3:
PGS. TS. Hong nh Chin
Phn bin c lp 1:
PGS. TS. Nguyn Vit Knh
Phn bin c lp 2:
TS. L Quc Cng

Lun n c bo v trc Hi ng chm lun n ti i hc Khoa hc t nhin

vo hi 14 gi 00 ngy 6 thng

12

nm 2012

C th tm hiu lun n ti th vin:

-

Th vin Khoa hc tng hp Tp.HCM

Th vin i hc Khoa hc t nhin, HQG. HCM

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

Gii thiu v MIMO v m hnh knh v tuyn
Mt h thng thng tin v tuyn dng M T anten pht v M R anten thu c gi l h thng a
anten pht a anten thu MIMO, v knh truyn s dng cho h thng ny gi l knh MIMO. Ngi ta
phn loi cc h thng MIMO theo cc trng hp ring nh sau:

Trng hp c bit M T = M R = 1 c gi l h thng mt anten pht, mt anten thu

SISO, v knh tng ng gi l knh SISO.

Trng hp c bit th 2 l trng hp trong s dng M T = 1 v M R 2 . H thng

c gi l SIMO, v knh tng ng l knh SIMO.

Trng hp th 3 l MISO cng tng t vi M T 2 v M R = 1 .

Trong mt h thng MIMO tng qut vi M T anten pht v M R anten thu, k hiu p ng xung
ca knh thng thp tng ng gia anten pht th j v anten thu th i l hij ( ; t ) , trong c gi
l bin tr v t l bin thi gian. V th knh thay i theo thi gian mt cch ngu nhin c m t bng
ma trn H ( ; t ) kch thc M T M R nh sau:

h12 ( ; t ) ... h1M T ( ; t )

h11 ( ; t )
h ( ; t ) h ( ; t ) ... h ( ; t )
21
22
2 MT

H ( ; t ) =

M
M
M
M

hM R 1 ( ; t ) hM R 2 ( ; t ) ... hM R M T ( ; t )

( 1.1)

Gi s tn hiu pht t anten pht th j l s j (t ), j = 1,2,..., M T . Ta c tn hiu thu c anten th i

trong trng hp khng c nhiu l
MT

ri (t ) = hij ( ; t )s j (t )d
j =1

(1.2)

MT

= hij ( ; t )* s j (t ), i = 1,2,..., M R
j =1

Khi biu din cng thc trn dng ma trn, biu thc (1.2) tr thnh
r (t ) = H( ; t ) * s j (t )
trong , s(t ) l vector M T 1 v r (t ) l vector M R 1

i vi knh fading khng la chn tn s, ma trn knh H c biu din nh sau:

(1.3)

h12 (t ) L h1M T (t )
h11 (t )
h (t ) h (t ) L h (t )
21
22
2M T

H (t ) =
M

M
M
M

hM R 1 (t ) hM R 1 (t ) L hM R M T (t )

(1.4)

Khi , tn hiu thu c anten thu th i c ti thiu ha l:

MT

ri (t ) = hij (t )s j (t ), i = 1,2,..., M R
j =1

(1.5)

Trong khi , nu ta cn biu din dng ma trn, vector tn hiu thu r(t) c vit nh sau:

r (t ) = H (t )s(t )

(1.6)

Ngoi ra, nu bin i v mt thi gian ca p ng xung c xem l chm trong khong thi
gian 0 t T , knh H gn nh khng thay i trong mt chu k k t ang xem xt th biu thc (1.6)

c vit n gin hn nh sau

r (t ) = Hs(t ), 0 t T

(1.7)

M hnh knh fading khng la chn tn s bin i thi gian chm trong biu thc (1.7) c xem l m
hnh n gin nht cho truyn dn tn hiu trong h thng MIMO.

CHNG 2: C LNG KNH BN M CI TIN DA TRN PHN TCH SVD

2.1

Phng php c lng knh bn m ci tin

2.1.1

M hnh knh MIMO

Trong phn ny, lun n trnh by m hnh knh MIMO bng hp fading khi phng vi

M t anten pht v M r anten thu. Khi quan h gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu thu c m t nh
sau
Y = HX + V

2.1.2

(2.1)

c lng knh dng phng php bnh phng cc tiu (LS)

Xem xt knh MIMO fading phn b Rayleigh phng c tnh ha bi knh l H, X p l

chui hun luyn, Yp l tn hiu thu cho phn hun luyn v V l nhiu phn b Gauss trng
cng. Cng thc (2.1) m t cho chui hun luyn vit li nh sau
Yp = HX p + V

(2.2)

trong X p l ma trn hun luyn kch thc M t L v L l di chui hun luyn. Gii

bi ton ti u ny ta c biu thc cho knh truyn c lng sau

= (X Hp X p )1 X Hp Yp
H
2.1.3

(2.3)

c lng knh bn m ci tin dng phng php phn tch ma trn tha s
SVD.

