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Visible
Invisible
VIBGYOR
Ultra Violet
Non Penetrating Radiation
Shadow formed by
Non-Penetrating Radiation
Shadow formation
by penetrating Radiation
(Gamma Rays, X-Rays)
Photography
SHADOW
SOURCE
Infra Red
KV
Energy/ Penetrating Power
Properties of X-Rays:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Different
No. of nuetrons
Mass number
Physical Property
Isotope:
ISOTOPE
Natural
Artificial
Gamma Ray
Beta Particle
Alpha Particle
Artificial Isotopes:
Iridium 192
Cobalt 60
Thulium 170
Ceasium 137
Selenium 75
Description
Ir-192
Co-60
75 days
5-3 years
Energy Output
0.55 RHM
1.35 RHM
Equivalent energy
375 KeV
1200 KeV
Specific Activity
400 Ci/gm
300 Ci/gm
Intensity
Curie
Energy
Roentgen In RT it is Milli Roentgen(mR)
1R = 1000mR
Mono / Chromatic
Fixed energy, cannot alter its energy
No need of current to operate
Less installation cost
Camera RadioIsotope
1.
2.
3.
4.
Roli India
Techops
Spec 2T
Gammarid
Basic Concepts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dry Side
(Safe Light(Preferably Red in colour),
Film Loading and unloading)
Wet Area
SafeLight, Film Processing,
Developer, Stop Bath, Fixer
Film:
Double side coated films are used in Industrial Radiography.
Cassette:
Cassettes are generally used as a pair. Inner cassette and outer cassette will be used to avoid
light leakage
Based on its Grain Size films are categorized into three types:
A: Large
B : Medium
C: Fine
The following chart showing the characteristics of film. The characteristic curve will be Hurder
Drifield curve (H&D)
Screens:
1. Intensification
2. Filter Absorb soft radiation
Films are exposed by electrons only
Note :
Only at 88 KeV, Lead produces electrons, so below 100 KeV no need to use Lead screen.
Classification of Screens:
Screens are classified into two types.
PENETRAMETER
It is the Artificial defect used in RT
Purpose:
Sensitivity
: Size of the defect
Technique
: Shape of the defect
Materiel Identification : Carbon Steel and other then carbon steel
Sensitivity Level
1T
2T
4T
Calculation:
What would be the multiplication factor for Ir-192 decay for 5days
N = No e^-t/T
No Present curic strength
N Curie Strength after 't' days
- Decay contrast 0.693
t Time relapsed 5 days
T Half life period of Isotope Ir-192
0.693 x 5
------------ = 0.0462
75 x
e^-0.0462 = 0.95
1.8.2012 = 10Ci
6.8.2012 = 10 x 0.95 = 9.5Ci
11.8.2012 = 9.5 x 0.95 = 9.025Ci
= 10Ci
SFD = 600mm
1% of 25mm = 0.25mm
1.5 x 25
----------- = 0.065 mm
600 25
Equivalent Penetrameter sensitivity (EPS):
Expressed in 1%
100
EPS = -----------------Part Thickness
EPS =
100
-------------X
X = 2 inch
T = ASTM 40 = 0.040 inch
H = 2T
100
= --------2
0.040 x 2 x 0.040
------------------------2
= 50 x 0.040
EPS = 2%
Film Processing:
At controlled room temp 20C or 68F
1. Developer
2. Stop Bath
3. Fixer
Wrapper:
Edge screen
Center screen
Viewers:
Strip viewer (Weld)
Spot Viewer (Casting)
Density:
Particle thickness
Type of Radiation
Internal Scattering
Film
Degree of development
II
-----TI
Radiation Safety:
Personnel Safety:
1 Hr = 1.5mR
1 Day = 12mR
1 year = 3000mR
Banking Concept:
13 = 3R (N-18)
if Age = 30
= 3R(30-18)
= 3R(12)
= 3.6R or 36000mR
Defect Image:
Black:
1. Reduction of Metal
a. Artificial (Hole type IQI)
b. Natural (LOF, LOP, Crack)
2. Low atomic number material inclusion
a. Porosity
b. Slag
White:
Inclusion:
High atomic number material
Tungsten inclusion
CODE:
ASME Section V, Article 2
Standard:
Reference Radiographs:
Acceptance Standard: