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    SPECIAL TYPES OF BEE MANAGEMENT

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    5 views10 pages

    Special Types of Bee Management

    Uploaded by

    Mercedes Martínez Villagómez
    SPECIAL TYPES OF BEE MANAGEMENT

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 10
    260. Chapter §: SPECIAL by the British Columbia Deparument of Agriculture and Food (Manitoba Beekeeper, 1986) are summar ized here because the information is nat readily avail- able. But full instructions must be obtained and read in detail before cyanide is used, or handled in any way Calcium cyanide may be transported in case lots by truck, but may not be sent by post, and should not be carried in a car, It must always be kept locked in a secure place with external ventilation, and never in a place occupied by people. When taken to the hives, it should have packing round it, inside a larger con- teiner with a tight-fitting lid which is locked. Goggles and impervious gloves that can be washed must always be worn, and a special type of respirator of which details are given. The maximum. exposure allowable for a person is very low, 1D ppm for an 8 hour period. No one should ever work alone with cal cium evanide. Ic is best to kill colonies in late evening. For each hive, spread 1-2 tablespoons (12-25) of calcium cyanide on a large sheet of cardboard which can easily be slipped insige the hive entrance and on to the floor board. Then block up the entrance, and jar the hive 10 make the bees active. Do not open the hive until next morning. A pump or dust gun can be used ifthere are many hives. ‘A much safer agent for the operator would be an insecticide that is relatively nontoxic to man. tn the USA use of the insecticide resmethrin is permitted for killing diseased colonies (Moeller & Corley, 1977) However, resmethrin contaminates beeswax combs, and the residue is not removed by normal wax render ing. Carbaryl is also registered by the USA Fhviror mental Protection Agency for killing bees. Neither is regarded by everyone as suitable for killing bees on combsin hives, on account of the residual toxicity (Kil- lion, 1986). "The University of California (19830) sug- gesis using the Insecticide Phostoxin (aluminium phosphide), whose residue in wax combs disappears after they are aired for a few days. For killing bees in hhive equipment before this is irradiated to sterilize it. Bruce White (1987) ia Australia Is using a mixture of| 93% ethyl acetate, 39 carbon disulphide, 2% dimethyl sulphoxide and 2% acetic acid; the mixture is blown on to the combs, and it leaves no residue (Bryant, 19876} By whatever method the bees are killed, the brood boxes will contain combs containing honey. pollen and Gead brood, and several kg of dead adult bees. ‘The honey and pollen are stored for use by bees hived from new packages next spring, which will also clean up the dead brood. The adnit bees are scattered over the ground, of buried. MANAGEMENT. 8-4 MANAGING HONEYBEES FOR CROP POLLINATION Section 2.44 explains how bees pollinate lowers in the ‘course of their foraging activities. In an area of mixed bee forage, such as oecursin small-scale agriculture or suburban gardens, there are likely to be scattered dis- tulbutions of both wild bees and honeybees. These bees may well pollinate any crops, and the mixed bee forage may provide them with nectar and pollen throughout the active season. It may also enable honeybee col- foales to store sufficient for the next dearth period. whether or not any surplus honey is le for the beekeepers. Table $.4A gives information on bee- pollinated crop plants, many of which are included in ‘Appendix 1 as important honey sources. So it may be mutually advantageous for a beekeeper within easy reach of