(CROMNICATTONS 11 ALGEBRA, 11(15), 1685-1700 (1983) SUENOER MODULES OVER BONATRS Radoslay Oimitrié Talane University Mow Orleans, Lousiana 70118 Stender abetian groups vere intradoced by J. tof (see 15} for definition and basic properties). They were characterized in teres of subgroups by Bunks {10}, white e Marco and Orsatti {4} have proved that the slender groups are precisely those torsion free groups which are not complete in any aotrizablte non-discrete Linear topology. Stender modules over domains, and in particalar, over Dedekind domains were studied by Aliouch [3}, Heinlein {7}, Lady {8} and Salce {11}. Nore complete results for slender antutes ‘wore obtained over Dedekind dosains with at nose countably many ideals. ‘This paper is devoted to slender sodules over arbitrary domains: Ne prove several generalizations of nom results, and show that a rather explicit characterization can be given in case the quotient field Q of R is a countably generated Randule. (IF R is bedekind, this condition means that it has at wost countably many ideals.) Our main results are Theorens 10 and 18. 1685, Copyright © 1983 by Moet Deke, In. ‘n092-7872/83/1115-168583.5/01686 pmmrrRic ur considerations are restricted to commutative integral domains R with a unit (which are not fields) and torsion free unitary Remodules M. By RN (resp. RM ) we denote the product (resp. direct sum) of countably many copies of R. is the RN denotes the vector 6, = (SinJsen MEFE 6, Kronecker delta. Definition 1, A torsion free R-module M is slender if for every R-hononorphisn £: RN > M there is an ng « N such that f e,=0 for every n 2 ng. i 6 Sone other, equivalent conditions for stenderness can be ound in (UJ, {7}, (B]- By the result of J. to8 (see ong. [8]- (9, (2), an Remodule Mis slender if and onty if for every andex set I of non-neasurable cardinality, every family Meer Of Remodules and every howonorphism €: [1 M,—>M, hel es we have £( PF] 1M) = 0, where I! is a finite subset of I. ier\I" Note that pure-injective Remodules Mare never slender; infact, R™ is a pure submodule of RN, so every homomorphise RO _, w extends to a map RN —> My, In particular, injective modules are not slender. In our definition we can drop the hypothesis of torsion fxeeness wher wer the domain R is such that R/L is pure- injective for every nonzero Ideal L of R. This is the case if R is a Dedekind domain or an alnost maximal valuation domain. Nowever, it can happen that @ torsion module is slender, as is shown by the example R= Z{(x] and M= R/2R (see [8])- SLENDER MODULES OVER DOMAINS 1687 Leama 2 ({5),[1J). Let M be a slender Renodule, For every Rehomonoxphisa £: RN —om, (rn) <0 implies £= 0, In other words, Hom (N/R), 19 Proof. Suppose that there is a non-zero R-homomoxphisn x eR £2 R% om with 20%) ¢ kore. Let x N ey, ‘wneN N : > satisty fe #0, Define ge RN —>RN via 2: (s)sey ; nN CyB Dens Then fe 2 RNs Wis an Rchononorghisn £0,005 7 such that, for every ne N, £g(e,) ae = fx #0 (with the first -n- 1 coordinates equal to 0). ‘This As 2 contradiction, Recall that 2 topological Ruwdule is said to be pseudonetrizable if its topology can be defined in terms of a Pseudonetric. If this topology is Hausdorff, we talk about netrizable (topological) R-module. Of special importance for us are the Linear topologies, i.e. topologies which admit neighbor- hhood subbases of 0 consisting of subnodules. By Bourbaki (3], 4 topological Renodule is pseadometrizable if and only if it has countable neighborhood base of 0. Ignoring trivial cases, ve can assune that @ module M with a pseudonetrizable Linear topology has a neighborhood base at 0 of the form Vos Mz ye Esse + The topology is metrizable if in addition v= By R we denote the class of R-modules consisting of allaa perc conpletions of the xing R in nowdiscrete metrizsble Bacar apologies. This clase my be eoty. Unless stated atherwise, ™ will be fimmished with the produce tootogy (where Kis given the diseree topology), defima by the base of nolptentenis of af the fn ee ae se cousiice s mdote Mt furnished with the discrete topology, thon ie is clewr from the definition