Trc y, ngi ta a ra nhiu thut ton bn m vi u im tn dng hiu qu bng

thng cho h thng v tuyn. Trong lun n ny, tc gi chn gii php c lng bn m (hay
bn m ci tin) da trn phn tch ma trn tha s (SVD) ca ma trn H
(2.4)

H = PQ H

Ta c c ma trn P v Q phi tha mn thuc tnh sau: PP H = P H P = I v tng t cho ma

trn Q. cho gn, ta t ma trn W theo biu thc W = P .
Nhm gii hn bi ton c lng m ny, ta gi s ma trn W ny c th c lng m da
trn chnh tn hiu thu. Bc k tip dng chui hun luyn c lng ma trn Q vi gi thit
l W hon ton c bit pha thu. C th thy rng iu ny l khng c trong thc t. Tuy
nhin trong phm vi nghin cu ny, lun n mun a ra mt iu kin ti u tm gii hn
bi ton c lng knh m (bi ton c lng knh m l bi ton kh). Hm ti u cho
phng php c lng knh bn m ci tin ny m t nh sau
arg min Yp WQ H X p

sao cho X p X Hp = X Hp X p = I v QQ H = I

(2.5)

n gin, lun n k hiu K nh sau

= W H Y XH
K
p
p

(2.6)

)=U
k
kV
kH trong cng thc (2.6), ta c biu thc sau
S dng phn tch SVD ( K
=V
U
H
Q
k
k

(2.7)

s c tnh bi
Do , knh truyn c lng H
H
= WQ
H

2.2

(2.8)

Chui hun luyn xut cho c lng knh bn m ci tin

Trong phn ny, lun n tp trung vo vic thit k chui hun luyn ti u m chng

c thm vo mi cm k t tn hiu cn pht trong khung d liu hon chnh. Nh cp

trong (2.5), iu kin ny tng ng ma trn chui hun luyn phi c tnh trc giao.
Phng trnh biu din tn hiu thu v pht trong (2.1) uc vit li nh sau

y (n ) = Hx( n ) + v (n )

(2.9)

x ( n ) = s( n ) + c ( n )

(2.10)

trong n l tham s v thi gian tc thi. Ngoi ra, s(n) l d liu c ch, c(n) l phn tn
hiu trc giao chn vo trc k t tn hiu pht.
By gi, ta gi s knh c s dng gm N k t pht. Ta c L k t u tin gi l chui
hun luyn. Xp cc k t hun luyn nh ma trn, ta t c biu thc sau

X p = [x (1), x( 2),..., x ( L)]

(2.11)

Yp = [y (1), y ( 2),..., y ( L)]

(2.12)

trong X p C M L , Yp C M L . Ta d thy rng thnh phn cn li N L l d liu

t

mang thng tin thc cn truyn, k hiu l X d C M ( N L ) v Yd C M ( N L ) . Do , {[X p , Yp ], Yd } l

t

tp hp c tn hiu mang tin v d liu hun luyn.

Gi s knh truyn l knh fading khng thay i trong khong thi gian truyn M cm
tn hiu. t M = KL , k hiu ch s m = lK + k ; m [0, M 1], k [0, K 1], l [0, L 1] .
Thit lp cc thnh phn k t hun luyn tha mn biu thc

c i ( p ) = Pp e j 2 ( p )

(2.13)

2.3

Kt qu m phng
MSE va do dai ki hieu huan luyen

MSE va Eb/No
Uoc luong binh phuong cuc tieu (LS)
Uoc luong mu cai tien

Uoc luong LS
Uoc luong mu cai tien

-10

MSE (dB)

MSE (dB)

-5

-10

-20
-30
-40

10

15
Eb/No, dB

20

25

30

-100
10

Hnh 2.1. MSE v SNR cho c lng knh bnh

phng cc tiu v bn m ci tin

20

30

40

50
60
pilots

70

80

90

100

Hnh 2.2. MSE v di chui hun luyn cho c

lng bn m ci tin

MSE va Eb/No
10

Phan tich BER/SER cua uoc luong kenh mu cai tien

Bit Error Rate/Symbol Error Rate

BER
SER

-10

MSE (dB)

-15
-20
-25
-30
-35
-40
Uoc luong kenh LS
Uoc luong kenh mu cai tien (khong xet sai so W)
Uoc luong kenh mu cai tien (xet sai so W)
5

10

15
Eb/No, dB

20

10

10

25

-1

-2

30

Hnh 2.3. So snh trng hp c lng bn m

ci tin hon ho v c lng knh khng hon
ho

10
Eb/No,dB

15

20

Hnh 2.4. nh gi BER/SER ca phng php bn

m ci tin

Xet MSE va SNR cua uoc luong kenh mu cai tien

Phan tich BER/SER cua uoc luong kenh trong MIMO

10

cau truc pilot kieu Hadamard

cau truc pilot de xuat
Bit Error Rate/Symbol Error Rate

-1

MSE (dB)

-10

10

-2

10

-3

10

BER,
SER,
BER,
SER,

-4

10

Uoc
Uoc
Uoc
Uoc

luong kenh mu cai tien

luong kenh mu cai tien
luong kenh[Rustam Efendi]
luong kenh[Rustam Efendi]