such a crop to arrange with the grower that hives should be placed on the crop during its flowering period. However, colonies prepared specifically for pollinating work ~ for instance with extra unscaled brood (Section 8.42) — consume nectar or honey xs wcll as pollen, and the beekeeper is unlikely 10 harvest much honey from them, He must therefore be recom pensed by the grower for his work in preparing, moving and tending the hives, and for his capital Investment, The moving of hives is covered in Section 8.1 endits subsections. Beekeepers who hire out hives of bees for crop polli- nation need to have a sound legal contract with the crop grower; @ recommended text is given in Figure 15.63a. They should also be aware of the risks of insecticide poisoning (Section 11.7}. Section 15.5 gives details of laws in relation to pesticide damage to bees, and the impact of pest management an bees in relation to pollination is discussed by Crane and Walker |1983), Most of the present section deals with European Apis mellifera, which hras been much studied as a crop poll- nator, but Afticanized bees as crop pollinators are dls- cussed in Section 7.43.2. Management of A. cerana is very Similar (Figure 8.42a): but its fight range, and often tts colony population, are smaller. and few data are available on the most effective number of hives to be used per hectare for different crops. A. dorsata and A florea are both very efficient pollinators; for instance in one study A, florea constituted 75% of foraging in- sects on a Brassica crop in India. But neither of these bees can easily be managed for erop pollination. Other bees are reared specifically for pollination including bumble tees (Bombus), leafcutter bees (Megachile), and alkali bees (Nomia|: see Section 8.5 and its subsections, 8.4 MANAGING HONEYBEI )R CROP POLLINATION 261 Table 84 Some important crop plants pollinated by honeybees and/or other insects Data extracted from Crane and Walker (19842). Plants marked * are important honey sources and are included in Appendix 1. Por plants ia List 1, production of the crop harvested depends on pollination; for those in List 2, pollina- tion is needed only if seed is required for propagation or in plant breeding. All plants are entirely or partly insect- pollinated, and the right-hand colurmn indicates: (a) the value of honeybees (b) (¢} other remarks. Common and botanical names of erop ‘known, the number of hives (of pis mellifera) cequired per hectare Value of honeybees: other remarks List 1 Plants whose crop production depends on pollination acerola ~ Malpigitia glabra allspice ~ Pimenta dioica almond - Prunus dulcis angelica ~ Angelica archangelica anise ~ Pinpinclla anistan * apple — Malus domestica apricot ~ Prunus armeniaca aubergine = eggplant * avocado ~ Persea americana balsam pear ~ Momordica charantia bean, adzuki ~ Vigna angularis bean, broad — bean, fcld bean, butter ~ Phaseolus lunatus “bean. field or faba ~ Vicia Jha bean, haricot or French or kidney ~ Phaseolus vulgaris bean, horse or jack ~ Canavalia ensiformis bean, Lima = bean, butter bean, mang Vigna radiata bean, rice ~ Vigne umbellata *bean, runner — Phaseolus coceineus bean, soya —Glicine max bean, sword — Canavalia gladiata ber ~ Ziziphus mauritiana bergamot — Citrus bergamia blackberry ~ Ruchus fruticosus blueberry, highbush — Vaccinium spp blucberry, lowbush — Vaccinium spp “buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum cacao = cocoa cajan = pea, pigeon carambola — Averrioa carabole caraway ~ Carum carvi cardamom — Blettaria eardamomum cashew — Anacardium occidentale castor — Ricinus communis chayote—Sechiuum edule cherimoya ~ Annona cherimola cherry, sweet ~ Prunus aviurn cherry, sour ~ Prunus eerasus * chestnut, Japanese ~ Castanea pubinervis *chestnut. sweet or Spanish ~C. sativa * increase yield, ‘more information needed yield increase yield, 3-8 hives/ha known to pollinate more information needed increase yield. 