Mt cht tnh ton bit cch

dng Led.
c tnh ca mn in t l "tnh tnh ton ton". Khi ngh
ra mt mch in ri th phi bit:
* Bit tnh ton dng, p, cng sut tiu th, tnh an ton,
bn...
* Bit tm linh kin, lm bo mch in.
* v phi bit rp mch
* v nu gii na th phi bit dng kin thc ca mnh to ra
kinh t cho bn thn.
y ti trnh by cc mch in kinh in dng Led v mt
s tnh ton c lin quan ( vic tnh ton nhanh v d lm
ti dng phn mm PSpice ca OrCAD).
Do c l ch dng cc linh kin d tm, ti chn kiu mch
iu khin kch sng ch yu dng transistor v ch dng thm
mt vi loi ic logic thng dng.
Trc ht l vn kim tra cc Led m Bn c:

Khi dng Ohm k kim tra Led Bn nh cc im sau:

(1) Ly thang o Rx1 c dng chy ra trn dy o ln, lc

ny dng ngn mch (chp 2 dy o li) , dng chy trn dy
o s ln nht v thng thang Rx1 l 150mA (con s ny c
ghi trn my o).
(2) Do dy o mu ni vo cc m ca pin (pin 3V trong
my o), nn dng in t chy ra t dy en v do dy mu
ni vo cc dng ca pin nn dng in t s b ht vo
dy .
(3) Khi o Led (hay ni chung l khi Bn o cc linh kin c tnh
phi tuyn nh diode, transistor, IC) Bn nn xem kt qu trn
vch chia LV, vch LV cho Bn bit mc volt hin c trn vt o
v khi c kt qu trn vch chia LI, vch LI cho Bn bit
cng dng in ang chy qua vt o.
Vy vi Led, khi dy en t trn chn Cathode v dy trn
chn Anode, Led s sng. c kt qu trn vch chia LV Bn
bit in p c trn 2 chn ca Led v c trn vch chia LI,
Bn bit cng dng in ang chy qua Led.
o chiu 2 dy o Led s khng sng, v n b phn cc
ngc, khi mi ni bn dn PN b phn cc ngc n s khng
cho dng chy qua.
Tm tt cch o Led bng hnh ng sau:

Bn thy g: Khi dy en t trn chn cathode ca led v dy

trn anode th Led sng (v Led c cho phn cc thun)
v khi o dy li th Led tt (v Led b phn cc nghch).
Lc o theo phn cc thun, Bn hy nhn kim dng trn vch
chia LV s bit mc ghim p ca Led. Cc Led chiu sng thng
thng thng c mc ghim p khong 2V, vi loi Led siu
sng c mc ghim p khong 3V.
Ghi nhn: Vi cc VOM k c l cm dng o h s khuch i
dng ca cc transistor, Bn c th cm Led vo cc li ny
kim tra Led, lm nh vy s nhanh hn.

Tip theo chng ta s dng

trnh PSpice ca

OrCAD kho st cc mch in kinh in dng Led.

Thc hnh 1: Dng lut Ohm tnh tr ca in tr hn dng

R
(Xem s mch thc hnh 1).
Trong mch ny dng 3 chng loi linh kin, l: Led chiu
sng, in tr v ngun in nng ca pin.

Trong mch Bn lun phi nh dng in tr hn dng hay cn

gi l in tr nh dng lm vic cho Led. Cc Led chiu sng
thng c mc ghim p l 2V (loi Led siu sng c mc ghim
p l 3V) v dng lm vic ly 10mA l sng. Vy chng ta
c th dng lut Ohm tnh c tr ca in tr R.
Dng trnh PSpice tnh nhanh, t cc tr in ra trong hnh,
chng ta thy vi Led c tnh ghim p l 1.18V v trong mch
dng in tr hn dng R1 l 1K th dng chy qua led s l
10.82mA, lc ny cng sut tiu th trn Led l 12.76mW, rt
nh so vi cng sut lm nng in tr R1 l 117.1mW. Vy

nu mun gim dng chy qua Led Bn cho tng tr ca in

tr R1.
iu ti k: Khng bao gi, khng bao gi cho Led ni thng
vo ngun pin, khng c in tr hn dng, dng qua Led qu
ln, Led s b chy v h tc khc (nu khng tin, Bn c th
lm th ly kinh nghim).
Thc hnh 2: Kho st cc Led mc ni tip.

Chng ta to ra 4 nhnh vi s Led tng dn, v dng PSpice

tm kt qu v dng v p trn mch, chng ta nhn thy:

* in p ca cc Led c cho cng vo nhau.

* Do in tr hn dng khng thay i tr s, nn dng cc
nhnh c nhiu Led s gim.
* Dng cung cp ca ngun pin bng tng cc dng qua cc
nhnh cng li.
Vy khi mc nhiu Led ni tip chng ta phi nh iu chnh li
tr ca in tr hn dng dng qua Led ln cho Led
sng mnh (dng lm vic ca cc Led chiu sng thng ly
trong khong t 5mA n 10mA l ).
Thc hnh 3: Kho st cc Led va mc ni tip va mc
song song.
Bn m t mch in mun rp trong trnh PSpice, v kt qu
phn tch ca PSpice cho chng ta s liu nh hnh sau:

Qua cc s liu chng ta thy: Dng qua nhnh 2 Led l

4.87mA, v dng tng cng l 9.74mA. Nhnh 3 Led khng c
dng.
* Cc nhnh c Led cng loi, c s Led bng nhau mc song
song th c dng lm sng Led.
* Nhnh c s Led nhiu hn, nh nhnh 3 Led, n cn mc p
cao hn mc ghim p ca n, do nhnh ny thiu p v s
khng c cp dng, nn cc Led khng sng.
Tm li, Bn cn nh ch dng cng loi Led cho mc ni tip
v ri mc song song, s Led trn cc nhnh phi bng nhau,
lc cc nhnh ny mi c dng v Led s sng .

Thc hnh 4: Hy lm quen vi t in v mch RC.

Trong mch in t in l kho cha in, do vy khi c mt t
in Bn phi bit:
* in dung ca t, n v tnh l Faraday, thng dng cp
uF (micro Farad), hay nF (nano Farad) hay pF (pico Farad).
* Sc chu p ca t, trn t thng ghi mc p lm vic (WV,
Working Volt), ng cho t np mc p qu cao, t s b n.