that Mis slender Sf aad only if every R-howoxorphisw f£ = e® __, mis continoms. tecali that in the poeulonetriaabte case, an Renagule. is complete 2€ every Cauchy sequence converges. Lense 5 [2]. An R-uodule which is complete in a nom discrete metrizable Knear topology, is not sewer. Proof. Ist (Jacq Sefine @ nondiscrete natrizable Linesr topology in which the B-nodule Mis complete. We define an Rhonomorphisn fy > 2) —s mw by ffs, = a. 3, 0F elenent #0 in W,; it is clear that f, is contimaus, Now, by the universal property of Meusdarff completions, there is = unique continuous K-homonarphism £ > X™ —> m whieh extends fg- Therefore M_ camat be slender. For a given R-hosanorphisn £ {fi J, yg can be considered as 2 base af neighborhoods of O in aN sw, tbe famity the Bemodule M5 this topology will he denoted by T,- vem A{7h. (0) Ss complete in te tapelngy Ty» Sr every £€ omy (029, such that Ty is # Hoadorff topolonr. ‘SLENDER MODULES OVER DOMAINS 1689 (©) An nodule Mis slender Af and only 1f Ty is discrete for every £ ¢ los, (R%, 1). Proof. (a) The topology Ty induces the quotient topology (0f the product topology) on the open submodule &R™= im f= 28 jeer £, since x" is metrizable and complete in the product topology, +0 is im f ; tins M is complete in the topology 7, fee 3). () fottors dizectiy from Lema 2. Fa 2. SUBMOOULES OF (SEUNG) NETAIZARLE MODULES. In this section wo investigate the existence of submodules ‘of the form R™ or of the form K, whore He R. ‘Theores 5. Let the torsion-free R-module .M have a non- iscrete pseudometrizable Linear topology, with {V,J,cq a5 a decreasing base of neighborhoods of 0 and let V= (Vj. then M contains a submodule whose induced topology is nowdiscrete and netrizable, if and only if, for every ne N, ¥ is not an essentint subsodute of ¥,. If, moreover, Mis complete in the given topology, then WY contains a submodule isomorphic to RN or to amenber of R. Proof. Suppose that Lis a submodule of M. whose topology is non-discrete and motrizable; let, on the contrary, Ry © H be such that V is an essential submodule in V,. 1 o non-diserete mosns that for every aN, VY, aL #0. Thus, if we pick a nonzero elenent ae V, nL, then Ran ¥ #0 which ‘0 contradicts ©= A (Wnt) = Vb. neN43690 pnmrrre Suppose now that, for each ne N, Vis not essential in Vs Clearly, there is an a #0 in M such that Raq V= 0, Tt my happen that, for every ne N, Ran, #05 in this case L= Ra is a submodule with the desired properties. Assume there is no suchan a, i.e. for every a#0 in M with Ran V= 0, there is an n(a) ¢ N such that Ran Voy) = EV Vq, such eat Ray AV 0, and for ny Ml) pick « nonsero a, ¢ Vy, such thet Ray a V = 0, and 40 on. In this way we construct an infinite sequence ©. Now we pick & xc € Vy (K€ N) of clomonts in M, which generate # submodule L= @ Ra, of M. The relative topology on L is given by sen Coy o 8 Bazey+ MHS I is clenrly « submodule of with the desired properties. If, moreover, M 15 compiote in the given topology, ther the Remodule WV satisfies the hypotheses of the first part and is metrizable and complete (see [3}). Thus it contains a copy. of L and therefore the completion 7 is a submodule of M. If L= Ra, then 7 is isomorphic to a member of RK, while if L @ na, , then Tis clearly isomorphic (algebraically and topolopicatiy) vo RM. In the metrizable case (i.e. when V= 0) , wo obtain: Corollary 6, A torsion-free Renodule M_ with a non- discrete netrizable Linear topology contains a free submodule of at post countable rank, with a non-discrete induced topology. 14, soreover, Mis complete in the given topology, then it contains a submodule algebraically and topologically isomorphic to SLENDER MODULES OVER DOMATNS 3691 ameaber of R or to RN. ‘This Corollary generalizes results in (4J. Lema 2.1 in that paper states that the completion of Z (in a non-discrete Linear Heusdor£f topology) contains asa subgroup a direct product of a countable munber of non-zero finite cyclic groups or else @ copy of the p-adic integers J, (for some prine p). That, CIS)» is the reason that @ characterization of slender groups can be together with the algebraic compactness of 2'/z' given by using conditions (1) and (2) only, in our Theorem 10 below. Proposition 7. Let the torsion-free Renodule M be complete in a non-diserete motrizable Linear topology (W,)nen * M contains « subsodule algebraically and topologically isonor~ phic to R™, if and only if, there is an infinite subsequence (Wy yey such that, for every ke N, V, is not an ny ken Kel essential submodule of V,, « ‘ny Proof, Sufficiency follows by the proof of Theorem 5 Necessity is a consequence of the fact that the neighborhoods W, (1.