Laptrinh VN CongNgheFPGA

Tm Tt Ni Dung Kha Lun
My hin th sng hay cn gi l my dao ng s c nh (DSO) l mt thit b

khng th thiu trong o lng iu khin. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa khc cng
ngh m ngy nay chng ta c nhng my hin sng c tnh nng rt phong ph v
kch thc cng c gim xung ng k, bt cng knh v c bit gi thnh li h
xung rt nhiu. Ngy nay cng ngh sn xut FPGA rt pht trin nn kha lun ny
em xin trnh by v cch thit k mt my dao ng s c nh da trn cng ngh
FPGA.
Kha lun c chia lm hai phn: Phn l thuyt em xin trnh by mt cch
tng quan nht v cng ngh FPGA, gii thiu s qua v cc bc thc hin trong
FPGA. Phn th hai em xin trnh by v cc loi my dao ng s c nh, cu to v
nguyn tc hot ng ca my dao ng tng t v my dao ng s c nh. Cui
cng l phn em trnh by v cc bc thit k mt my dao ng s trn FPGA v
mt s kt qu thu c.
Kha lun tt nghip
Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA
Mc lc
M u........................................................................................................................................1
Chng 1.....................................................................................................................................2
TNG QUAN V FPGA.........................................................................................................2
1.1 FPGA L G?.................................................................................................................2
1.2. LCH S RA I FPGA...............................................................................................3
1.3. NG DNG...................................................................................................................3
1.4. CU TRC MT FPGA...............................................................................................4
1.4.1 Khi logic FPGA......................................................................................................4
1.4.2 Cc phn t tch hp sn...........................................................................................5
1.4.3 Quy trnh thit k FPGA tng qut...........................................................................5
1.4.3.1 M t ban u v thit k...................................................................................6
1.4.3.2 Thc thi.............................................................................................................8
1.4.3.3 Qu trnh Np (download) v lp trnh (program)........................................10
1.5 TNG QUAN V VHDL..............................................................................................10
1.5.1 Gii thiu v ngn ng m t phn cng VHDL....................................................10
1.5.2 Cu trc mt m hnh h thng m t bng VHDL................................................12
1.5.2.1 Thc th (entity) ca m hnh .........................................................................12
1.5.2.2 Kin trc ca m hnh.....................................................................................13
TNG QUAN V OSCILLOSCOP........................................................................................14
2.1 . DAO NG K IN T...........................................................................................14
2.2 PHN LOI OSCILLOSCOP......................................................................................15
2.3 CU TRC CA OSCILLOSCOP IN T TNG T......................................16
2.3 CU TRC CA OSCILLOSCOP IN T S.......................................................17
CC BC THIT K MT OSCILLOSCOP S C NH...............................................22
3.1 CC THNH PHN TRONG THIT K...................................................................23
3.1.1.B nh.....................................................................................................................23
3.1.2 B bin i tng t - s ADC..............................................................................25
..........................................................................................................................................25
3.1.3 B khuch i m .................................................................................................27
3.1.4 iu khin logic......................................................................................................29
3.2 THIT K CHI TIT....................................................................................................32
3.2.1 Cu hnh np vo FPGA....................................................................................32
3.2.2 Ch tin trigger...................................................................................................33
3.2.3 D im trigger.......................................................................................................34
3.3.4 B to xung.............................................................................................................36
3.3.6 Giao din logic cng song song..............................................................................37
3.3.7 iu khin ADC .....................................................................................................38
Chng 4...................................................................................................................................39
CHNG TRNH V M PHNG TRN KIT DE2...........................................................39
4.1 TNG QUAN V KIT DE2 V CHIP CYCLONE II.................................................39
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4.2 CHNG TRNH V M PHNG............................................................................44

4.2.1. Chng trnh chnh iu khin DSO......................................................................44
4.2.2 Chng trnh iu khin logic cng song song.......................................................46
4.2.3 Chng trnh iu khin FIFO................................................................................47
4.2.4 Chng trnh to dng xung chia theo t l 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32......................49
4.2.4 Chng trnh d im trigger..................................................................................50
..........................................................................................................................................50
Kt lun.....................................................................................................................................52
PH LC..................................................................................................................................53
Ti liu tham kho.....................................................................................................................70
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CC T VIT TT
ADC
: Analog -to- Digital Converter
ASIC
: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit
CPLD
: Complex Programmable Logic Device
DAC
: Digital-to-Analog Converter
DRAM
: Dynamic Random Access Memory .
DSO
: Digital Storage Oscilloscop
DSP
: Digital Signal Processing.
E2
: EEPROM.
EEPROM
: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only