Hnh v cho thy hnh dng cc loi t in: Thng c 3

nhm:

(1) Nhm t ha, loi t c dung lng ln (cha c nhiu

in tch), loi t ny c cc tnh, khi mc vo mch du dng
ghi trn t phi cho bn c mc p cao.
(2) Nhm t thng, loi t ny c in dung nh, nhng sc
chu p cao. Loi t thng khng c cc tnh.
(3) Nhm t xoay, loi t ny c in dung thay i c, n
thng dng trong cc mch cng hng dng lm by sng.
hiu nguyn l lm vic ca t trong mch, ti trnh by
bng hnh ng, trong hnh cho thy 2 qu trnh: Qu trnh np
in v qu trnh x in.

* Khi S1 ng v S2 h, lc ny t C1 qu trnh cho np in,

dng in tch t ngun pin cho bm vo t, dng chy qua
in tr R1 v mc volt trn t tng dn ln cho n lc y, t
y c hiu l mc p trn t ln rt gn bng 12V ca
ngun.
* Khi S2 ng v S1 h, lc ny t C1 qu trnh x in, dng
in s chy qua in tr R2 v mc p trn t s gim dn
xung. Khi mc p trong t bng 0V, chng ta ni t x ht
in.

Vy xut hin cu hi: Khi no v bao lu th t C1 mi np

y? V phi bao lu th t C1 mi x ht in?
Nhn vo mch Bn cng thy, nu dng t C1 c dung lng
ln v in tr R1 lm ng dn c sc cn dng qu ln th thi
gian t np y mc p ca ngun s rt lu. Cng vy, t
ln, in tr R2 c tr ln thi gian t x ht in cng s rt
lu. Ngi ta a ra mt nh ngha v thi hng:
Thi hng ca mch np x ca t C qua R l thi gian

RxC.

t =

Vi thi gian ny t s np c 63% mc in ca

ngun nui hay x c 63% lng in m t c. V mi
ngi u cho l sau 5t (tc 5xRxC) th xem nh t np y
hay t x ht in.
Thc hnh 5: By gi ni n linh kin c tnh tch cc y,
l transistor.
Transistor l mt linh kin rt quan trng, n to ra cuc cch
mng lng tri l t ca ngnh in t. Transistor c xp
vo loi linh kin tch cc v n c tnh khuch i. y
chng ta ch dng transistor nh nhng kha in bn dn
ng m mch theo mc p cao hay thp. C 2 loi transistor,
loi NPN v loi PNP.

M hnh bn dn cho thy ngi ta sp xp cc chn bn dn

loi N, loi P to ra cc mi ni EB c CB v to ra cc
transistor nh cc NPN hay PNP.
Trong hnh N l cht bn dn Silicon pha Phospho (Phospho vi
5 in t ha tr to ni), nn khi gn vo tinh th Silicon s
d ra mt in t t do, v chnh in t d ra ny l phn
t dn in trong cht bn dn loi N, khi cho N pha m,
ngi ta s ghi l n+ v pha nht hn th ghi l n-. Tng t
cht P l cht bn dn Silicon cho pha Indium ( Indium c 3
in t ni ha tr nn khi gn vo tinh th Silicon s c mt
ni trng v thiu in t), chnh cc l trng ny to ra iu
kin dn in trong cht bn dn loi P.
Bn thy chn E c kch thc thu nh, v sao?. V n l chn
dng cho phun ra cc ht ti in, chn C c kch thc rng l
v n l chn c dng thu gp cc ht in phun ra t
chn E.

Trn y l hnh v cu trc bn dn ca mt transistor NPN.

Trong cht bn dn loi N phn t lm cng vic dn in l
cc ht in t (d ra do phospho cho) v trong cht bn dn
loi P phn t dn in l cc l trng trn cc ni (do Indium
to ra), cc l c cho ng ngha l cc ht ti in dng
(nn ghi bng du +). Vy nu chn E phun ra dng, dng ny
s chy vt qua vng B v s c thu gp li trn chn C.

Nhn cc hnh chp trn Bn thy transistor c 3 chn:

* Chn E c pha m c tnh dn in tt, n l chn
phun ra cc ht ti in. Vi cht bn dn loi N th phun ra
cc ht in t d (do cht pha phospho cung cp) vi cht
bn dn loi P th phun ra cc l (cc ni trng do Indium to
ra). E l Emitter, ngha l chn pht, chn phun ra cc ht ti
in.
* Chn C c pha va, n c tnh dn in kh, n l chn thu
gm cc ht ti in phun ra t chn E, ngha la cc ht ti
in phun ra t chn E u c "ht vo" chn C v chy ra
trn chn C. C l Collector, ngha l chn gp, thu gp cc ht
in phun ra t chn E.

* Chn B c lm rt mng, n l chn nn kp gia chn E

v chn C, ngi ta thm chn B gia "control" dng in
chy t E vo C. N iu khin dng in i t E vo C. Ngi
ta lm chn B tht mng trnh s tht thot ca in t lc
vt qua chn ny. B l Base, ngha l chn nn, kp gia E v
C, dng kim sot cng dng in chy t E vo C.
Nhn vo cu trc bn dn ca transistor, chng ta thy ch c
th c 2 loi sp xp, l NPN hay PNP. Nh vy d vi kiu
sp xp no trong transistor cng c 2 mi ni PN, mi ni EB
v mi ni CB, do ngi ta gi loi transistor ny l
transistor nh cc hay transistor BJT (BJT, Bipolar Junction
Transistor).
Trn cc s mch in, chng ta dng k hiu ca transistor
v mch, vi cc k hiu ca cc linh kin bn dn, Bn nh
chiu ch ca mi tn, mi tn ch vo chn no chn c
hiu l chn c cht bn dn loi N.
Transistor l linh kin thuc nhm tch cc (cc linh kin nh
in tr, t in, bin p...thuc nhm linh kin th ng), c
th dng transistor khuch i tn hiu, ngha l bin mt
tn hiu c cng sut yu ra mt tn hiu c cng sut mnh
hn, transistor cn c th dng lm mt kha in ng m
mch theo mc p. Tuy nhin mun dng transistor khuch
i hay lm kha in, trc ht Bn phi cho phn cc cc
mi ni trong transistor. Ngi ta phn ra 4 vng ty theo tnh
phn cc ca 2 mi ni bn dn EB v CB.
* Nu c 2 mi ni EB v CB u cho phn cc ngc, ngi ta
ni transistor trong vng ngng dn (Cut-off), lc ny khng
c dng chy trn cc chn ca transistor. Nu xem n nh
mt kha in, th transistor ngng dn ging nh mt kha
in lm h mch.
* Nu c 2 mi ni EB v CB u cho phn cc thun, ngi ta
ni transistor trong vng bo ha (Saturation), lc ny dng
chy ra chn C t n mc khng th tng hn c
na. Nu xem n nh mt kha in, th transistor bo ha
xem nh mt kha in ng li, cho dng chy qua.
* Nu chn EB cho phn cc thun v chn CB cho phn cc
nghch, ngi ta ni transistor trong vng khuch i

