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( %/ % I = {0, 1}
0
1
0 1
0 0
0 1
0
1
0
1
0 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
1 1
0 1
0
1
6&&
%/ & / : I I I'
(a, b) = min(a, b)A
: I I I'
(a, b) = max(a, b)A
: I I I'
(a, b) =
max(1 a, b)A
1, a = b
: I I I'
(a, b) =
0, a = b.
1& %
& %/0
1
1
0
0 1
1 0
0 1
/ : I I'

(a) = 1 a
* ' %
&
%/ I = {0, 1}.0 %/ % I
& A
.0 %/ % I
&
4' / %
& ,5
& &
&' / v : F {0, 1}'

9 v(A B) = min(v(A), v(B))

69 ;%<6
v(A B) = max(v(A), v(B))

v(A B) = max(1 v(A), v(B))
v() = 0
v(A) = 1 v(A)
v() = 1
v(A B) = 1
v(A) = v(B)

' ( v(A B) = 0
6 && & F = p (p p ) @&

&'
v(p (p p )) *

5

/ v &&v(p (p p )) = min(v(p ), max(1 v(p ), v(p )))
4' &
+ &'
7
v(p (p p ))' && &
,5
5
'
v(p )' v(p ) v(p )
>
& &9& &
7
& F &
,5 5
1 ' &

&

5
5
, %
$ & 5
7

5 5 &'
5 & % F '
7

5 5
'
5 & % P ' % % % F 1
& % & % 5
P & / P {0, 1}
&
&

1
!'
*
E/ v % 5

P % {0, 1}' v :P{0, 1}'

/ 5
(
/

(
/ v : P {0, 1} (
/
5 & v' v : F {0, 1}' (-

p
v(p) %%
+
(&
/& v '
v(p) = v (p)' % /

95 &
5
,5
5 %7
& ;
/
/
P
!'
* '

1
/ 5
v ' v : P {0, 1}' +&
/ v' v : F {0, 1}' ( v(p) = v (p)
p % 5
P ' P F A
v() = 0A
v(A B) = min(v(A), v(B))A
v(A B) = max(v(A), v(B))A
v(A B) = max(1 v(A), v(B))
P

39=6 693 ;%<63
@
/ v
/ 5 &
1
& F
v(F )
&
7
. '
0 & F
/& v
@&5 %9& &
/ v
7
& ' A A B E& & & ' %
/
/' &v() = v( ) = max(1 v(), v()) = max(1 0, 0) = 1
& & A & & A &&v(A) = v(A ) = max(1 v(A), v()) = max(1 v(A), 0) = 1 v(A)
* ( (' /
/ / A B
& & (A B) (B A)' &9 % v(A B) = 1 v(A) = v(B)' ( v(A B) = 0
6& + & p (p p ) <
/
v
v (p ) = v (p ) = 0 v (p ) = 1' 1
v1 (p1 (p2 p3 )) = min(v1 (p1 ), v1 (p2 p3 ))

= min(v1 (p1 ), max(1 v1 (p2 ), v1 (p3 )))
= min(0, max(1 0, 1)) = min(0, 1) = 0
v2
v2 (p1 ) = v2 (p2 ) = v2 (p3 ) = 1
v2 (p1 (p2 p3 ))
v1 (p1 (p2 p3 ))
< &&

/

(& (
&
& 5
' % &&-
'

' &
v2 (p1 (p2 p3 )) = min(v2 (p1 ), v2 (p2 p3 ))

= min(v2 (p1 ), max(1 v2 (p2 ), v2 (p3 )))
= min(1, max(1 1, 1)) = min(1, 1) = 1
v1
v1 (F )
v2
v2 (F )
F
F
F

1(&
/

' & F
' & F
9'
/

1
&

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-
&&
/ & '