-5

10

10

15
20
Eb/No, dB

25

30

Hnh 2.5. nh gi MSE cho cc cu trc pilot

hun luyn khc nhau

10
Eb/No,dB

15

20

Hnh 2.6. So snh m phng BER/SER cho c

lng knh bn m ci tin dng chui hun luyn
trc giao v phng php ca Rustam Efendi

8
CHNG 3: NH GI C LNG KNH BN M CI TIN DA TRN PHN TCH
KHNG GIAN CON TN HIU

3.1

M hnh h thng
Lun n xem xt h thng MIMO vi M t anten pht v M r anten thu. Ta k hiu x(n) l vector k

t kch thc M t 1 pha pht. Trong khi chui vector k t pha thu m t bn di l hm da
trn tn hiu pht v nhiu Gaussian trng cng
L

y (n) = H (l )x(n l ) + w (n)

(3.1)

l =0

trong w (n ) l thnh phn nhiu trng vi kch thc M r 1 da trn s anten thu vi phng
sai w2 v l knh MIMO vi bc L. Lun n k hiu dng vector ca H (l ) thng qua vic sp xp cc ct
ca n nh sau:

h(l ) = vec{H (l )}

(3.2)

Lun n gi s mt cm N vector k t pht vi K khi k t, trong mi khi k t bao gm

N t k t hun luyn m c thnh phn pha tri v pha phi ca n N d / 2 l cc k t cha bit, sao cho
N = K (Nt + N d )

K tip, ta tp trung phn tch khi k t th k biu din bng biu thc nh sau

x k = xT (nk P ),..., xT (nk + N t + P 1)

y k = y T (nk P + L),..., y T (nk + N t + P 1)

(3.3)

(3.4)

trong nk = k ( N t + N d ) + N d / 2 k t nh l phn u chui hun luyn trong khi k t th k ,

v 0 P N d / 2 . Tng qut ha, cu trc ny bao gm N t chui hun luyn pht trong sut khi k t
th k , thm vo k t cha bit 2 pha bin ca n.
Do , mi quan h gia cc anten pht v anten thu trong cng thc (3.1) m t nh sau
y k = Hx k + w k

(3.5)

trong w k c nh ngha tng t nh w(n) v H l ma trn khi Toeplitz

M r ( N t + 2 P L) M t ( N t + 2 P ) biu din ma trn tch chp.
Lun n chia khung d liu thnh 2 phn, na phn u dng c lng bnh phng cc tiu (s
k t l N d / 2 ) v dng phng php d on tuyn tnh cho phn cn li. Cc trnh by chi tit v k
thut ny c m t bn di.

3.2

c lng knh bn m ci tin da trn khng gian con tn hiu cho MIMO

Trong phn ny, lun n tp trung vo hai k thut c lng knh da trn phn tch khng gian con
tn hiu bao gm k thut c lng r (dng phng php uc lng bnh phng cc tiu t l) v k
thut m hon ton.

3.3

c lng bnh phng cc tiu da trn chui hun luyn

Mt gii php ci tin ca c lng LS l c lng bnh phng cc tiu t l SLS (scaled least

square). Trong chng ny, ta k hiu J LS , J SLS ln lt l hm ti u ca phung php c lng bnh
phng cc tiu (LS) v bnh phng cc tiu t l (SLS). Ngi ta chng minh li c lng SLS
dng sau

E H H
LS

{ {(

= tr E H H

LS H H LS
F

)(

{(

= 2 n2 rtr XX H

}+ (1 ) tr{R
2

tr{R H }
( J LS + tr {R H })
=
J LS + tr{R H }

J tr {R H }
+ LS
tr {R H } + J LS

(3.6)

trong l h s t l. Ta c th thy r rng rng hm ti u ch ph thuc vo biu thc sau

J LS tr{R H }
, v rng:
J LS + tr {R H }
J SLS =

3.3.1

J LS tr {R H }
< J LS
J LS + tr{R H }

(3.7)

Phng php c lng m da trn d on tuyn tnh

Lun n m t phng php c lng knh d on tuyn tnh cho h thng MIMO da trn mt
s nh ngha v tn hiu thu nh bn di

y (n 1) = y T (n 1),..., y T (n K )

{
= E {y (n)y

R n1 = E y (n 1)y T (n 1)
Rn

(n 1)}

(3.8)
(3.9)
(3.10)

Biu thc cho d on tuyn tnh MIMO c th thc hin nh sau

P = R n R n11 = [P (1), P (2),..., P ( K )]

(3.11)

trong P (n), n = 1,2,..., K l mt ma trn kch thc M r M r biu din cho b lc d on ca

th n. Ma trn hip phng sai ca li d on trnh by nh sau
C = R (0) PR nH

(3.12)

10

trong R (0) = E y (n)y H (n) . Thm vo , ta nh ngha

K

P ( s ) = I P (i )s i

(3.13)

i =1
L 1

H ( s ) = H (i )s i

(3.14)

i =0

Nu ta c KM r ( L + K 1) M t , ta c th nhn c cc biu thc sau

P( s)H( s) = H(0)

(3.15)

C = H ( 0) H H ( 0)

(3.16)

Ngi ta cng chng minh rng (3.15) s b thay i theo min thi gian

[I,P]HT = [H(0),0,...,0]

(3.17)

vi H T l ma trn khi Toeplitz ( K + 1) M r ( L + K ) M t . Tip tc k hiu

H D = H 0H ,..., H HL1

(3.18)

vec{H D } = Dh

(3.19)

trong D l ma trn hon v bit

Ta c cng thc sau
(I H null (0))Dh = Bh = 0

(3.20)

trong H null (0) l khng gian ct rng ca H (0) , (I H null (0))D = B l iu kin m c
lng knh h.