(Action), lc ny ch vi mt tc ng in p nh trn chn B

cng s kim sot c dng chy mnh yu ra trn chn C,
trng thi ny ca transistor c dng nhiu nht.
* Nu chn EB cho phn cc nghch v chn CB cho phn cc
thun, ngi ta ni transistor trong vng khuch i ngc
(Rev-Action), lc ny ch vi mt tc ng in p nh trn
chn B cng s kim sot c dng chy mnh yu ra trn
chn E, Bn thy ngi ta cho o ngc, ly chn C lm
chn phun ht ti in v ly chn E lm chn gp. Trng thi
khuch i ny ca transistor t c dng v n cho li nh.
Hy tm hiu cc o cc transistor NPN v PNP, loi cng
sut nh:
o transistor nh cc (BJT transistor):
Transistor nh cc bn trong c hai mi ni PN, quen gi l transistor
bipolar (BJT). N c 2 loi, transistor NPN v transistor PNP. Bn c th
dng mt Ohm k (kim) kim tra cc loi transistor bipolar. Trnh t
thng lm l:
(1) Trc ht hy tm ra chn B.

Bn ly thang o Rx1, ln lt tm o trn hai chn ca transistor, o

chiu ny kim khng ln, o dy o, kim cng khng ln, vy l hai
chn E (Emitter) v C (Collector) ca transistor. Nh vy c th ni
chn cn li s chnh l chn B ca transistor.
(2) Hy kim tra 2 diode to bi mi ni B-E v mi ni B-C.
Bn c th xem transistor tng t nh 2 diode (2 mi ni PN), nn
vic kim tra mt transistor tt/xu tr thnh kim tra 2 diode (diode B-E
v diode B-C). Vi transistor NPN, nu dy en (chn ht dng, v bn
trong my o n ni vo cc dng ca pin) t trn chn B, dy
(ni dng in t chy ra) t trn chn C, lc ny kim phi ln do
diode c cho phn cc thun v dy di qua chn E kim cng
phi ln (v cng c phn cc thun). Ngc li, t dy trn
chn B, dy en trn chn C ri qua chn E, c 2 ln o ny kim u
khng ln, v c 2 diode u b phn cc nghch.
Ch : vi cc transistor loi PNP th kt qu o s ngc li. Ngha l
dy trn chn B, dy en trn chn E, ri trn chn C, kim s ln l

do 2 diode phn cc thun v dy en trn chn B, dy trn chn C,

ri trn chn E, kim khng ln v 2 diode b phn cc nghch.

Hnh v cho thy, dy en trn chn B (cho ht dng in t ra trn

chn B), dy trn chn E (cho bm dng in t vo chn E), kim
phi ln l v lc ny diode B-E ang phn cc thun.
Nu t dy trn chn B, ly dy en t ln chn E, diode phn cc
nghch, kim khng ln v dy en trn chn C, kim cng phi khng ln.
(3) Hy xc nh chn E v chn C.
Chng ta bit, mi ni bn dn B-C chu volt nghch cao (thng trn
60V), trong khi mi ni B-E chu volt nghch thp (thng khong
9V).

Do , Bn hy t thang o Ohm v tr Rx10K, lc ny trn hai dy

o s c 12V (mc volt DC ca ngun pin trong my o), dng mc p
ny o nghch trn mi ni B-C (kim s khng ln) v khi o nghch trn
mi ni B-E, kim s ln, v sao? v mi ni B-E chu p nghch c 9V v
n b nh thng vi mc p 12V ca my o. Qua du hiu ny
Bn d dng xc nh c chn C v chn E.
n y Bn bit c chn B, chn C v chn E ca transistor ri.
(4) Hy xc nh li dng in (gi l h s beta) ca transistor.
Bn ly thang o Ohm Rx10, cho chp hai u dy o li, chnh kim v
vch 0 Ohm.

Cm transistor 2SC1815 vo ng chn C, B, E ca 3 l cm NPN trn

my o. Ch kim ln, Bn c kt qu trn vch chia HEF. Kim ch v tr
200, c ngha l li dng in (beta) ca transistor 2SC1815 l 200
ln. Nn c ngha l dng in IC (chy ra trn chn C) ln hn dng
in IB (chy ra trn chn B) l 200 ln. Tham s beta cn gi l h s
HFE ca transistor.
Vi transistor PNP cng lm tng t, cm transistor vo ng 3 chn
C, B, E ca b chn cm PNP v c kt qu trn vch chia HFE, Bn
s bit c li dng in (HFE) ca transistor.
Hnh chp sau y cho thy cch o h s khuch i dng
HFE trn mt VOM c chn cm transistor.

Sau y l hnh v cho thy 4 vng lm vic ca mt

transistor NPN.

Khi transistor lm vic qua li nhanh gia vng ngng dn v

vng bo ha, ngi ta ni lc ny transistor lm vic nh mt
kha in bn dn, ngng dn tng t nh mt kha in h
v bo ha tng ng vi mt kha in ng kn.
Khi transistor lm vic trong vng khuch thun ngi ta ni
n bin mt tn hiu nh yu ra mt tn hiu ln mnh.
Khi mun c mch khuch i t b nh hng ca nhit, ngi
ta cng c dng n kiu khuch i nghch (tuy nhin kiu
khuch i ny rt t thy dng n).

Hnh v sau y cho thy cch phn cc mi ni EB v CB

transistor loi PNP lm vic trong 4 vng: Ngng dn, bo ha,
khuch i thun, khuch i nghch.