/ & 9 6
%, % &

/ % F % {0, 1}
) @
- 2
%&' & p p >&&

/ v
v(p p ) ( (v(p p ) = max(1 v(p ), v(p )).
>
p &
/& v &9 &-

< v(p ) = 0' v(p p ) = max(1 0, 0) = 1' v(p ) = 1'
v(p p ) max(1 1, 1) = 1 1(&

/
& p p E& &

1
!'
)
> & F

/ v
7
v(F ) 1 4 & F % & |= F
' % & 9

/ 2
&
& / . %
( 0 * %&' &

69 ;%<6
/ < & & & p

& ' & p (p )
p p

9 6
&
,&
v(p (p )) >

p &
/& v &9 &

<
v(p ) = 1' v(p (p )) = min(1, max(11, 0)) = min(1, 0) = 0 <
%' v(p ) = 0' v(p (p )) = min(0, max(1 0, 0)) = min(0, 1) = 0
4'

/ & p (p ) 9
p2 (p2 )
p2
!' +
> & F / .%

( 0

/ v
v(F ) 0
*
' % & F ( & 7
/ * %&' + & p (p p )
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&
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9
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% &&' 3+
,

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%
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%,
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5 5 &
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4 & F = (p (p q)) q 1 &
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.

%

&0 % &
&
/ . +& %& &&
(
(5
/01
p
1
1
0
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q
1
0
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0
pq
p (p q)
(p (p q)) q

.
& /0' /
/' &

5 %& % &
& F * %& %
& && v (p) = 1 v (q) = 1'
% /
/ &v (p q) = max(1 v (p), v (q)) = max(1 1, 1) = max(0, 1) = 1'
v (p (p q)) = min(v (p), v (p q)) = min(1, 1) = 1
* ' &
v ((p (p q)) q)max(1 v (p (p q)), v (q)) = max(1 1, 1) = 1
* ( %%,
&

%
/
& %%, /1
"
39=6 693 ;%<63

p
1
1
0
0
pq
1
0
1
1
q
1
0
1
0
p (p q)
1
0
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1
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1
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F
@
%,- % & & '
(& /
& <
& /' & F 4'
+ & (p (p q)) q *%&&
/ %%& +
& & & /
& F & ' &
/
& /
< && %, (5 .50
/ < %7
& / & %
+&
'
& &
%

& F (
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/ v ' 1 j 4'

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,
v(F )
%+
9

/& v 5
%

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5
%
& F * p '' p .n 10

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&
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9 v (F ) = v (F )
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&
/

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n .n 10
5
' p '' p ' 95
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p' n = 1 &
j
{p1 ,...,pn }
1 {p1 ,...,pn }
2 {p1 ,...,pn }
1 {p1 ,...,pn }
2 {p1 ,...,pn }

69 ;%<6
/& v
p &9
0
1 2
(

/ &9&

' 2 = 2 = 2

p 1'

p 0
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&
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&

/ & & &

/'
%
v (p) = 1' v (p) = 01
0
0
p
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0
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0
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p (p )
0
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p (p (p ))
1
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6&& & p (p (p ))

( & F %

(

&& 2 = 4
/
& %7

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' %& p ' p p .

0' && 2 = 8
/
& %
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&
& / % 5
> /
& p (p p ) 2
p1
p2
p3
p 2 p3
p1 (p2 p3 )
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4' %+& (' & F %
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1
39=6 693 ;%<63

@
&
+ & % & 8
9
(, & 5 / & && %9

& % @
&
& (+ ,' + & %
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' & %
" *%&& &
& & & & '
& p & & p & A B . &
A B 0 & & (A B) (B A)
2
.0 (p ) p .0 ( p) p ."0 (p ) .0 ( p)
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."0 (p ) p .0 ( p) p .0 (p ) p . 0 ( p) p
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%
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, & (+ ,
6 && & F = (((p q) r) p) p $
( & &
p && C &
F ) 2 (

,
p % &
& F & && C 3 & &
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4+& % % & &' %/
1
!'
'

& & . % /0

p & 7
&& C & % 5 & F
/ : F F

(p
C

.0 .0

q- q = C,
q,
.0
=
.0 .0 & A Bp
C
69 ;%<6
q=p
q = p
p
C
p
(A B)pC = ApC BC
.0 & A Bp

(A B)pC = ApC BC
."0 & A Bp

(A B)pC = ApC BC
6 && %
& ' &
' &

- &&
&& &
,
p & F '
%& ,
%

,
3
& & F = (((C q) r) C) p
6& -
& & 5
,
p &9&
% %& & &) @
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& F 6 % % & & %
.