2+ hives/ha increase yield. 2.5 hives/ha increase yield, 2-4 hives/ha increase yield more information needed Inown to pollinate increase yield, hives recommended known to pollinate knows to pollinate more information needed more information needed increase yield, hives recommended increase yield mown to pollinate known to pollinate see citrus, general increase yield, 7-10 hives/ha increase yield, 10+ hives/ha 5S hives/ba -8 hives/ha increase yield, 2 known to pollinate Imowa to pollinate increase yield known to pollinate known to pollinate more information needed more information needed increase yield, 2.5~3 hives/ha increase yield more information needed increase yield. 1.5100 hives/ha (continued) 262 _Chaptcr 8: SPECIAL TYPES OF BEE MANAGEMENT Table $44 (cont Conon arad botanical nea es of erop Chinese goosherry = kiwi fruit *citron~ Citrus medica * citrus, general ~ Citrus coe ~ Thenhrome exean “coconut palm ~ Cocos muriera * coffee ~ Coffee arabica colza, indian = sarson *coriandler ~ Coriardrum saivuen “cotton ~ Gossypsim spp ress, rocket — Eruva sativa cucumber and gherkin ~ Cuca cucumber, bitter = balsain pear currant, black ~ Ribes nigrans currant, red — Ribes rubrum date palm ~ Phoenix dactulifera ill Anethumt graveotens * durian ~ Durio zibethinus eggplant ~ Solanum melongena feljoa ~ Fetjoa sélowtana fennel ~ Focnicuiun valgare fig — Fiews gherkin, see cucumber gooseberry, Chinese = kivei fruit posebecry, European ~ Ribes qrossularia * gourds; pumpkin, squesh, marrow — Cucurbita spp gourd. ridge (and smooth or sponge) = loofah (and loofah. angled) gram, horse — Macrotyloma uniflorum v.ueifloram ‘am, red = pea, pigeon granadila = passion fruit granadilla, giant ~ Passiflora quadrangalaris: grape — Vitis spp * grapelruit ~ Citrus paralisi * guava Psiditon guajave * Jujube, Chinese Ziciphus jujeba jujube, Indian = ber Kapok = silk-cotton tree kiwifruit — Actinidia chinensis ola mat ~ Cole acwirinata and C. wltda "lemon Citrus limon * lime —Citrus * Linseed —Linurn usitatissum litehi = lyche *Longan — Euphoria longan loofah ~ Lagfa eylindriva loofah, angled — Lufie autang * lychee — Litehi chinensis macadamia ~ Macidania integr mandarin orange —Citrns reteulati Value of honeybees: other remarks may be major pollinator; see als next entry great variation: 1-2 hives/laa for some varieties midges are important pollinators increase vield increase yield, hives recommended increase yield merease Vield, 0.5-12 hives/ha Increase yield. 0.5+ hives/ha probably pollinate increase yield. (up to) 10 hives/ha increase yield, 6 hives/ba Increase yield, $ hives/ha inseets minor pollinators: hand pollination used Increase yield, hives recommended ‘more information needed increase yield increase vield knowa to pollinate cach sp. pollinated by different wasp sp. Increase yleld, 0,5-3.5 blves/ha increase yield, 2-4 hives/ha Inercase yield ‘hand pollination recommended inerease yield, I bive/lia more information needed known to pollinate known to pollinate inerease yield. 8 hives/ha more information needed known (o pollinate increase yield known to pollinate increase yield may beimportant hawkmoths are one pollintator Anowa to pollinate increase yield, 5-8 increase yield, 4 hives s/he (continued) Vable 8.4 (continued) Common and botanical names of crop 84 MANAGI ES FOR CROP POLLINATION 263 ‘ale of honeybees: other remarks * mango— Mangifera indica * melon — Cucwonis melo melon, water — Citradlus lanatus * milkweed — Asclepias syriaca mu tree = tung [Alewrites montana] * mustard, black or brown — Brassica nigra * mustard, field — Brussicu campestris * mustard, Indian — Brassiea juncea * mustard, white —Sinapis alba nectarine, see