¢ 8) in RN satisfy the condition that ¥, is not an essential submodule of M, for all integers > t. CHARACTERIZATION OF SLENDERNESS. We need a few preliminary results before we give our characterization of slender modules. Lemna 8 [7], let M be an R-nodule. he following are1692 puacmre ‘equivalent: 2) Hon, RO) 19 = 9, (2) For every £ ¢ Hom (R, 0) , Mis Hausdorff in the topology Ty Proof. Smposing (1), Fe HomyitN, 1 , then, there is a sequence GaJagy > with fT, is not Housdoréf, for some Yq € My and a nonzero element r¢M such that f(y.) = 25 for every ne N. ‘The correspondence € 5 nen > G4 8Cia anew defines an endomrphisn of 8". Clearly, (£4) (2), sae nen and (fg)(€,) = 0, for all ne W, so fe ds a nonzero elenent of Hom (eR 9. Now, supposing (2) Jet ¢: RN > M be a homomogphisn such that ROM < ker ¢. For an arbitrary ae 8" ye define an endomorphism of R™ by. 82 Odaen > ESA Daan Ooviowsty, g(e)sa- 5 a, Asien every me. Thus Ca) C1 (EEDA) « 50 0) ey hence Cf) ay) * fa) for because Tyg 5 Hausdor£f, We conclude £ = 0. tg ‘The following theorea is essentially due to Heinieia [J]: ‘Theoren 9. A torsion-free R-sodule M is slender if and comty 1€ (2) Hong RN/x) 99 = 0, ana (2) M is not motrizabte and complete in aay nondiscrete SLENDER MODULES OVER DOMATNS 1693 ineax topology. Proof. Let M bes slendex R-modale. fy Lema 2, we cbtain (1), and by Lemma 5, ve get (2). Suppose nox that (1} snd (2) hotd. By Loum #, (2) 3 equivalent to the fact thit Ty is Hsdorff (netrizable) for every £¢ HonfR™, ¥). Since Ty is complete by Lexm 4(2}, ve conclude fron (2} that Ty bas to be discrete, for every Fc tom, @N, wp. By Lemma 4(b}, this means exactly that M is slender. Mote that the condition (2) ip the last theorem could be replaced by condition (Z'}: M does not contain a completion of ‘a suluodule in any nondiscrete metvizable Linear topology. The following theoren gives © satisfactory characterization of stender mates, im terns of submodules. ‘Theoren 10, A torsion-free Renodule M is slender if and only if 2) Bom 209 yg = 6, (2) contains no copy of BN, (3) MH contains no copy of any neuber af R. Necessity folloxs from Theoren 9 (aud the condition (21) above). 3€ Mi vere not sleader, thes by Theoren 9, either (1) would be violated, or M would be complete in 2 noadiscrete metrizable Linear topology, in which ease, by Corellary 6, Condition (2) or (3) woutd be violated. since ®™ can not be a submodule of R, we get1694 pmerraic Corollary 11, A commutative domain R is slender (as an Renodule) Af and only if omg (N/RO ty = 0 and RE Re 4. Taz remopuie A= RNR), In order to understand slenderness, we wish to learn more ‘about the Renodule A. Lemma 12. RN is isomorphic to a submodule of A= rN/a°™), Proof. Let (N,}, ‘Dien Pe a family of pairwise disjoint infinite subsets of N. The elenents of R¥* which are constant fon each N, form a submodule 8 isomorphic to RN such that, Bn. 0, emma 15. rank(e™/2O) = rank RN = {rit Proof. In viewof the preceding lemma, only the second equality requires proof. As is well known, an Remodule M with [M[ > [R| satisfies rank M= [M|. Hence if Jai > [Rj riM re Rit. we have rank RN |, we prove that N tt, Aye, open 15 am independent system in ® (of cardinality |R|). Consider a dependence relation = 0 (sj € R) 5 this 1s equivalent to the infinite system 7 x of equations J syx] = 0 Ge W). This, viowed as « system with 5; as unknowns, cas a matrix of Vandermonde type, thus the k xk subdeterminants are different froa zero, Consequently, the’ system has only the trivial solution SLENDER MODULES OVER DOMAINS proving