Bn lm quen vi cc kiu mch khuch i dng

transistor
(phn th d, dng transistor NPN 2SC1815)
Mun dng 1 transistor lm tng khuch i, Bn chia n ra
lm 3 lp trong 3 bc:

Bc 1: Lp phn cc DC, dng cc in tr cp p DC cho

cc mi ni EB v CB transistor lm vic trong vng khuch
i.
Bc 2: Lp Khuch i, sau khi ly ng phn cc, chng
ta s cho tn hiu vo v kho st tnh khuch i ca mch,
nh tnh li, xem mo...
Bc 3: Lp n nh, chng ta s dng k thut hi tip ci
thin mch khuch i, gi cho n n nh hn, khuch i tn
hiu t b mo hn.

Phn thc hnh.

Bc 1: Bn xem hnh, cc kiu mch phn cc DC kinh in
thng dng transistor lm vic trong vng khuch i:

Khi phn cc DC, Bn dng cc in tr cp mc p DC trn

cc chn B, chn E chn C, sao cho mi ni EB phn cc thun
chn E phun ra dng ht ti v sao cho mi ni CB phn cc
nghch chn C ht gn ht dng phun ra t chn E. Chng
ta dng trnh PSpice tnh cc mc p phn cc cho mch
in trn, vi cc mc p nh hnh v, cc transistor ly
ng phn cc.
Chng ta hy xem dng lm vic chy qua cc transistor (Bn
xem hnh).

Khi dng cc transistor cho lm vic vi cc tn hiu nh, dng

lm vic ca cc transistor ly trong khong 300uA n 2mA l
c. Dng Ic ly cng nh transistor khuch i t n (t ting
si) nhng cho li nh, nu ly dng Ic ln, li s ln,
nhng ting n cng ln theo (ting n c hiu l ting si
pht ra t dng chy). Mun iu chnh cng dng in Ic,
Bn thay i mc p phn cc trn chn B hay thay i tr ca
in tr nh dng trn chn E.
Qua phn trnh by trn, Bn thy vi tt c cc s mch
in, trnh PSpice s tnh ra mc p trn cc ng
mch v tnh ra cng dng in chy vo chy ra
trn cc chn ca cc linh kin. Nh vy khi kim tra trng
thi phn cc DC ca mt mch in, cng vic ca Bn l

dng VOM k, o p trn cc ng mch v o dng trn cc

chn ca cc linh kin, t kt qu o c s bit c mch b
h hng phn no, l cng vic c bn ca ngi chuyn
vin in t.
Bc 2: Kho st mch khuch i vi ngun tn hiu dng sin.
Trc ht Bn hy gn vo cc t lin lc v dng mt ngun
tn hiu dng sin t tn hiu qua t lin lc C2 vo chn B,
dng t lin lc C1 dn tn hiu ra ti, vi in tr R3 (50K). V
trnh PSpice cho chng ta kt qu phn tch nh hnh sau:

Kt qu tn hiu ng vo v ng ra u c dng Sin, bin tn

hiu ng ra ln hn ng vo, chng ta c li v tn hiu ng
vo ng ra c tnh o pha.

Khi tng bin tn hiu ng vo ln 200mV th tn hiu ng ra

khng cn dng sin na, chng ta ni mch khuch i lm
mo tn hiu.

C Bn hi: n y c Bn dng ti li v hi. Tn hiu l

g? Trong i thng c nghe ni n tn hiu lun, vy tn hiu
l g?

Tr li: Tn hiu c 2 mt. Mt vt l v mt thng tin. Chng

ta nhn thy:
Tn hiu thng l cc bin i vt l, nh tri c nhiu my th
ngh n ma, s trn thy nng th ngh n bnh. ng Bc s
c tm cc du hiu vt l trn ngi bnh nhn ra bnh.
Cn i vi dn in t th tn hiu l cc bin i ca mc volt
trn cc ng mch, hay s bin i ca dng in trn cc
chn ca linh kin. S bin i ny c 3 thnh t, l:
* Bin ca tn hiu, cho cho thy s bin i mnh yu, cao
thp v thng o theo Vp-p (hay Ip-p).
* Tn s ca tn hiu, cho thy s bin i nhanh hay chm,
thng o theo Hertz.
* Dng sng ca tn hiu, cho bit nt bin i ln xung ra
sao, theo hnh dng g.
V mt thng tin, mt tin hiu thng mang trong n mt
lng thng tin. Thng tin l s nhn bit ca con ngi. Nhn
s bin i trn mch, ngi th c th bit l tn hiu m
thanh, hay tn hiu hnh nh.... Cc tn hiu m hin ti chng
ta khng nhn bit thng qui cho l n hay nhiu.
Tm li c th hiu tn hiu mt cch n gin. Tn hiu trc
ht l s bin i vt l v trong n c mang theo thng tin.
Trong ngnh in ngi ta t tn tn hiu theo dng sng, lc
chng ta c tn hiu dng sin, dng rng ca, dng xung
vung, dng xung nhn...Nu t tn theo tn s, chng ta c
tn hiu tn thp, tn cao, tn siu cao...Nu t tn theo tnh
nng, chng ta c tnh hiu ng b, tn hiu qut ngang qut
dc, tn hiu hnh, tn hiu m thanh...
Trong ngnh in t, ngi ta ch to my hin sng
(OscilloScope) v dng n xem cc tn hiu trn mt bo
mch. C th ni my hin sng chnh l con mt th ba ca
ngi th in t dng nhn thy tn hiu trn mt mch
in v lm ngh in t l ngh gia cng tn hiu.

By gi tr li ni tip v mch khuch i

dng transistor...