0
,
p & F
& '' =
& F = (((sq)r)s) p
,
p &
F 5 & && && C %
&
&

F '
& s'
,
p & F
& &&
p E& F &9&

& %5/ & F %& & & 5
,

p % && & F >&& + %
& F & & & F ' F F '
9 & F % & & & F '
F F 4' & F & %
& && C &
5
,
p
& &
& %5/ & F ' & F '
,

p' &,'

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&
&
9

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7
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&

F = (((p q) r) p) p
C
2
s
p
s
C
!' * '

4
& A B (

. '

0 & A B ' |= A B
<
5

5 &
39=6 693 ;%<63
#
69&

5 && A B

&

/
v
9 v(A) = v(B)
6%
& & A B

2 (
A B '

/ v
9 v(A B) = 1 *

/
/' v(A B) = 1' v(A) = v(B)
'

/ v
9 v(A) = v(B)' %
/
/

/ v &&- v(A B) = 1
4' & A B ' & A B
7

* %
5 5 & F +& 7
/ (A B & A B

69& /

/ % F
3
E& A A ' %
9- A A
&( 4
9 - A B' B A)
6 / / %
&
9
- |= A B' |= B A'

/ v
9- v(A) = v(B)' v(B) = v(A) 2
9

&( / ' % (&
/ &(
2
4
9- A B B C ' A C )
6 / / ( %&
9 7
- |= A B |= B C ' |= A C '

/ v- v(A) = v(B) v(B) = v(C)
v(A) = v(C) 2
9

/ '
% (& /

4' /

& /

/ %
5 5 & F
* & (

& A B
A 7

& B > &

/
/ G & (
&

7
& 4' & (
4
& ' %%
/
69&
9 &

&

, |= A B & |= A B , |= A B & .

'

C /
|= (C A) (C B) |= (A C) (B C)A
|= (C A) (C B) |= (A C) (B C)A
|= (C A) (C B) |= (A C) (B C)A
|= (C A) (C B) |= (A C) (B C)
!

69 ;%<6

> |= A B & & A B

7

/ v
9- v(A) = v(B)
.0 6 %

/ v
v(A)

v(B) 6 /
/

7
/ v &&v(A) = 1 v(A) v(B) = 1 v(B)
8

/ v
9 v(A) = v(B)' &&v(A) = 1 v(A) = 1 v(B) = v(B)
4 &

/ v
9v(A) = v(B)
4' & A B

'
9|= A B
.0 4 &
.0 .0 4
.0' .0' .0' .0
.0 .0' .0 .0
* C %
&
.0 6 /
/

/ v &&v(C A) = min(v(C), v(A)) v(C B) = min(v(C), v(B))
6+

/ v
9 v(A) = v(B)' &v(C A) = min(v(C), v(A)) = min(v(C), v(B)) = v(C B)
4'

/
9- v(C A) = v(C B)
& C A C B

'
9|= (C A) (C B)
.0

/ &9& %
%
/ v
v(A) = v(B) v(C) ' 7

/ v
v(A) = v(B) v(C) (
1
/ v
v(A) = v(B) v(C) ' %
/
/ &&v(C A) = 1 v(C B) = 1
1
/ v
v(A) = v(B) v(C) ('
% /
/ &&v(C A) = 0 v(C B) = 0
4' ( & v(C A) = v(C B)'
% (&

/ v
v(C A)
v(C B) '
9|= (C A) (C B)
& &

&
9 &' & &

'
%
9

5 & % % &

39=6 693 ;%<63

. '
C & D F p /
|= C D& |= FCp FDp -
6 + 9&

' %& +
& >&& & F '
p &

7
& C D @ & F && &&
p
&& C & & F && &&
p 7
&& D & & F 6& -

& F F )
*

&&
& 7

4( ('