3.4

Kt qu m phng
MSE versus SNR

MSE versus pilot length

-10
LS Estimation
new subspace Estimation

LS Estimation
new subspace Estimation

MSE (d B)

MSE (dB)

-10

-10

-10

10

15

20
Eb/No, d B

25

30

35

Hnh 3.1. nh gi MSE quan h vi SNR

-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

pilots

Hnh 3.2. nh gi MSE cho cc di chui hun

luyn khc nhau

11
MSE versus Eb/No
subspace Estimation with noise
subspace Estimation without noise

MSE (dB)

-10

-10

10

15

20
Eb/No, dB

25

30

35

Hnh 3.3. nh gi MSE cho c lng knh da

trn khng gian con tn hiu khi xt nh hng
nhiu
CHNG 4: C LNG KNH TRUYN BN M CHO H THNG MIMO OSTBC

4.1

K thut c lng knh dng thut ton bn m ci tin cho MIMO OSTBC
u tin, cc php tnh ma trn da trn phn gii ma trn tha s SVD ca H
SVD( ) = PQ H

(4.1)

Ma trn P v Q phi tha mn thuc tnh sau: PP H = P H P = I v tng t cho ma trn Q. cho
gn, ta t ma trn W theo biu thc W = P . Trong cc chng trc y, ma trn Q ny c th c
lng bng phng php bnh phng cc tiu dng chui hun luyn. Do vy, trong phn ny lun n
xut gii php c lng MIMO OSTBC trn c s phn tch vn c lng W.
Gi s tn hiu pht v phn nhiu tha mn cc biu thc sau:

(
)
E (v (k )v (l )) =

E x(k )x H (l ) = kl s2I

(4.2)

n2I

(4.3)

kl

Trong xut ny, knh fading Rayleigh c xem xt v knh c gi s l khng i qua mt
chu k pht cho trc. Ma trn tng quan tn hiu ng ra c miu t bng biu thc nh bn di:

R y = s2 HH H + n2I = s2 WW H + n2I

(4.4)

c lng m ma trn W c th thc hin da trn hm tng quan tn hiu thu nh sau: Thut
ton ML p dng cho hm t tng quan ny m t bng:
= 1
R
y
N
Ta t

y y
i

i =1

H
i

(4.5)

12

1
2
U w D w VwH = SVD 2 R
y nI
s

(4.6)

Khi , ma trn knh W c lng c tnh bi

=U D
W
w
w

(4.7)

trong , cc gi tr s2 , n2 c gi s l bit trc.

Ngoi ra, c lng bnh phng cc tiu cho ma trn Q s dng chui hun luyn cho bi

Q = Yp X p

(4.8)

K tip, kt hp hai gi tr c lng phn trn (ma trn W v Q), ta c gi tr c lng

knh H hon chnh.

4.2

Kt qu m phng
Novel blind channel estimation: MSE versus Eb/No

MSE versus Eb/No

10

MIMO OSTBC3 rate=1/2

MIMO OSTBC3 rate=3/4

-10

-15

-5

MSE (dB)

MSE (dB)

LS based Estimation
New imperfect CE

-20

-10

-25
-30
-35
-40

-15

-20

-25

10

15
20
Eb/No, dB

25

30

Hnh 4.1. So snh b c lng knh bn m ci

tin xut v b c lng LS
Novel semi-blind channel estimation: MSE versus Eb/No
10

MSE (dB)

-5

-10

-15
MIMO OSTBC with QPSK
MIMO OSTBC with 64QAM

-20

-25

10

15
Eb/No, dB

20

25

30

Hnh 4.3. MSE b c lng knh m MIMO

OSTBC dng k thut iu ch khc nhau

10

15
Eb/No, dB

20

25

30

Hnh 4.2. MSE v SNR ca b c lng knh bn

m ci tin vi cc h thng MIMO OSTBC3 vi
tc m khc nhau

13
CHNG 5: C LNG KNH M CHO KNH FADING LA CHN TN S

5.1

M hnh knh fading la chn tn s MIMO-OFDM

Lun n kho st m hnh knh cho h thng im-im MIMO. cho tin vic k hiu,

trong chng ny ta t N l s anten pht, M l s anten thu, knh a ng la chn tn s

L + 1 ng biu din trong min thi gian
L

Y (n ) = X (n l )H l + V (n )

(5.1)

l =0

Tn hiu pht c a qua khi bin i ni tip sang song song, khi s c K lung
song song chiu di N 0 pha thu. Gi X (i ) l cc tn hiu sau khi m ha khng gian-thi gian
trc giao OSTBC. Tn hiu ny sau c bin i Fourier ngc t c N 0 ma trn
khng gian thi gian nh sau

X (n ) =

1
N0

N 0 1

m =0

X (m ) exp j N

nm
0

(5.2)