* Nhn vo dng sng lm sao bit l tng khuch i ny c

tnh o pha, rt n gin, Bn thy khi mc volt trn chn B
gim xung th lc ny mc volt trn chn C li tng ln v
ngc li, khi mc volt trn chn B tng ln th mc volt trn
chn C li gim xung. Dng sng sin ng vo v ng ra ni
ln tng khuch i ny c tnh lm o pha tn hiu.
* Nhn vo dng sng lm sao bit tng khuch i ny c
li in p l bao nhiu, rt n gin, Bn ly bin tn hiu
o theo volt ng ra v chia cho bin tn hiu ng vo th
s ni c li ca tng khuch i ny.
Bc 3: Vn n nh tng khuch i v ci thin cc tnh
nng ca tng khuch i..
Trc ht chng ta s kho st dy tn lm vic ca tng
khuch i ny. Ban xem hnh. Trong hnh chn1g ta cho mt
ngun tn hiu dng sin c bin khng i v ln lt cho
thay i tn s v o bin ng ra, tip tc lm vi nhiu
tn s khc nhau, chng ta v ra c ng cong bin tn.
Nhn ng cong ny, chng ta c th ni: Tng khuch i
cho li 60 ln v c dy tn lm vic rt rng.

Mt mch khuch i lm vic c vi dy tn qu rng v

nu mch khuch i li c li ln na s d pht sinh dao
ng t kch lm cho mch mt tnh n nh. Ngi ta s tm
cch gim dy tn lm vic ca mch khuch i (thu hp li),
ch cho n tp trung khuch i dy tn tn hiu hu ch m
thi. Mun vy s phi s dng n mch to tc dng hi tip
nghch. Trong mch t C3 ly tn hiu ngc pha trn chn C
cho tr v chn B s to tc dng hi tip nghch, khi gn thm
t C3 vo mch khuch i, chng ta c ng cong bin tn
nh hnh sau (Bn xem hnh):

Nhn vo ng cong bin tn, Bn thy dy tn b thu hp

li ( vng tn s cao, bin b p xung mc thp). Tm
li, t C3 lm thu hp dy tn lm vic v in tr R4 c tc
dng nh li cho tng khuch i ny.

n lc ni n cng dng ca transistor

dng lm kha in ng m mch.
Phn trn chng ta bit, transistor c tnh khuch i v n
cn c dng lm kha in n hng ng m cc mch
in lm vic vi dng n hng na.

Hnh trn cho thy:

* Khi chn B mc p thp th cc transistor ngng dn v Led
tt, n LP1 sng (n LP2 tt).
* Khi chn B mc volt cao th cc transistor bo ha v Led
sng, n LP2 sng (n LP1 tt).
Trong mch:
+ Cc in tr R1 (10K), R3 (10K) dng nh mc dng cho
chn B.
+ in tr R2 (1K) dng hn dng cho Led D1.
+ Diode D2 dng dp xung nghch, mi khi Q2 tt, cun dy
relay s pht ra in p ngch, lc ny D2 dn in v dp mc
p nghch gi an ton cho transistor.
Tm li, Bn c th dng transistor NPN nh mt kha in bn
dn, n cp dng cho ti trn chn C mi khi chn B mc p
cao v n s ct dng khi chn B mc p thp.

Hy rp mch dao ng a hi vi 2 transistor

lm ngun iu khin nhp nhy.
Chng ta c th dng 2 transistor rp mch dao ng a hi
v dng n iu khin s nhp nhy ca cc n Led. Bn
xem s mch in v phn gii thich nguyn l hot ng
ca mch.

Trong mch mi transistor ln lt ng m, khi Q1 bo ha l

lc Q2 ngng dn v khi Q2 tr li bo ha th n lc Q1
ngng dn...Qui trnh ny s lin tc qua li khng ngng,
chng ta c mt mch dao ng.

Mun hiu r nguyn l lm vic ca mch ny, chng ta s

phi di dng mt t. Chng ta s chia qu trnh hot ng ca
mch ra thnh tng thi k.

Hnh ng cho thy: Khi Q2 bo ha lc ny Q1 ngng dn, Q1

ngng dn s to iu kin cho t C1 np li in, dng np
qua R1 v vi R1 nh (1K), t C1 rt mau np y mc p ca
ngun. Sau khi Q1 t tr li bo ha n s to iu kin cho t
C1 x in, dng x qua R2 (47K) tr in v ngun, lc ny
trn chn B ca Q2 s c p m (khi u l -12V v s gim
dn) v Q2 s b tm thi y vo trng thi ngng dn.
Ch trong hnh ng: Bn thy thi gian t C1 np in qua
R1 nhanh hn l thi gian n x in qua R2, v sao? V thi
hng C1 x R1 vi R1 =1K s nh hn thi hng C1 x R2 vi R2
= 47K. Ngi ta ni khi khi Q1 ngng dn lc Q2 bo ha, t
C1 nhanh chng np li mc in ngun, vi sau , Q1 s t
tr li bo ha v mc p trong t C1 s y Q1 tm vo trang
thi ngng dn. hiu r hn, chng ta gii thch mch vi 2
s mch in sau:

Lc Q1 ngng dn v Q2 bo ha th mch s phn ng ra sau:

Lc Q2 ngng dn v Q1 bo ha th mch s phn ng ra sau:

Hng dn Bn rp thc hnh mch dao ng a

hi (Bn xem hnh).

Bc 1: Gn transistor Q1, Q2 v cc Led D1, D2 vo bo mch.

Bc 2: Gn in tr trn chn C ca cc transistor vo bo
mch, tc gn R1 (1K), R4 (1K) vo mch.
Bc 3: Bn ng ngun, cc Led phi sng, ngha l Led D1,
D2 ly c dng qua R1, R4.
Bc 4: Bn gn R2 (47K) vo chn B ca Q1, lc ny Q1 bo
ha, Led D1 phi tt, Led D2 vn sng.
Bc 5: Bn gn R3 (47K) vo chn B ca Q2, Q2 s bo ha
v lm tt Led D2.
Bc 6: By gi Bn gn t in C1, C2 vo mch. Mch s dao
ng v 2 Led D1, D2 s nhp nhy.

n y, ti ngh Bn phi hiu rt r nguyn l hot ng ca

mch dao ng a hi rp vi 2 transistor. Vi mch ny, Bn
lun c 2 xung vung lnh pha ly ra trn chn C ca Q1, Q2
v Bn s dng xung ny ng m cc mch in bng n
v to ra c cc bng n Led nhp nhy rt p mt.
Hnh chp cho thy cch lm thc hnh t rp mch trn bo
cm vn nng.