& C D &&
&& % & F F
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D

6 && %
& F 2& & 7
/& % 5 (5
& F
/' F & 5
' F

< F & ' F = = F = = ' %
9
|= F F
< F
q ( p' F = q = q
F = q = q 4' & F F q q ' %
9 |= F F
< F +
p' && F = p = C
F = p = D 8
9 |= C D' (
9- |= F F
>/ %%
- &
9
& F
& &, n 5 (5

49& &
9 & & n

6 && & F & n 5
E& F
&9 & 5 A B'
AB
A B

& & F ,
%& A B &
&, & F ' %
,5
9 / %%
' && |= A A
|= B B
6%
& & F A B
*
/ / & & &&F & A B
F & A B
1 |= B B & A
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D

% & A
|= A

> '
& B
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
% & A B A B

*
7

/

& A B A B

& A B A B &

7
& A B A B
4' && |= (A B ) (A B )'
|= F F
6%
& & F A B
*
/ / & & &&F & A B
F & A B
1 |= B B & A
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
% & A B A B

1
|= A A & B
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
% & A B A B

*
7

/

& A B A B

& A B A B &

7
& A B A B
4' && |= (A B ) (A B )'
|= F F
6%
& & F A B
*
/ / & & &&F & A B F & A B
1 |= B B & A
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
% & A B A B

>
|= A A & B
9 .0

|= (A B ) (A B )'
% & A B A B

*

/

& A B
A B

& A B A B
&

& A B & A B
p
C
p
C
69 ;%<6
p
p
BC
ApC BD
p
AD
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
39=6 693 ;%<63
4' && |= (A B ) (A B )' 7

|= F F
4
+
9
& F n 5
' & &

9 / ' % 7
(& %
& F . & %
&
& n 5
0
p |= C D
|= F F
p
C
p
C
p
C
p
D
p
C
p
D
p
D
p
D
6

%& %& &

6 && & F -

& %(
'
, %& p ,

& p .

.0 (p ) p 0 6&&
%& p

% & F ' &

,
& F &
, %& p F ' %

'
&,& ,

& && p & & F (r p) (q ((p ))) 3 &
- & p p

' %

& F (r p) (q ((p )))

'
& F ((r p) (q ((p ))))
( (
, ( %

+& & 7
, & +,
, %

,
(
, @
& %

(
, $ & &
) 8

& p p'
, & p
& F & & && p 2
&

&9& ( 7
&' & F = (r p) (q((p)))'

& F > & %& p & F ,

7
& && p ' &
' %5/ &
F F ' &
(r (p )) (q ((p )))
(r s) (q ((p )))

, %& p 5 & && ''7
= % & &

& s 4' &
% &&
& (r s) (q ((p )))' ,
s 7
|= (p ) p' %

&|= ((r s) (q ((p ))))sp ((r s) (q ((p ))))sp
&-
|= F ((r p) (q ((p )))).

69 ;%<6
4' + ( & F (r p) (q ((p )))

%

, & & (
& +
%

%&

'

%& , % /

% F . '

& '
A 0 '
- ,
'
F .0 '
A '
B
'
A& ( '
F1 '
F & - /
|= F F1 -
8

' %
& F

% " &' (
@&5 %( %

& & (+ , & 7

& %&
" & (+ , %& & (pq) p
(+ , % % 6&
& (p q) p' &
%

&' %& p' %
& &((p q) p) = ( q)
((p q) p) = ( q)
&&
p

(p q) p
( q)
( q)
& % && & ( q) &

( q) % &
5 & @
& &
'
q' % &9&

5 &
&

q &, ' q &,
&
-
"
39=6 693 ;%<63

(p q) p
( q)
( )
( q)
( )
( )
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F ) (p
F ))
6 && & (p F ) (p F ) ,& %7
&& F F
& & p , ..., p ' ' %
+
.
& % &0 %