D liu thu trong khong thi gian 0 n N 0 1 . Knh c gi s l hng s trong ti

thiu mt khi OSTBC-OFDM hay thi gian ng b knh c gi s l ln hn chiu di khi
d liu OSTBC-OFDM. Nh s dng cc php bin i Fourier ngc pha pht v bin i
Fourier pha thu, knh fading la chn tn s c bin i sang N 0 knh fading phng song
song [66]. Phng trnh biu din quan h tn hiu thu pht trong min tn s nh sau

Y (i ) = X (i )H i + V (i )

(5.3)

trong

Y(i ) =

1
N0

N 0 1

Y (n ) exp j N

n =0

ni

2
H i = H exp j
li
N
l =0
0

Y = vec{Re(Y )}

vec{Im(Y )}

Thit lp cc vector p ng knh tn s cho mi sng mang v vector p ng xung knh

cho cc ng khc nhau tng ng nh sau

h i = H i , i = 0,K, N 0 1
hl = Hl , l = 0,K, L

14

Thc hin php bin i FFT ma trn F (xy dng t L + 1 ct u tin ca ma trn FFT

N 0 im), quan h knh truyn gia min thi gian v tn s nh sau

h = N 0 (F I MN )h*

(5.4)

trong

h = h T0 K hTN

T T

h = h* 0 K h* L
T

0 1

Lun n s dng b sau [10]:

B 1: Cho ma trn Q l ma trn thc kch thc m q trong q m , khi vi bt

k ma trn thc i xng P kch thc m m no, nghim ca bi ton ti u sau [10]

max tr{Q T PQ} sao cho Q T Q = I q

(5.5)

l ma trn Q1 c cc ct ging nh khng gian con m rng bi cc vector ring c s ca

ma trn P v vi bt k ma trn Q1 no ta s c biu thc
q

tr{Q1T PQ1 } = vi

(5.6)

i =1

trong vi (i = 1,K , q ) l q gi tr ring ln nht ca P .

p dng b trn, thay P bng R v t q = 2 KN 0 ta c bi ton ti u mi

max tr{QT RQ} sao cho Q T Q = I 2 KN ,

(5.7)

v nghim l ma trn Q1 tha mn thuc tnh sau

~
range{Q1 } = range A (h)

(5.8)