the independence of (t.).eq: Next we obtain information on the divisible part of A. Lema 14, (a) If the quotient field Q of R is countably generated (a8 an Renodule), then the divisible part of A= RNR is isomorphic tog) where a= |a|é ©) If ,Q is uncountably generated, then A is reduced (ie, contains no copy of Q)- Proof. (a) et Q= J mel Gy eR, ie N), Since aay, yess) © RN is divisible by every zr, mod ROD, its coset Z generates a pure submodule a) is convergent. Evidently, every finite subsystem of the systen of equations (x - Tyfa" Salacn MAE A solution in Ay. ecause of the Ab-algebratc compactness of A (see [9}) there is a solution © © M5 £ is continuous f Ay and M are given the R-topologies, hence Ay/Ker £ is Hausdorff in the quotient topology. How, by Lemna 15 and Proposition 16, Ay is netrizable and complete (in the R-topotogy),, so by {3} Aker £ 4s complete and netrizable in the quotient topology. This topology is not discrete, because ker £ is not open (in the Agfher £ alows us to transfer the topology of Ap/ker f (which 1s in fact Retopology of Ay). The canonical R-isonorphisn im £ ‘the same as the R-topology) ‘nto a topology of im £, Thus M thas a submodule which is complete and aetrizable in a nondiscrete topology. Ne are now ready to give & characterization of slenderness for the case when the quotient field Q of R is countably generated. ‘Theoren 18, Let the quotient field Q of R be countably1698 prerTarc aonerated. A torsion-free R-nodule M is slender if and only 1 @) Mis reduced, (2M does not contain a copy of RN, (5) M does not contain @ copy of any neaber of R. Proof. Only sufficiency requires a proof. By the previous proposition &t {5 enough to prove that an M satisfying (1)-(3) 4s not complete in any nondiscrete netrisable topology. If this were not true, then by Corollary 6, condition (2) er (3) would be violated. Note that in case when Ris a Dedekind domain, the quotient field Q is countably generated if and only if R has 4 countable number of (maximal) ideals. Now, by Salce's charac~ terization of menbers of R in case of Dedekind domains ({11), Teorens 1), we got Coroliary 19 (11), [8])- let R be a Dedekind domain with a countable nunber of maxinal ideals. Then s torsion free Remove M is ‘slender if and only if (2) Has reduced, (2) M does not contain a copy of RN, (3) M does not contain a copy of Ry, were fy is a completion of R in I-adie topology, for a maximal ideal T of R. ‘Theorem 20, Let the quotient field Q of R be countably generated. R is slender (as an R-nodule) if and only if RAR. In case of a valuation domain, the only Hausdorff Linear ‘topology is the R-topology, so we have SLENDER NODULES OVER DOMAINS 1699 Corollary 21, If R is a valuation domain, whose quotient field Q is countably generated, then R is slender exactly if At is not complete in its R-topology. [ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This paper is part of the author's dissertation written at Tulane University. The author would Like to thank his adviser, Professor Lészié Fuchs, for his generous help in working on this article, REFERENCES 1. D, Aldouch, Modules maigres, Thése (Montpelier, 1969/70). 2. 8. Raleerayk, On factor groups of some subgroups of a complete direct. sum of infinite cyclic groups, Bull. Acad. Polon. Sei. 7 (989), 141-142. 5. N, Bourbaki, Topologie Générale, Livre 112, Ch. 9 (Hermann, Paris, 1958). 4, G, De Marco, A, Orsatti, Complete Linear topologies on abelian groups, Symposia Math. 13 (1974), 153-161. 5. L, Fuchs, Abelian Groups (Gudapest, 1958). 6. L, Fuchs, Infinite Abelian Groups, Vol. I, IT (New York and london, 1970, 1973). 7. G, Heinlein, Volireflexive Ringe und schlanke Moduln, Dissertation (Erlangen, 1971). 8. E. Lady, Slender rings and modules, Pac. Journal of Math. 49 (1973), "397-406. 8. J. Mycielski, Some coupactifications of general algebras, Conloquium Machematicum 15 (1964), 1-9. 10. R. thunke, Slender groups, Acta Sci. Math. Szeged 25 (1962), 67-73.3700 DIMrTREC IL, 1, Salce, Moduli slender su anelti di Dedekind, Ann. Univ. Ferrara, Sez. VII ~ Se. Mat, Vol. 20 (1975), 58-63. Recetved: April 1982