%& 8 & /
%&
& p F & (p ) F ' %
% , & |=
(p , ..., p , p
) ((p
F ) ((p
) F ))
@ +
%
& %& >&&
& A B & (A (B )) ' % &
(p
F ) ((p
) F ) ' &
(p , ..., p , p
)'

&
((p
F ) (((p
) F ) ))
4' 9 & F
9
|=
(p , ..., p , p
)F
%
& & p , ..., p , p ' &((p
F ) (((p
) F ) ))
*
( &
9 / ' % (7
&

%
9 n &9
%&

n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1
n+1

% 439?
@
& && & / %% % {, }'
% & % {, }
6+ &

%
&
%
' %
{, , , }' {, }' {, }' {, }'
{} {}' % %& ,5
5
&
/
{, } (&
%

) ,

@
/& 5 &

7

& & %( & & %&&
6 && & F = (((p q) p)) q *+
/ %
& &

& F '

& &' (, 5
& A , ..., A .m 10' %
/&'

& A , ..., A (, 5
7
/ 5
%
5 /& % % 7
& &
& %
%
& 7
&

+ & F ' %

&
/ ' 1 & F %& p q
&,& ,

& && pq & &
F = (((p q) p)) q *

& F F

&
& F &&

& &&

&
*
4
'
|= ((A B)) (A B)' %& ((p q) p) &
F

& ((p q)) p' %

& F

&
F = (((pq))p)q & 4
'
|= ((A B)) (A B)' & %& (p q)
& F

& p q' %

& F

&
F = ((p q) p) q * '
/'
|= A A'

& p p'

& F . & % &
F 0

& F ((p q) p) q
E& F (A A )A ' A %& pq' A
p A q 4' & F
&
&
&
& / &
&
&' %
& %& : &

/
p & (

p p' p

1

69 ;%<6
!'
'
*
& A , ..., A .m 10 (,
%
5 /& E& ( & A , ..., A %7
/& &

& &
.4*E0 & (
&A ... A ,
& A , ..., A
& < p , ..., p .n 10
5 (, & A ' 1 i m'
& A & (
- p ... p
4 + &
& & *&'

& (, & %
/&'

5 & ( %
/&
6
& 5
%
& & 7

& &

&
' & F = (((p q) p)) q 4 &
&9& % & &

&
F ' & F = ((p q) p) q ' ( ,

7
& .
/
0- (p q) (p q) *

&& &

& F = (p (p q)) (q (p q)) 4'
& F

& F E& F 7

& &' & A A '
A %& p (p q) A %& q (p q)
< & / &
& &
1
!'
'
*
& A , ..., A .m 10 (,
%
5 /& E& ( & A , ..., A %7
/& &

& &
.8*E0 & (
&A ... A '
& A , ..., A
& < p , ..., p .n 10
5 (, & A ' 1 i m'
& A & (
- p ... p
6 && & A , ..., A (, %
5 /7
&' m
6 &
& % %+ /
% & 4*E * %& m = 4 & A ' A ' A A &&
%+ / A = ((A A ) A ) A '
& /
*
/
&

&& (A A ) (A A ) A ((A A ) A ) &
( % & 4*E &
1
4
i=1
1
#
% 439?
%

' &

&'
9& (, & A ' A ' A ' A %
5 /&'
,5 &9& & A A A A >
9
%+ / 8*E < %& %&
>&& &
F = (p (q r)) ((p q) (r (q s)))
E& F 4*E' & F A (A A )' 7
&- A = p (q r)' A = p q A = r (q s) 6 &&
& B = (p q) r' %+ / &
& A % & &' B
A & %&+,& >
9 &
B = p q A . (0A & B = (r q) s
A *
/
&&|= A B '
|= A B
|= A B
> 5 '

'
& |= (A (A A )) (B (B B ))'
%
9 A (A A ) B (B B ) *
/7

&&|= (B (B B )) ((B B ) B )'
B (B B ) (B B ) B ' %
/
|= (A (A A )) ((B B ) B )
4 & F

& F = (B B ) B
E& F 4*E' & & F

i' 1 i 3'
& F F ' A
B ' (, 5
5 & &' &
,& ( %
E& F %/( %
& + %+ /
, %+
/
> %
& 4*E' & F = A ... A
.m 10' %