Memory.
FIFO
: First In First Out
FPGA
: Field-Programmable Gate Array
HDL
: Hardware Description Language
I/O
: Input/Output
LAB
: Logic Array Block.
LE
: logic Element.
LUT
: Look Up Table
MAC
: Multication and accumulation
PC
: Personal Computer
PLA
: Programmable Logic Array
RAM
: Random Access Memory
ROM
: Read-Only Memory
SPLD
: Simple Programable Devices.
SRAM
: Static Random Access Memory.
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VHDL
: VHSIC hardware description language
VHSIC
: Very High Speed Itergrated Circuit
WCLK
: Write Clock.
WE
: Write Enable.
WRST
: Write Reset.
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Li cm n
Li u tin em xin gi li cm n n ton th cc thy, c gio khoa in t Vin thng trng i hc Cng Ngh- HQG H Ni, nhng ngi tn tnh dy
d, ch bo em trong sut bn nm hc va qua ti nh trng.
Tip theo em xin gi li cm n su sc n TS Nguyn Thng Long v
CN Phan Vn Minh , nhng ngi trc tip hng dn em trong sut qu trnh hc
tp v nghin cu ti trng, cc thy truyn cho em cch t duy c h thng,
phng php nghin cu, tip cn thc t - nhng iu rt qu bu vi em khi ra
trng lm vic thc t.
Em xin cm n ti ton th cn b b mn Vi c in t - vi h thng nhng
ngi dn dt v nh hng nghin cu cho em trong sut hai nm qua.
Em xin gi li cm n ti Ths. Nguyn Kim Hng cng ton th cn b lm
vic trong phng cc h thng tch hp thng minh ch bo v to in kin cho
em trong sut qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu FPGA trong phng.
Em xin t lng bit n chn thnh ti cha m, gia nh em nhng ngi sinh
thnh, nui nng, tin tng ng vin em. Xin gi li cm n ti tt c bn b, c bit
l tp th lp K49B, nhng ngi c v, ng vin, chia s vi em trong sut
nhng nm qua.
H ni, ngy 27 thng 5 nm 2008
Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Vn Thng
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M u
Dao ng k (Oscilloscop) l mt thit b o lng in t ph bin nht hin
nay, khng ging nh cc loi my o khc ch cho ta cc thng s ca tn hiu,
Oscilloscop cn cho php ta quan st tc thi dng ca tn hiu. Nhim v chnh ca
mt Oscilloscop l hin th mt cch tht chnh xc, chi tit dng tn hiu di dng
hm s ca in p v thi gian. Ngoi ra mt nhim v khng km phn quan trng
khc ca oscilloscop l so snh cc dng sng khc nhau v o lng mi quan h v
thi gian v pha gia chng.
C th ni qu trnh pht trin ca oscillscop gn lin vi qu trnh pht trin ca
k thut in t. M u l oscilloscop tng t, mt vi thp nin gn y l
oscilloscop s, gn y nht l mt s cng ty o lng hng u th gii va cho ra
i oscilloscop hn hp gia s v tng t c tnh hp vi cc tnh nng mnh m
nht tha hng t ngnh cng nghip my tnh.
Th k 21 l th k ca thng tin v k thut s vi s pht trin v ng dng rng
ri ca cc b vi x l. Bng vic a sc mnh k thut s vo thc tin, cc b vi x
l ngy mt thay i cch sng ca x hi loi ngi. Kha in t, my in thoi,
ni cm in..ca chng ta ang ngy mt thng minh hn, mnh m v nhanh nh
cc b vi x l. Tt c cc ngnh cng nghip ln nh: vin thng, iu khin cng
nghip, sn xut hng tiu dng u thc c v s dng trit cng ngh mi
v h cng vp phi nhng vn mi cn gii quyt l cc vn lin quan ti
tn hiu v iu khin s v tng t ca th gii thc. Oscilloscop vi vai tr l mt
thit b gim st, o kim phi p ng c cc yu cu ngy cng kht khe do cc
ngnh cng nghip ny t ra.
Vi mc ch l tm hiu v thit k mt oscilloscop s, kha lun ny trnh by
v phn tnh cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca cc loi oscilloscop, cc tnh nng tin
tin ca chng, c bit l cch thit k mt oscilloscop k thut s c nh dng chip
FPGA lm trung tm iu khin.
Kha lun tt nghip
Chng 1
TNG QUAN V FPGA
1.1 FPGA L G?
FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) l vi mch dng cu trc mng phn t
logic m ngi dng c th lp trnh c. Vi mch FPGA c cu thnh t cc b
phn:
Cc khi logic c bn lp trnh c (logic block)
H thng mch lin kt lp trnh c
Khi vo/ra (IO Pads)
Phn t thit k sn khc nh DSP slice, RAM, ROM, nhn vi x l...
So snh FPGA vi ASIC v cc vi mch bn dn khc:
ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) l mt vi mch IC c thit k
dnh cho mt ng dng c th.
FPGA cng c xem nh mt loi vi mch bn dn chuyn dng ASIC, nhng
nu so snh FPGA vi nhng ASIC c ch hon ton hay ASIC thit k trn th vin
logic th FPGA khng t c mc ti u nh nhng loi ny, v hn ch trong
kh nng thc hin nhng tc v c bit phc tp, tuy vy FPGA u vit hn ch
c th ti cu trc li khi ang s dng, cng on thit k n gin do vy chi ph
gim, rt ngn thi gian a sn phm vo s dng.
Cn nu so snh vi cc dng vi mch bn dn lp trnh c dng cu trc
mng phn t logic nh PLA, PAL, CPLD th FPGA u vit hn cc im:
Tc v ti lp trnh ca FPGA thc hin n gin hn.
Kh nng lp trnh linh ng hn
Kin trc ca FPGA cho php n c kh nng cha khi lng ln cng
logic (logic gate), so vi cc vi mch bn dn lp trnh c c trc n.
Thit k hay lp trnh cho FPGA c thc hin ch yu bng cc ngn ng m