Hy rp mch dao ng a hi vi 3 transistor

lm ngun iu khin nhp nhy.

 c 3 xung lnh pha dng iu khin 3 dy n Led, Bn

dng mch dao ng a hi rp vi 3 transistor (Bn xem s
mch in bn trn), v khi dng phn mm PSpice
phn tch mch, Bn thy dng xung vung ly ra trn cc
chn C ca Q1, Q2 v Q3 c pha lch nhau. Trong mch, tn s
xung nhp nhanh chm ph thuc vo t in v in tr trn
chn B. V thi hng R x C ca mch ny c dng gi
transistor trng thi tm ngng dn. T C4 (1uF), to iu
kin khi ng d.

(...nh li lc trc khi hng dn cc em rp n mch dao

ng a hi 3 transistor).
C em hi: Vy nu rp mch dao ng a hi vi 4 transistor
th s c 4 xung lch pha iu khin 4 dy Led phi khng
thy?
Tr li: Khng nu rp dao ng vi 4 transistor chng ta cng
ch c 2 dng xung lch pha m thi.
Nhiu em khng mun tin v b cng rp th v qu tht 4 Led
khng th chp tun t m chp tng cp. Ti chng minh iu
ny bng phn tch trn trnh PSpice.

Kt qu phn tch cho thy khng c 4 xung lch pha.

n y ti thy nt mt l v tht vng ca cc em. Ti gi :
"Sao khng rp th mch dao ng a hi vi 5 transistor".
Cc em li phn khi v rp th. Kt qu ra sao? (Bn
xem s mch in mch dao ng a hi rp vi 5
transistor)

V kt qu cho thy trn hnh v ca trnh PSpice, ng vi phn

xung bin cao l Led s sng.

Bn nhn thy g?
Led theo kt qu trn.

Hy th din t trnh t sng ca

Bn lit k 5 Led bn tri cho thy mi ln sng 2 Led v 2

Led ny sng di qua phi v c tnh quay vng, sau chu
trnh c lp li, l kt qu ca mch dao ng a hi rp
vi 5 transistor. Vy rp vi 7 transistor th ra sao?
n y c th tm dng phn tch cc kiu mch dao ng a
hi. D nhin nu Bn cn thch tip tc, Bn vn c th th rp
cc mch dao ng a hi vi s transistor nhiu hn. Vi trnh
PSpice Bn lun nhn thy kt qu mt cch r rng m khng
phi mt thi gian v tin bc lm thc hnh trn bo cm
vn nng, kt qu trn trnh PSpice lun ph hp vi thc t,
l mt li th ca thc hnh trong khng gian o.

Thi, ni qua chuyn to hnh t cc im sng

Led
.

Bn hnh dung Led l im sng nh v trong mn hnh hc

thi hnh lun c to ra t im. Vy to ra mt bng hnh
theo im ca Led. Trc ht Bn phi tm hnh ri trn hnh
chn v ra ng bao ca hnh v b tr Led phn u trn
ng bao ca hnh, nh vy Bn c mt bng hnh vi Led.
Mt th d: Bn vo Word, tm cc hnh logo n gin v son
ch gn vo sau cho bng n c c ni dung theo ng
ca Bn. Ti to nhanh v c mt hnh n gin nh hnh sau
(Bng n mt qun Nhu).

C hnh ri, by gi gn Led theo ng bao ca hnh. V chn

kiu nhp nhy cho ng nhp, ng hnh, trc ht phn Led
theo nhm v chn nh cch nhp nhy theo mch iu khin.
y n gin vn chng ta phn hnh trn thnh 4
nhm v gn cc Led mu nh hnh sau:

V by gi dng bo iu khin cho 4 thanh phn Led trn bng

n ny nhp nhy.

(D nhin Bn c th gn s Led nhiu hn, v chn Led nhiu

mu bng n cng hp dn)
Hy lm quen vi mch tt m nhiu Led gn theo
ng bao ca hnh.
Qua th d trn, chng ta thy mt thnh phn ca hnh c khi
phi dng rt nhiu Led, vy cc Led ny s mc ra sao? V
ng m n nh th no?

 c a s Led cho mt thnh phn ca hnh, Bn cho s Led

mc ni tip, th d vi ngun nui 12V, Bn dng Led thng
c th mc 4 Led cho mt nhnh, v nu dng Led siu sng
th mc 3 Led cho mt nhnh. Vy nu mt thnh phn hnh
phi dng 80 Led thng th Bn s mc 20 nhnh vi loi Led
thng v mc 27 nhnh cho loi Led siu sng.
(Vn ny ti c ni nhiu trong cc bi lin quang n
bng n ho quang, Bn hy tm c)

By gi c th cp n mt mch in dng
cc ic thng dng to xung iu khin bng
n Led.
.

Loi mch ny c rt nhiu, nhng mch kinh in a nng,

Bn dng ic 555 v ic m h c 10, CD4017. S mch to
xung iu khin dng ic 555 v 4017 nh hnh sau:

Trong mch ic 555 dng to ra xung nhp, xung ra trn chn s

3. Khi xut hin b sau ca xung th ic 4017 s nhy ln mt
s. Bn thy c mi ln xut hin xung b sau th Led sng di
qua mt s, khi m 10 xung th qui trnh s t ng quay
li. Bn c th thay i nhp xung nanh chm bng cch thay
i tr s ca in tr R1, R2 v t C1.

(Vn ic 555 ti c ni trng mt chuyn v ic 555. Bn

hy tm c)
Bn th lm thc hnh rp ic 555 trn bo cm a nng.

Cch dng 10 ng ra ca ic 4017 ng m cc

mch in iu khin bng n Led.
Sau y l mt tng: Bn c th to ra bng n Led vi
rt nhiu rt nhiu thnh phn, mi thnh phn l mt tp hp
nhiu Led, k Bn chn nh kiu nhp nhy cho n v iu
khin n bng mch dao ng a hi, tt c cc mch dao
ng a hi s c ng m ngun bng cc ng ra ca ic
4017. Nu phn phi kiu nhp nhy mt cch hi ha, Bn s
c mt bng n rt p. Sau y ti v ra mt s mch
in Bn tham kho.

Trong mch:
* IC 555 dng rp thnh mch to xung nhp, xung nhp c tn
s rt thp dng kch thch mch m dng ic 4017. Xung ra
trn chn s 3 ca ic 555 cho vo chn 14 ca ic 4017. Bn
bit mi ln trn chn s 3 xut hin b sau ca xung (tc mc
p t cao xung thp) th ic 4017 s cho nhy ln mt s.
y, Bn mun iu chnh tn s xung nhp nhanh hay chm,
Bn thay i tr ca R1, R7 v C4.