& 4*E %+ /'
( %+ / A ''A &
% % >
9 & 8*E' &
F = A ... A .m 10 *&'
/

& A ' 1 i m'

& B ' %+
/ & A %5 & & A *

/
& F

%+ 7
/ & B ' 1 i m & 8*E
69&
9 & 8*E 4*E < &
8*E &9&
&
%
&
6& & 8*E' & A ... A .m 10'
&
1
m
i
!

69 ;%<6
(, %

5 /& 4 &
&
& A , ..., A
6& - & A , ..., A

,5
5 5
'
/) 4

5 & A , ..., A

p ,
/ p 1

/ v

v(p) v(p) & ' % & A , ..., A (,
%
5 /&' &&

A , ..., A

/ && & A ... A 8*E

& A , ..., A

,
/'
& & A ... A F9 -
& A ... A .m 10 8*E '
&
A ' 1 i m'

,
/' & %
& '
#
E& F = (p(pq))(q (pq)) %& &
8*E A A & A

p ,

/ p' & A

q ,
/ q
4' & F E& F = (((p q) p)) q

& F ' % (& & F
# 69&
9 & A ...A .m 10 8*E &

A .1 i m0

,
/
4 & %
&
@ 9&
,-
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& % 6%
& & &&
A '' A % & A & , %7

,
/ 6 && %

5 5
& A ' % {p , ..., p }'
%
5 5
( / & A '
% {q , ..., q }' 5 %
&9 % G

& A %
{p , ..., p } {q , ..., q }
& (5 & % &&
/ v

v(p ) = 0' 1 i k v(q ) = 1' 1 i j >&& &
A (, p '' p ' q '' q %
5 /7
&'

/& v

4' v(A ) = 0 @'
/ v' &
v(A ... A ) = 0' + & & A ... A
1(&
& A ' 1 i m'
&

,
/
< %& + & 4*E < & 4*E'

%

/ 6& &
4*E' & A ... A .m 10'
& A , ..., A (,
%
5 /& 4 & A ... A 7
' &
& A , ..., A F

A1 , ..., Am
A1 ... Am

% 439?
& A , ..., A
,

' %&
' ,
/ p 1

/ v
v(p) v(p)
& ' % & A , ..., A (, %
5
/&' &&

A , ..., A

/ 8

& A , ..., A

& A ... A
4' & 8*E %
' 7
& 4*E / 1 5

%
& %,
& F % & 4*E & 8*E
,

) @
- ' &
1

'

F ( '
F k

' ( '
F d

'& /
|= F F k

|= F F d
6 && %
& F < & F %7

/ % {, , }' %7

& (5
%
& &

& F %
&
/ %
&& %%
& F &

'
& F %
&
/ ' 2& &
/& %
& F ' n
/' & F &
' n = 0 2 (
& F
' %&
p 29
& F F &
p
>/ %%
- &
9
& F
& &, n (5

49& &
9 & & n

6 && & F & n
E& F &9
& 5 A B'
AB
A

& & F ,
%& A B &
&, & F ' %
,5
9 / %%
- % & A B

& & & A B

& &'
|= A A ' |= A A
|= B B ' |= B B
*
/

/

&' &9& %%

&& A ' B ' A B
/
4'
& A B %+ / & D ...D .m 10
D ... D .l 10 & D , ..., D , D , ..., D '
k

69 ;%<6
%+ / E& A B %+ 7

/ & C ... C .k 10 C ... C .j 10
& C , ..., C , C , ..., C %+ /
8
&' %
& & F F
6%
& & F A B
*%
& %
& F
> |= A A |= B B

|= (A B) (A B )'
& A B
& &
& A B
& &' % 9
& F + & A B
*%
& & F
> |= A A |= B B

|= (A B) (A B )'
F

& A B - F A B ' &
A B (C ...C )(C ...C ) < %& C ...C
& A B (& C ' & A B (C ... C ) C *
%+

&& |= ((C ... C ) C ) ((C C ) ... (C C ))'
& ' & F d
1
d
(C1
(C1
...
Cj
))
... (Ck (C1