peuch * niger — Gudzotia abyssinica nutmeg — Myristca fragrans * oil palm — Elaeis quineensis okra — Abelmosehus eseulentus * orange, sweet ~ Citrus sinensis * orange, Seville—C. aurantium * papaya ~ Carica papaya passion fruit ~ Prosiflora edulis pawpaw or papaw — Asimina triloba pawpaw [Ceriea papaya) = pap: ea. garden or field ~ Pisum sattrean * pea, pigeon = Cajtescojar peach and nectarime ~ Prumus persica ear ~ Pyrus communis ersimmon ~ Diospuros kaki pil nut ~ Cararteen ovadeant plam~ Prius domestica * pomelo ~ Citrus grandis pyrethrum — Chrysarathemumn etnerartfoluen guiince~ Cylon oblong *rambutan ~ Nephetiune laypacewn rape. Indian = toria “rape, oilseed ~ Brassica napus v. oieifera rape, turnip ~ Brussice rapa subsp. oleifera “raspberry — Rubus idaeus rocket-salad = cress. rocket safllower ~ Carthamus tinctorius *sarson ~ Brassica campestris v. sarson sarson, brown = toria stumat~ Citrus unshit seunt = fennel scarlet runner = bean, runner sesame ~ Sesanaon indicum *silk-cotton tree— Ceiba pentarndra soya bean = bean. soya strawberry —Fragaria x ananassa sunflower ~ Helianthus annuus tamarugo~ Prosopis tamarigo tangerine - Citrus deiciosa increase yield, 8-15 hives/ha increase yield, 0.5~7.5 hives/ha Inerease yleld, 0.5-3 hives/lia known to pollinate increase yield Increase yleld increase yield increase yield, 2.5 hives/ha increase yield ‘moce information needed pollinators include thrips and weevils known to pollinate see citrus, general see citrus, general increase yield known to pollinate known to pollinate known to pollinate Known to pollinate increase yield, 1-2.5 hives/ha increase yield, 1-5 hives/ha known to pollinate ‘more laformation needed increase yield, 2.5 hives/ha see citrus, general ‘more information needed known to pollinate increase yield increase yield, 2-6 hives/ha increase yield, 2.5-5 hives/ia increase yield, 0.5-2 hives/ha nerease yield, 2 hives/va increase yield see citrus. general known to pollinate bats pollinate, also insects probably including honeybees increase yield, 254 hives/ha increase yield, 1-4 hives/ha known to pollinate see citrus, general (contbmued) 264 _Chapier 8: SPECIAL, TYPES OF BEE MANAGEMENT Table 8. A teontinuel) Common and botanical names of erep tangerine [C, rediculata] = mandarin orange tomato — Lycopersicon eseulentian *“toria ~ Brassica ceonpestris v. dichotoma tung ~ Aleurites fordit tung~ 4. monwna ib or ye-eb — Cordewuxia edulis List 2 Plants whose propaga Value of honeybees: other retnarks known to pollinate known to pollinate known to pollinate known to pollinate more information needed ion by seed depends on pollination Plants in single brackets are usually propagated by sees only for breeding purposes: plants in donbl brackets are not usually propagated by seed at all alfalfa = lucerne asparagus ~ Asparagus offietualis beet, sugar; beetroot; mangald * berseem ~ Driv alevantrimon bindstoot trefoil = trefoil, birésfoot “borage — Borayo offcinalls box elder — Acer negundo cabbage. Chinese (pak-choi) ~ Brassica chinensis cabbage. Chinese (pe-tsai) ~ B. pekinensts * carrot ~ Deucis earvta cassava Manihot escelentus cauliflower — Brassica oleracea v. hotrytis celery and celeriac — avium graveolens chicory — Cichoriuan intybus chives ~ Allium schoenoprestom cinchone = quinine * love ~ Syzygium aromaticum * clover, alsike ~ Driflinen hayride dover, arrowleaf—T. vesiculosum clover. ball ~ 1. nigrescens clover, bush = lespedeza * clover, crimson —T. incarnatun clover, Egyptian ~ berseem clover, hop = medick, black * clover, Persian ~ P. resuplnatumn * clover, red —T. pratense * lover, strawberry ~T.fragiferium * clover. sweet ~ Meltlotus spp * lover, white ~ P. repen cole erops ~ Brassiea oleracea endive ~ Cicharium endivia cucalypts - Eucalyptus spp * flax ~ Linum usitetisirnum hemp, sunn ~ Crotalaria jumoea hhenequen — Agave Jourcroyces Kale, sea —Crambe maritima kenaf~ Hibiscus carsncbinus * lavender — Lavandula angustifolia * lavender. spike ~ I. latifolia Increase yield, 5 hives/ba most pollination by wind, some by honeybees Inown to pollinate known to pollinate more information needed known to pollinate Increase yield increase yield, hives recommended more information needed increase yield known to polinate known to pollinate known to pellinate known to pollinate Increase yield, 2-8 hives/ha increase yield, 2.5 hives/ha increase yield increase yield, (up to) 12 hives/ha Increase yield, 4-5 hives/ha increase yield. 3-15 hives/ha known to pollinate increase yield. 2-5 hivesyha Increase yield, 2-3 hives/ha ‘increase yield, hives recommended more information needed importance varies between species Known to pollinate more information needed known to pollinate known to pollinate increase yield, hives recommended known to pollinate known to pollinate (continued) Table 8.4: (continued) Common and botanical nares of erep leek - Alliuam porriun * lespedeza — Lespeileza spo lettuce —Lactuca sativa *hucerne — Medicago sativa lupin — Lupin spp manioe = cassava ‘marjoram —Origanton vulgare nedick, black — Medicago lupulina melilot ~ clover, sweet mint, garden ~ Mentha spicata onion ~ Allium ceva pak-choi = cabbage, Chines parsley ~ Petroselinum crispum parsnip ~ Pastinaca sativa peppermint ~_Mentha x piperita pe-tsai — cabbege, Chinese [Brassica pekinensis] * potato, sweet — Ipomoea bataias quinine — Cinchona spp radish ~ Raphanus sativus shubarb ~ Rhewn rhaponticum * rosemary ~ Rosmarinus officinalis rutabage = swede saffron = Crocus saitvus * soge — Salvia officinalis * ssinfoin = Onobrychis viciifoia salsify ~ Tragepogon porrifolus sano hemp = hemp, sun sisal ~ Agave sisalana spearmint = mint, garden sulla = vetch, sweet sunn hemp = hemp, swam swede ~ Brassica napus v. napobrassica sweet clover = clover, sweet tapioca = cassava. tea ~ Camellia sinensis * tobacco — Nicotiana tabacum * trefoil. birdsfoot ~ Lotus corniculatus trefoil yellow = medick, black turnip ~ Brassica rapa subsp. rapa * vetch, hairy — Vicia villesa vetch, kidney — Anthyllis vulneraria * vetch, sweet — Hedysarum coronarium wattle, black ~ Acacia mearnsii yueca ~ Yuece filamentosa [Brassica chinensis] 8.4 MANAGING HONEYBEES FOR CROP POLLINATION 265 Value of honeybees; other remarks Known to pollinate increase yields, 2+ hives/ha more information needed increase yield, 4-8 hivesjba known to pollinate known to pollinate ‘more information needed more information needed increase yield, 12-36 hives/ha more information needed known to pollinate more information needed known to pollinate more information needed increase yield, 5 hives/ha more information needed known to pollinate known to pollinate known to pollinate increase yield (up to) 10 hives/ha known to pollinate known to pollinate increase yield, 2.5-+ hives/ha bees important in one area and flies in another known to pollinate imerease yield, 2 hives/ha increase yield, 2.5 hives/ha imerease yield, 1 hive/ha known to pollinate Increase yield, 5-8 hives/ha known to pollinate Pronuba moths pollinate wild plants 266 Chapter 8: SPECIAL TYPES OF BEE MANAGEM Substantial books on erop pollination by bees in dude these by Free (1970), MeGregor (1976) and Pes \d Louveaux (1984); Crane and Walker (L98-4a) give brief details indexed under crop. 8.41 When special honeybee management for pollination is needed A certain emount of crop pollination occurs wherever bees are kept. In some circumstances, however, it is necessary te prepare colonies of honeybees, and to move them to the crop specifically for the purpose (Pigure 8.41), {a) Where the area covered by the crop to be polli- nated is

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