a) Quantities of materials to be moved and the direction of

movement.
Areas where earth may have to be borrowed or wasted and the
amounts involved.
The best policy to adopt to obtain the most economic use of plant.
Techniques for estimating earthwork costs.
b) i) Materials will shrink or swell when removed from their natural
state and placed in compacted fill. Generally, soils shrink and rocks
swell. Excavation of material causes it to loosen, and thus its
excavated volume will be greater than its in situ volume
ii) Borrow: Cost of material that has to be obtained off the job site in
order to make a fill; usually several times the cost of locally excavated
material. Quoted as Rs/m3.
iii) Waste: If disposal of excess cut material is not included in item for
excavation, a separate pay item for waste is included. Quoted as
Rs/m3.
iv) Overhaul is defined as a distance over which the excavated
material must be hauled less the free haul distance. The rate for
overhaul is normally specified by the contractor. This rate is normally
given in $/m3/unit distance.