t phn cng HDL nh VHDL, Verilog, AHDL, cc hng sn xut FPGA ln nh
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Xilinx, Altera thng cung cp cc gi phn mm v thit b ph tr cho qu trnh

thit k, cng c mt s cc hng th ba cung cp cc gi phn mm kiu ny nh
Synopsys, Synplify... Cc gi phn mm ny c kh nng thc hin tt c cc bc
ca ton b quy trnh thit k IC chun vi u vo l m thit k trn HDL (cn gi l
m RTL).
1.2. LCH S RA I FPGA
FPGA c thit k u tin bi Ross Freeman, ngi sng lp cng ty Xilinx
vo nm 1984, kin trc mi ca FPGA cho php tch hp s lng tng i ln cc
phn t bn dn vo 1 vi mch so vi kin trc trc l CPLD. FPGA c kh nng
cha ti t 100.000 n hng vi t cng logic, trong khi CPLD ch cha t 10.000
n 100.000 cng logic; con s ny i vi PAL, PLA cn thp hn na ch t vi
nghn n 10.000.
CPLD c cu trc t s lng nht nh cc khi SPLD (Simple programable
devices, thut ng chung ch PAL, PLA). SPLD thng l mt mng logic AND/OR
lp trnh c c kch thc xc nh v cha mt s lng hn ch cc phn t nh
ng b (clocked register). Cu trc ny hn ch kh nng thc hin nhng hm phc
tp v thng thng hiu sut lm vic ca vi mch ph thuc vo cu trc c th ca
vi mch hn l vo yu cu bi ton.
Kin trc ca FPGA l kin trc mng cc khi logic, khi logic, nh hn nhiu
nu em so snh vi mt khi SPLD, u im ny gip FPGA c th cha nhiu hn
cc phn t logic v pht huy ti a kh nng lp trnh ca cc phn t logic v h
thng mch kt ni, t c mc ch ny th kin trc ca FPGA phc tp hn
nhiu so vi CPLD.
Mt im khc bit vi CPLD l trong nhng FPGA hin i c tch hp
nhiu nhng b logic s hc s b ti u ha, h tr RAM, ROM, tc cao, hay
cc b nhn cng (multication and accumulation, MAC), thut ng ting Anh l DSP
slice dng cho nhng ng dng x l tn hiu s DSP.
Ngoi kh nng ti cu trc vi mch ton cc, mt s FPGA hin i cn h tr
ti cu trc cc b, tc l kh nng ti cu trc mt b phn ring l trong khi vn m
bo hot ng bnh thng cho cc b phn khc.
1.3. NG DNG
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ng dng ca FPGA bao gm: x l tn hiu s DSP, cc h thng hng khng,