tr{Q1T RQ1 } = tr{}

~~~
~
~
Tip tc thay Q bi ma trn A h D 1 , trong &h&& = h T0 K h TN

()

~
~
~
ton ti u v D = diag h 0 K h N

0 1

} I

2K

v khi iu kin trong (5.7) tr thnh

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
QT Q = D 1A T h A h D 1 = I 2 KN

() ()

Thay cc biu thc sau vo (5.7)

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
tr D 1A T h RA h D 1
~ ~~ T
~ ~~
= vec A h D 1 (I 2 KN R )vec A h D 1

() () }
{() }
0

] l vector cc bin ca bi
T

0 1

{() }

(5.9)

15

~ ~~
vec A (h )D 1
~ ~
~
= (D 1 I 2 MTN )vec A (h )
~
~
= (D 1 I 2 MTN )h

~
Lu ma trn tha mn vec A (h) = h

Khi (5.7) tr thnh

~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
~
~
~
tr D 1 A T h RA h D 1 = h T T D 2 R h

() () }

(5.10)

1
~
Tip tc thay D 2 = ~ 2 I 2 K , bi ton ti u trong (5.7) tr thnh
h

~
~
h T T (I 2 K R )h
max
~
~2
h
h

(5.11)

Gii bi ton ti u ny n gin l tm vector ring c s ca ma trn

T (I 2 K R ) [10]. M hnh ny c th dng c lng cc gi tr knh cho mi sng mang

con mt cch c lp.
cho n gin trong k hiu, t
~
P f = T D 2 R
~
~
hi = S i h

Vn c lng m trong (5.7) tng ng

~ ~
max
hT Pt h
~
h

(5.12)

2
~
~
sao cho hT STi S i h = h i , i = 0,K , N 0 1

Bin i (5.12) sang dng tha mn iu kin ti u hm li theo thut ton SDR, ta c bi
ton ti u

~
min
tr{H P t }
~
H
~
H f0

(5.13)

2
~
~
sao cho hT STi S i h = h i , i = 0,K , N 0 1

Lu k hiu P f , P t l cc ma trn trong min tn s v min thi gian tng ng.

5.2

Phng php c lng knh da trn ma trn bn xc nh dng SDR

Xut pht t vn ti u ML tn hiu pha thu trong khi cn bng knh [67]
2

y Hs 2 = sT H T Hs 2 y T Hs + y T y

(5.14)

16

Phng trnh trn tng ng vi

min (sT H T Hs 2 y T Hts )

sao cho t { 1,1}

(5.15)

nh ngha x = [sT t ] R N v
T

HT H HT y
Q= T

0
y H
Bi ton ti u mi s l

min x T Qx
sao cho x (i ) , i {1,K , N 1}
x (N ) { 1,1}

(5.16)

trong , A l tp chm sao tn hiu pht

S dng x T Qx = tr (x T Qx ) = tr (Qxx T ) = tr (QX ) , ta vit li bi ton ti u trn dng

min tr (QX )
sao cho X 0, rank (X ) = 1

(5.17)

X (i, i ) A2 , i {1, K , N 1}, X (N , N ) = 1

Bi ton (5.17) ny c gii mt cch hiu qu s dng phn mm SeDuMi [68] hoc CVX
[69].
5.3

Kt qu m phng
Uoc luong kenh SDR

10

10

#
#
#
#
#

-1

10

-1

iteration =5
iteration =10
iteration =15
iteration =20
iteration =25

BER

BER

10

-2

10

-2

10
-3

10

Uoc luong kenh SDR

Uoc luong kenh ZF

-3

10
-4

10

6
SNR (dB)

10

12

10

SNR (dB)

Hnh 5.2. Phng php c lng knh m da

Hnh 5.1. So snh BER cc phng php c lng trn SDR vi s ln lp khc nhau
knh da trn SDR v ZF

17
0

Thoi gian tinh toan uoc luong kenh

-1

10

10

Uoc luong kenh SDR

Uoc luong kenh ZF
-1

thoi gian xu ly (s)

BER

10

-2

10

Uoc
Uoc
Uoc
Uoc

-3

10

luong kenh SDR cho MIMO 20x20

luong kenh ZF cho MIMO 20x20
luong kenh SDR cho MIMO 4x4
luong kenh ZF MIMO 4x4

-2

10

-4

10

6
SNR (dB)

10

12
-3

10

Hnh 5.3. So snh c lng knh cho cc h thng

MIMO c s anten thu pht khc nhau

10

20

30

40

50
60
so lan lap

70

80

90

100

Hnh 5.4. So snh phc tp tnh ton ca 2

phng php c lng knh

CHNG 6: C LNG KNH VI KHUNG TN HIU PHT NHNG D LIU THNG

K BC HAI

6.1

Khung tn hiu pht nhng d liu thng k bc hai

Phng php c lng knh WR c bit lin quan n thuc tnh ca tn hiu thu. Ma

trn t tng quan ca tn hiu thu c m t nh sau:

RY =

1
N

y(n )y (n )
H

2
v

(6.1)

n =1

vi N l s khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu pht. Biu thc trn c th khai trin di
dng
RY =

1
N

1
= H
N
1
+
N

[Hx(n) + v(n )][Hx(n) + v(n )]

v2 I

n =1

x(n )x (n ) H
N

n =1

1
+ H
N

1
x H (n )v (n ) H H +

N
n =1

x(n )v (n )
N

(6.2)

n =1

v(n )v (n)
H

2
v

n =1

K tip, nu thc hin bin i nh, biu thc trn s l

1 N

1 N

R Y = H x(n )x H (n ) H H + H x(n )v H (n )
N n =1

N n =1

1 N

1 N
+ x(n )v H (n ) H H + v (n )v H (n ) v2I
N n =1
N n =1

(6.3)

18

Tng t, hm t tng quan ca tn hiu pht c tnh l

R x =

1 N
x(n )x H (n ) x2I
N n =1

(6.4)

t
1
H
N

1
x(n )v (n ) +

n =1
N
N

1
x(n )v (n ) H H +

N
n =1

v(n)v (n )
H

2
v

I = R v

n =1

T , thay (6.5) vo (6.4) ta c biu thc (lu x2 = 1 )

= H (I + R )H H + R
R
Y
x
v

(6.5)

trong , R v l thnh phn tng quan ca nhiu.

Bin i biu thc (6.4) sang dng n gin hn nh sau
N

R x1 = x(n )x H (n ) N x2 I

(6.6)

n =1

Tip tc phn tch hm trn tnh d liu thng k bc hai cn nhng vo khung tn hiu