* IC 4017 l ic m h c 10, n c 10 ng ra (Q0, Q1, Q2,

Q3, Q4, Q5, Q6, Q7, Q8, Q9), mi ln chn s 14 nhn c
xung kch thch ng vi b sau th n s cho nhy ln mt s,
c ngha l, mc p trn mt chn ra s ln mc volt cao v
Led chn ny s sng (mi ln ch c 1 Led sng). Bn dng
mc p cao trn ng ra m ngun cho cc mch dao
ng a hi. Cc chn 13 (chn cm m), chn 15 (chn
reset), do khng dng cho ni masse, chn 12 (carry Out) dng
bo trn s (qu 10), do khng dng b trng. Bn nh trn
mt ng ra ca ic 4017 Bn c th cng lc ng ngun cho
nhiu mch dao ng a hi.
* Mch dao ng a hi c rp vi 2 transistor, dng mc p
cao thp trn chn C ca transistor lm tt m cc dy Led
trn bng n. Tn s nhp nhy cho thay i theo tr ca t
in v cc in tr trn chn B. Mi tng dao ng a hi c
mch ng m ngun ring, do Bn c th cho ng m cc
mch dao ng theo mc volt cao ra trn 10 chn ca ic 4017.
Trong mch chng ta dng nhiu diode 4148 lm cng OR
c th dng mc p cao ra trn mt chn ca ic 4017 cng lc
cho m nhiu mch dao ng a hi.
Ni chung nguyn l hot ng ca mch rt kinh in v kh
n gin, nhng s linh kin dng cho mch nhiu, nn khi
lp rp hay lm thc hnh, Bn nn phn mch ra tng n v
rp ring ri sau mi ghp tng hp li, nh vy t li v
c hi thnh cng s cao hn.

Gii thiu cch lm cc ng dng

c sc ca Led.
Trc ht Bn hy tham kho cc ng dng ca Led qua cc
hnh chp sau:

Hnh chp cho thy trn l ng, hay trong cng vin, ngi
ta dng Led to ra cc dng n chiu sng ngh thut. u
im ca loi n Led l c nhiu mu, hiu sut cao, c th
lm vic vi mc volt thp, tui th di, h hng mt vi Led
khng nh hng n cc Led cn tt khc nn vic chiu sng
bo m khng b gin on, v nht l rt ph hp vi ngun
nng lng mt tri, rt ph hp vi cc loi mch iu khin
t ng. Tng lai chng ta s cn thy nhiu cc loi n
ng c tnh ngh thut ny.

Mt tng l gn cc n Led chiu sng vo v, khi i trong

m ti di tri ma, nh n ny cc k cn thit, n va c
tnh ngh thut li rt hu dng, vic lm ny khng kh v Led
l loi n lm vic c mc ngun DC thp, n c th lm
vic cng vi loi pin charge r-gn-nh-nh, khi ht pin s cho
np li in, hay nu v c pin mt tri th khi dng v i trong
nng pin s t np in v khi cn th Led s dng ngun pin
ny chiu sng. Led trong v cn c th thay i mu sc,
thay i mc sng ty theo mi trng, tht tin dng ht bit.

eo trn ngi l ci ba l c bng Led, trn hin ra cc

hnh v ch c ni dung thng bo mun ca ch nhn. Khi
Bn mang loi ba l ny v i xe p, Bn c th dng bng
n Led ny bo dng (Stop), bo quo tri quo phi bng
mi tn ch, bo gim tc, bo sp dng...Vi Led th chuyn
ny qu n gin, c th ni dn chi in t ti t cng c th
t lm c. Bng n ny cn dng bo iu g na, chc
khi lm Bn s ngh ra thi...

n ngh thut trang tr trong cc vt dng gia nh, sao

khng? Vi Led c hiu sut cao, c nhiu mu, c qun tnh
nh, chy ngun DC thp, li r tin d tm, chuyn g ngh ra
cng c th lm c. y ci quan trng nht l tr tng
tng v cc tng vt thi khng gian. Vi Led, Bn c th
lm tng tnh ngh thut, tnh hu dng ca cc vt dng
chung quanh Bn. Bn xem cc hnh nh gi Bn thy thch
khng? Hy t mnh ngh ra v thc hin. l mt tr chi
n gin m tr tu.

Nhn my hnh ny, ti nh li thi gian cn bn nh (Ch Ln

Q5, VN), ti hng dn rt nhiu bn ha s, th sa xe
Honda, sa xe hi, th tc tng...nhng ngi khng c kin
thc xu v in t m vn lm ra c cc bng n qung
co vi Led, n quang bo hiu cu ch. C anh th mun lm
bng n qung co, c anh th mun lm cc n nhy gn
trn xe Honda, gn trn xe hi, c anh th mun lm n ho
quang gn trn cc bn th Pht, c anh th mun gn n trn
cc hn cnh gi sn. By gi ra ng u u cng c bng
n qung co dng Led, tht ti ny hin vn cn rt c
n. Ti ngh chc nhiu Bn cng thch t lm cc bng n
hin hnh ch nhp nhy theo mnh, c phi khng?

Hnh chp trn y cho thy c th cc sn phm dng Led

siu sng lm n chiu sng. Cc sn phm ny hin i
vo cuc sng tht s ca nhiu ngi . Nh Led c hiu sut
cao, an ton, t h hng, d bo tr v nht l c th lm vic
vi ngun in DC thp nn ri n s thay th cc loi n
chiu sng c in, gi lo. Mt ngy gn y thi, Bn s
thy hu ht cc n chiu sng trong nh, ngoi ng, trn
ng u s dng Led.

Hnh chp cho thy cc loi Led, t Led thng n led siu
sng, Led cng sut ln. N c nhiu cch gn, gn bng chn
hn, bng k thut chn dn, k thut kt ni c hc...Ni

chung c th kiu, ch cn mt cu ni l , n qu tin

dng.

C Bn hi: Ni Led d tm, r tin d mua, vy mun tm cc

loi Led ny, tm u?
Tr li:

By gi ni chuyn dng Led lm cc sn phm 2D.