... Cj
))
%+ / & C (C ...C )' 1 i k 4'

& A B

& F 8
&
%+

& |= (C (C ... C )) ((C C ) ... (C C ))'
% &&- C (C ... C ) (C C ) ... (C C )

5 %& & F ' 1 i k' &&C (C ... C ) (C C ) ... (C C )
& F
, %& C (C ... C )'
1 i k ' &,& ,

& && &
& F
((C1
C1 )
... (C1 Cj
)) ... ((Ck C1
) ... (Ck Cj
)),

& C '' C ' C '' C ( %

/& 2 ( & F
&7
& *

&
F . & A B 0

& F 4' 9
& F & F
1

% 439?
6%
& & F A B

& (
& & F
> |= A A |= B B

|= (A B) (A B )
& A B
& &
& A B
& &' % 9
& F + & A B
1 9, & F & AB % %&
( 9, & F & A B
6%
& & F A
> |= A A |= A A

|= (A) (A ) |= (A) (A )'
F A F A *%
& & F
1 & & A
&
& E& A D ... D ' % & A
(D ... D ) *
%+ 4

&& |= ((D ... D )) (D ... D )'
& D ... D %+ / & D '
1 i m 4' A D ... D ' F D ... D

& D ' 1 i m' %+ / 7

& D & s ' s 1 4'
%
& D ' 1 i m' %+ /
p ... p ' p '' p
&
D .1 i m0 (p ... p ) @% %+
4
' && d
m
1
i
1
i
si
i
1
i
si
i
1
i
si
|= ((pi1 ... pisi )) (pi1 ... pisi )
&
& D .1 i m0

& p ... p .*%&& p ... p
p r
r' p % .

/0 r0 < & D ... D

& D .1 i m0 && ,

& &&
p ...p & & F
&
& '

'
9D ... D F F && F D ... D ' %

/ ' && F F ' & F
9 & F
9|= F F
1 9, & F & & A % %& 7
( 9, & F
4' & / ' % (& %7

& F % & 8*E 4*E' & &
F F ' ,

i
t
i
1
i
si
i
1
i
1
i
si
i
si
i
t

69 ;%<6
)% ,

&
&

& %

6 &

1
|= ((p q) r) ((p r) (q r))

|= ((p q) r) ((p r) (q r))
F& & (p q) r (p r) (q r) %
&

& & %
%
& 7

& ' & & (p q) r (p r) (q r)' +

/ & & 9& %
&
&
&

&' & (p q) r (p r) (q r)'

&

& +
/ & & '

& (p q) r (p r) (q r)
2 &
%/ & /& %

5 5 & F &
& & % (5

{, , , } & % {, , } * 7

+ , &

& F
&9& %
&

& ( %

% {, , }
E/& %
& F &
+ % & F &

& ' &
&
4+& / : F F
(p = pA
.0
p.0 .0 & A B- (A B) = A B A
.0 & A B- (A B) = A B A
."0 & A- (A) = A
8 %& & F %&& % % & '
& & F < & F %&& % %
%
& & (F ) '
& %(' & (F )
% & F 2 % &
1 69& /& %
&

& F
9- (F ) = F
< F
p' (F ) = (p ) = p = p = F
< & F A B' A B A' & A
B &
&, & F ' % ,5
9
/ %%
- (A ) = A (B ) = B 69&

9 ( & F A B >&&(F ) = ((A B) ) = (A B ) = (A ) (B ) &
(A ) = A (B ) = B' (& (F ) A B'
(F ) = F > % % & (
&
"
% 439?
8 /

'
|= ((p q) r) ((p r) (q r))'

&9& %
|= ((p q) r) ((p r) (q r))
6&& ' % ' &9
9 ((p q) r) ((p r) (q r)) '
((p q) r) ((p r) (q r))
6& -
9 %
&) @
-
2 %