pha pht [77]
(6.7)

R x1 = X x1X H x1

Nh vy, khung tn hiu pht s gm d liu mang thng tin c ch ( X ), chui hun
luyn X p , v thng tin thng k bc hai ca tn hiu pht ( X x1 ). Trong cc m phng phn sau s
xt n vic tnh gi tr h s iu chnh .
6.2

Kt qu m phng
MSE versus Eb/No
LS scheme
embedded SOS scheme

WR-based scheme
embedded SOS scheme

-10

-20

-10

MSE

MSE (dB)

-30

-40

-50

-60
5

10

15

20

25
Eb/No, dB

30

35

40

45

Hnh 6.1 MSE ca phng php c lng knh

WR nhng d liu thng k bc hai SOS

-70

10

15

20

25
Eb/No, dB

30

35

40

45

Hnh 6.2 So snh c lng knh WR dng SOS v

phng php WR truyn thng

19
Phan tich uoc luong mu nhung du lieu thong ke bac hai
MIMO 2x10
MIMO 4x10
MIMO 6x10
MIMO 8x10

-10
-20

MSE

-30
-40
-50
-60
-70

10

15

20

25
Eb/No, dB

30

35

40

45

Hnh 6.3 c lng knh WR nhng d liu SOS

khi thay i s anten thu pht

CHNG 7: CC K THUT CN BNG KNH V TRUYN THNG MIMO BO MT

7.1

M hnh knh MIMO cho thut ton cn bng knh

m t knh truyn MIMO k hiu s l vector tn hiu pht kch thc nT 1 , y l vector

biu din tn hiu thu kch thc nR 1 . Phng trnh m t quan h gia tn hiu pht v tn hiu
thu nh sau

y = Hs + n,

(7.1)

trong n l nhiu trng phn b theo hm Gaussian c phng sai n2 v n R l s anten

thu. Ma trn knh H vi kch thc n R nT . Gi s ma trn knh l knh fading phng. Tip tc
tch phn thc v phn o ring, m hnh h thng c th din t nh sau:
Re(H ) Im(H )
H=
R nm

Im(H ) Re(H )

(7.2)

v cc thnh phn khc cng vit li tng t

Re(y )
Re(s )
Re(n )
y=
, s=
, n=

Im(y )
Im(s )
Im(n )

7.2

(7.3)

K thut cn bng knh cng bc khng ZF

Trong k thut cn bng knh cng bc khng, nhiu hon ton b loi b bng cch

nhn tn hiu thu vi ma trn knh gi o Moore-Pensore H = (H T H ) H T . Vector tn hiu ng

1

ra khi cn bng knh ZF c dng

~s = H y = s + (H T H )1 H T n
ZF

(7.4)

20

Hn ch ca b cn bng knh ZF l ct b nhiu m khng xt n vic nhiu s lm tng

cng sut nhiu ng k v dn n gim cht lng b cn bng knh.
7.3

K thut cn bng knh MMSE

Bt li ln nht ca cn bng knh ZF l lm khuch i nhiu. Trong khi , khi cn

bng knh MMSE tch phn nhiu ra ring. iu dn n cht lng b cn bng MMSE s
c ci thin. Xt mt kha cnh khc, MMSE l trng hp m rng ca ZF. Thit lp ma
trn knh m rng H c kch thc (n + m ) m v vector tn hiu thu y kch thc (n + m ) 1
nh sau
y
H
H=
v
y
=
0

n I m
m ,1

(7.5)

Ng ra khi cn bng knh MMSE khi s l

1
T
T
2
~s
MMSE = (H H + n I m ) H y

= H H H y = H y,
T

(7.6)

v r rng c dng gn ging khi cn bng knh ZF.

7.4

Vn truyn thng bo mt trong MIMO

Mt trong s cc k thut thu ht nhiu s quan tm ny l s dng nhiu nhn to AN

(artificial noise) t chi cung cp dch v cho thu phi php. c bit, phn tn hiu nhiu nhn
to AN cng nh hng ln cc thu bao hp php, v do vy vn phn b cng sut pht gia
tn hiu mang tin v mang thnh phn nhiu nhn to tr thnh mt tham s thit k quan trng.
Do , h thng MIMO s phi p ng nhu cu dch v cht lng cao v an ton vi bo
mt cao.
Xut pht t cng thc tnh gi tr c lng knh theo thut ton bnh phng cc tiu,
gi tr c lng knh c tnh bng

= (X Hp X p )1 X Hp Yp
H

(7.7)

= H + H
vi H C

Mt

l li c lng knh vi hm tng quan c gi tr k vng cho bi

E H(H )

}= (X
2
V

H
p

Xp)

(7.8)

Do vy, ta tnh c li NMSE (normalized MSE) ca H nh sau

NMSE =

({

tr E H(H )
Mt

})

(7.9)

21

Cc tn hiu thu c pha thu hp php AR (authorized receiver) v thit b thu nghe
ln UR (unauthorized receiver) c m t bng cc cng thc nh sau
AR: Yk = X k H + Wk

(7.10)

UR: Z k = X k B + Vk

(7.11)

vi k = 0,1,..., K , trong X k C T M l tn hiu hun luyn chu k th k, H C M M ,

k

B C M M vi cc phn t ca n l cc bin ngu nhin i.i.d. vi trung bnh bng 0 v phng

t

sai H2 , B2 tng ng; Wk C T M , Vk C T M l nhiu AWGN vi trung bnh bng 0 v phng

k

sai W2 , V2 tng ng.

tng chnh cho truyn thng bo mt c th c m t l pha pht dng nhiu anten
pht thng tin mang c thnh phn gi nhiu (hay cn gi l nhiu nhn to AN) v tn hiu
mang tin thng thng trong khng gian tn hiu pha tri ca khung d liu.
7.5

Kt qu m phng
So sanh cac ky thuat can bang kenh khac nhau

2x2 MIMO

-1

10

ZF-SIC
MMSE-SIC
ML

-1

10

-2

10

-2

BER

BER

10

-3

10

-3

10

-4

10

SISO (ly thuyet)

SIMO 1x2 MRC (ly thuyet)
MIMO 2x2 ZF (mo phong)
MIMO 2x2 MMSE (mo phong)

-4

10

-5

10

-5

10

10
12
Eb/No,dB

14

16

18

10

12

14

16
18
Eb/No (dB)

20

22

24

20

Hnh 7.1. So snh cc k thut cn bng knh ZF,