2D l g? D l ch vit u ca Dimention c ngha l chiu
(hay duy, ), 2D ni l th gii 2 chiu, chnh l th gii
phng, ch c 2 chiu, chiu x v chiu y. x l mt chiu v y
l mt chiu khc, l v trong x khng c php bin i no
to ra y v y khng th chuyn ra x, l 2 chiu. Ni cho d
hiu l cc hnh nh nm trn mt phng. Dng Led trang
im cho cc hnh nh trong th gii phng gi l nh
2D. Chng ta th lm bng n ho quang vi cc linh kin d
tm d lm, xem nh to ra loi sn phm 2D.
n s c lm vi cc Led mu loi thng, loi Led ny
c mc ghim p khong 2V, v mch iu khin cc Led nhp
nhy s dng mch dao ng a hi 3 transistor. Cch lm theo
trnh t sau:

Bc 1: To hnh n ho quang trn mt a trn.

Bn gn cc Led theo vng trn, y gn 6 vng, mi

vng chia ra 8 phn u nhau nn trn mi vng Bn gn 8
Led, Bn cho kch sng mi ln 2 vng xen k to hiu ng
ho quang.
* Ln th 1 kch sng 8 Led ca vng 1 v 3.
* Ln th 2 kch sng 8 Led ca vng 2 v 4.
* Ln th 3 kch sng 8 Led ca vng 3 v 6.
Ri cho quay li v tip tc, Bn s thy hiu ng cc tia ho
quang. Nh vy vi 2 vng s Led s l 8 x 2 = 16 Led. Bn s
dng 1 transistor kch sng 16 Led ny. (Bn xem s
mch in)
Bc 2: Rp mch iu khin cc Led to ra hiu ng nh ho
quang.

Trong mch dng Q1, Q2, Q3 rp thnh mch dao ng a

hi 3Q, to ra tn hiu 3 nhp. Tn s xung nhp c th thay i
theo tr ca t C v in tr trn chn B. Bn ly xung ra trn
mi chn C ca transistor kch sng cc vng sng ho
quang.
Ghi nhn: Sau ny khi dng loi transistor nh c kiu chn
TO92, vi loi transistor PNP Bn c th dng transistor 8050
v vi loi NPN Bn dng transistor 8055, loi transistor ny c
dng Ic ln (khong 800mA) nn kh nng kch sng c
nhiu Led hn.
Bc 3: Th n v iu chnh.

Sau khi rp xong mch, cp in, nu mch rp khng sai th

n s nhp nhy, to ra hiu ng ho quang. Bn s thay th
tr ca cc t in C v in tr R trn chn B c nhp
nhanh. Nhanh qu th chng mt, chm qu th xem khng
ging tia ho quang.
3D l g? L cc dng hnh khi dng Led. Chng ta bt u
lm quen vi mt hnh khi 3D kinh in. Bn xem cch lm
dng hnh 3D c trnh by nh sau:

Vi hnh khi lp phng 3D, Bn s dng 27 Led gn trn

nhng im nh hnh v, vy xem nh Bn c 3 mt vi mi
mt c 9 Led. Vi cc chn anode Bn cho ni thnh 3 nhm,
trong hnh ghi l nhm A1, A2, A3, vy khi cp volt dng cho
dy A1 th ch to iu kin cho cc Led cnh ngoi bn tri
sng thi, khi cp volt dng cho chn A2 th ch to iu kin

cho c cc Led gia sng v khi cp volt dng cho chn A3

th ch to iu kin cho c cc Led cnh bn phi sng, vic
mun Led no sng s cn ty thuc vic cp mc volt thp
cp cho cc chn, nhm 1 l cc chn B1, B2, B3, nhm 2
l cc chn B4, B5, B6, v nhm 3 l cc chn B7, B8, B9.
Sau khi rp xong khi 3D vi 27 Led, by gi Bn c th gn
cc Led trn cc im ca khi 3D v cho cc Led ny "nhy
ma" ty theo iu kin cp in ca Bn.
Cc hnh chp sau y, cho thy cch lm thc hnh, rp 36
Led trn mt hnh khi 3D (mi mt 12 Led):

Thc hnh trn bo cm a nng, u im ca cch lm thc

hnh ny l Bn t phi hn rp, thi gian thay i kiu rp
nhanh.

Hnh chp cho thy cch lm thc hnh, rp khi 3D vi cc

Led trn bo cm a nng.

Sau khi nh hnh xong khi 3D, Bn cho chuyn n ln bn

mch in hn c nh (Bn xem hnh)

Hnh chp khi 3D rp vi 36 Led trn bn mch in. Bn s th

nghim lm cc hnh khi khc, phc tp hn cng vi cch
lm thc hnh tng t nh trn,
By gi hy ni n cch rp mch iu khin khi n 3D
dng 27 Led ny v lp bng iu khin tng Led mt trn
khi 3D.

Vi bng ma trn trn, Bn c th cho bt c Led no trong 27

Led trn khi 3D sng cng c phi khng?
iu kin cho mt Led trong bng ma trn ny sng l,
chn A (A1, A2, A3) phi cp p dng, nh ni vo ng
ngun 12V v chn B (B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9) phi
cho ni t ly dng. Vn rt n gin, ch c vy.
y, trn mt mt chng ta ch gn c 9 Led ( lm th
nghim khi u), d nhin mun dng khi 3D hin c cc
hnh ni nt, trn mt mt chng ta s phi cho gn nhiu
Led hn, nh 12 Led, 16 Led, 25 Led, 64 led... Nu Bn gn s
Led trn mt mt cng nhiu th trn khi 3D ny Bn s c
th cho hin ra c cc hnh ch chuyn ng trong khng
gian 3 chiu xem rt l mt.
Bn d nn thy nguyn l hot ng ca cc Led gn trn
khi 3D, ti to ra mt hnh ng sau y (Bn xem hnh). Bn
thy mun mt Led hay nhiu Led trong khi 3D sng, chn
anode ca n phi c volt dng ( y ti cho cp 12V) v
chn cathode ca n phi thng masse ly dng qua in
tr hn dng R. Nu Bn dng xung qut trn 3 chn A, th Bn
c th iu khin tng Led mt trn khi 3D ny.

D nhin nu Bn khng dng xung qut trn nhm chn A vi

A1, A2, A3 th vic iu khin tng Led sng tt s khng thc
hin c)
(