&' &

%
D E . '
, '
D E
)& '
D E
)-
4 &
& && % 9&
& @ & % + / %
5
5 & F E/ : F F
7
(.0
pp = pA
.0 .0 & A B- (A B) = A B A
.0 & A B- (A B) = A B A
."0 & A- (A) = A

'

F '
F F
)-

:& & /& %

& F
/-
' & F

p & ( & F p & F = p p'
% %+
9 |= p p'
9- |= F F
>/ %%
-
F &, n

9|= F F
49& &
9 & & n

6 && & F & n
E& F &9 &
5 A B'
AB
A

& & F ,
%& A B & &,
& F '
,5
9 / %%
|= A A

|= B B
6%
& & F A B
>&& F = (AB) F = (AB) = A B *
7
/ %%

' &&|= (A B) (A B )'

69 ;%<6
% &- A B A B *
4
'
|= ((A B)) (A B)' & + %

5
&- F A B '

/
' && F A B ' && |= F F
6%
& & F A B
* %% ( %5& ( &
9
|= ((A B)) (A B ) 4' |= F F
6%
& & F A
E& F A' & F A *
/
%%
&& |= A A & .0

- |= C D |= C D 6&&

|= A A &|= A A '

|= F F

% F . '

* .

'

{p1 , ..., pm }- 5 '
(F )pp...p...p F

)1

:& & /& %

& F
/-
' & F

p 2 F = p' (F ) = (p) = p F = p = p
8
9 |= p p' & |= (F ) F
>/ %%
-
F &, n

9|= (F )
F
49& &
9 & & n

6 && & F & n
E& F &9 &
5 A B ' A B A

& & F ,
%& A B &
&, & F ' %
,5
9 / %%
|= (A )
A
|= (B )
B
6%
& & F A B
> / %%
'

' & |= ((A )
(B )
) (A B )
p
p
p
p
p
p
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm

% 439?
69& |= (F )
F *

/ & & / / 7
& F = A B && p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
(F )pp
= ((A B) )pp
= (A )pp
(B )pp
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
1 ...pm
F = (A B)
4' &&
= A B

(
F A B A
1 ...pm
|= (F )pp
F
1 ...pm
9& &

6%
& & D E @ 7
'

9 |= A B'
9
|= A B ' & |= D E '
%
9 D E G+ &&'
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E
9|= D D
|= E E '
D D E E > 5

D E ' &(
/ D E '
|= D E
>
& D E ' ,
p , ..., p
& p , ..., p '

"' & |= (D E )
'
'
/ & &
&
' |= (D )
(E )
'

9 (D )
(E )
' |= (D )
D
|= (E )
E '
D (E )
E %
%
9 (D )
&(
' & D E ' &

p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
p1 ...pm
|= D E .

69 ;%<6
& % &

9 +

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9- & D E '
& D E

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8 D E '

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6 +
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, 8 & &&( ' &&
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7
, &9&
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6
& %,- a b' b c c d
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5040301
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IJ Gentzen, G. Untersuchungen uber das logische Schlieen. Mathematische
Zeitschrift 39, 176-210, 405-431 (English translation in The Collected Papers
of Gerhard Gentzen, Szabo, M.E. (ed.), North-Holland, 1969)
IJ 4+' 8 Logic' - The Language of Science, Polimetrica, Monza' 7

(http://www.mi.sanu.ac.rs/ kosta/Logic.pdf)
I J Zach, R. Completeness before Post: Bernays, Hilbert, and the development of
propositional logic, The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, vol. 5, no. 3, (1999), pp.
331-366.
I#J G( ' 6 1

' &(
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1964.
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IJ Prawitz, D. Natural Deduction, Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, 1965.
IJ 6+ ' A ' *( ,' '
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IJ Frege, G. The Foundations of Arithmetic, translated by Austin, J. L., Harper
and Brothers, New York 1953.
IJ Chiswell, I. and Hodges, W. Mathematical Logic, Oxford University Press, 2007.

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