MMSE

Hnh 7.2. So snh cc k thut cn bng knh ZFSIC, MMSE-SIC v ML

22
Phan tich ky thuat can bang kenh ZF cho cac he thong MIMO

-1

Phan tich ky thuat can bang kenh MMSE cho cac he thong MIMO

-1

10

10

MIMO 2x2
MIMO 4x4

BER

BER

MIMO 2x2
MIMO 4x4

-2

10

-3

10

-2

10

-3

8
Eb/No, dB

10

10

11

Hnh 7.3a. K thut cn bng knh ZF-SIC cho cc

cu hnh MIMO khc nhau

8
Eb/No, dB

10

11

Hnh 7.3b. K thut cn bng knh MMSE-SIC cho

cc cu hnh MIMO khc nhau

NMSE versus SNR

-2

NMSE versus SNR

-1

10

10
UR
AR

UR
AR

-2

NMSE (dB)

NMSE (dB)

10

-3

10

-3

10

-4

10

-4

10

15

20

25
Eb/No, dB

30

35

40

45

Hnh 7.4. nh gi NMSE vi SNR, gi s

( SNR A = SNRU ) v K=1

10

10

15

20

25
Eb/No, dB

30

35

40

45

Hnh 7.5. nh gi NMSE vi SNR cho K=10

NMSE versus K

-1

10

UR
AR

-2

NMSE (dB)

10

-3

10

-4

10

8
K

10

11

12

13

Hnh 7.6. nh gi NMSE vi cc gi tr K

khc nhau v SNR=30 dB
CHNG 8: KT LUN V KIN NGH

Lun n trnh by cc k thut c lng knh truyn H c phn tch ma trn tha

23

s SVD. Lun n ra phng php c lng bn m ci tin vi ngha l a ra cc gii

php c th ng dng c lng m trong cc h thng v tuyn thc t. Cc gii php ny
mang li mt s kt qu sau:
-

Gim tham s c lng so vi c lng chnh ma trn H, nn tng chnh xc cho

khi c lng knh

Sau khi phn tch ma trn H thnh cc ma trn thnh phn dn n c th p dng linh
hot cc k thut c lng khc nhau cho chng sao cho mang li hiu qu b c
lng knh cao nht.

S dng hiu qu cc thuc tnh ma trn trc giao gim phc tp tnh ton

Phng php ny cho cht lng ci thin hn so vi phng php c lng bnh
phng cc tiu dng chui hun luyn r rt mi gi tr SNR.

Gii quyt c khuyt im thu tn hiu v nh ca thut ton m

Tng hiu qu s dng bng thng so vi phng php c lng bnh phng cc
tiu.

Trong cc ci tin sp ti, lun n c th b sung phn ng dng cc thut ton c lng
knh bn m ci tin ny trn thit b phn cng thc t. Mt hng khc na l c th dng c
lng knh ny cho cc mng hp tc (cooperative communications).
DANH MC CNG TRNH CA TC GI

[1] Dinh-Thuan Do, Dinh-Thanh Vu, A New Training Sequence for Secure Channel
Estimation in MIMO Systems, in Proc. of The 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer
Science and Information Technology (IEEE ICCSIT 2010), pp. 406-409, Chengdu, China, July

2010.
[2] Dinh-Thuan Do, Dinh-Thanh Vu, "Performance Analysis of Hybrid Scheme for Semiblind Channel Estimation in MIMO Systems", in Proc. of International Conferences on
Advanced Technologies for Communications (ATC/REV 2010), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,

pp.273-276, Oct. 2010

[3] nh Thun, V nh Thnh, "Thit k chui hun luyn trc giao cho c lng
knh bn m trong h thng MIMO", Chuyn san Tp ch Cng ngh Thng tin v Truyn thng,
pp. 85-90, K 3, Tp V-1, s 24, Nov. 2010.
[4] Dinh-Thuan Do, Dinh-Thanh Vu, A Hybrid Transmit Scheme in MIMO Semi-blind
Channel Estimation, in Proc. of The 26th International Technical Conference on
Circuits/Systems, Computers and Communications (ITC-CSCC 2011) , Gyeongju City, Korea,

24

pp.850-853, June, 2011

[5] Dinh-Thuan Do, "New Semi-blind Channel Estimation in MIMO based on Second
Order Statistics", in Journal of Science and Technonoly, Malaysia, Vol. 20, No.1, pp.53-61 ,2011
[6] Dinh-Thuan Do, "Performance Analysis of Frequency-Selective Fading Blind Channel
Estimation

in

MIMO",

in

Proc.

of

the

International

Green

Technology

Workshop/Conference/Exhibition (IGTWCE 2012), Ho Chi Minh City, pp. 32-34, Apr. 2012
[7] Dinh-Thuan Do, "A Comparative Study of Optimal Equalizers Applied in MIMO
Systems", in Proc. of the International Green Technology Workshop/Conference/Exhibition
(IGTWCE 2012), Ho Chi Minh City, pp.47-48, Apr. 2012
[8] Dinh-Thuan Do, "Analysis of imperfect semi-blind channel estimation in MIMO", in
Journal of Information Engineering (IEL, Information Engineering Research Institute, USA),
Vol. 2, No.4, pp.23-28, 2012
[9] Dinh-Thuan Do, "Analysis of semi-blind channel estimation based on Second Order
Statistic in MIMO" in International Journal of Future Generation Communication and
Networking, Vol. 6, No. 2, Korea, 2013.
[10] Dinh-Thuan Do, "BER Analysis of Semi-blind Channel Estimation in MIMO
Systems", in International Journal of Future Generation Communication and Networking, Vol.
6, No. 1, Korea, 2013