v tr, quc phng, tin thit k mu ASIC (ASIC prototyping), cc h thng iu
khin trc quan, phn tch nhn dng nh, nhn dng ting ni, mt m hc, m hnh
phn cng my tnh...
Do tnh linh ng cao trong qu trnh thit k cho php FPGA gii quyt lp
nhng bi ton phc tp m trc kia ch thc hin nh phn mm my tnh, ngoi ra
nh mt cng logic ln FPGA c ng dng cho nhng bi ton i hi khi
lng tnh ton ln v dng trong cc h thng lm vic theo thi gian thc.
1.4. CU TRC MT FPGA
Cu trc tng th ca mt FPGA c minh ha hnh sau.
Hnh 1: Cu trc tng th mt FPGA
1.4.1 Khi logic FPGA
Hnh 2: Khi logic FPGA
Phn t chnh ca FPGA l cc khi logic (logic block). Khi logic c cu

thnh t LUT v mt phn t nh ng b flip-flop.
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LUT (Look up table) l khi logic c th thc hin bt k hm logic no t 4 u

vo, kt qu ca hm ny ty vo mc ch m gi ra ngoi khi logic trc tip hay
thng qua phn t nh flip-flop.
Nu nhn cu trc tng th ca mng LUT th ngoi 4 u vo k trn cn h tr
thm 2 u vo b sung t cc khi logic phn b trc v sau n nng tng s u
vo ca LUT ln 6 chn. Cu trc ny l nhm tng tc cc b s hc logic.
H thng mch lin kt l khi chuyn mch ca FPGA Mng lin kt trong
FPGA c cu thnh t cc ng kt ni theo hai phng ngang v ng, ty theo tng
loi FPGA m cc ng kt ni c chia thnh cc nhm khc nhau, v d trong XC4000
ca Xilinx c 3 loi kt ni: ngn, di v rt di. Cc ng kt ni c ni vi nhau thng
qua cc khi chuyn mch lp trnh c (programable switch), trong mt khi chuyn
mch cha mt s lng nt chuyn lp trnh c m bo cho cc dng lin kt phc tp
khc nhau.
1.4.2 Cc phn t tch hp sn
Ngoi cc khi logic ty theo cc loi FPGA khc nhau m c cc phn t tch
hp thm khc nhau, v d thit k nhng ng dng SoC, trong dng Virtex 4,5 ca
Xilinx c cha nhn s l PowerPC, hay trong Atmel FPSLIC tch hp nhn ARV,
hay cho nhng ng dng x l tn hiu s DSP trong FPGA c tch hp cc DSP
Slide l b nhn cng tc cao, thc hin hm A*B+C, v d dng Virtex ca Xilinx
cha t vi chc n hng trm DSP slices vi A, B, C 18-bit.
1.4.3 Quy trnh thit k FPGA tng qut.
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Hnh 3: Quy trnh thit k FPGA
1.4.3.1 M t ban u v thit k

Khi xy dng mt chip kh trnh (FPGA) vi ngha dnh cho mt ng dng
ring bit, v xut pht t mi ng dng trong thc tin cuc sng, s t ra yu cu
phi thit k IC thc hin ti u nht nhng ng dng . Bc u tin ca quy trnh
thit k ny c nhim v tip nhn cc yu cu ca thit k v xy dng nn kin trc
tng qut ca thit k.
* M t thit k: Trong bc ny, t nhng yu cu ca thit k v da trn kh
nng ca cng ngh hin c, ngi thit k kin trc s xy dng nn ton b kin trc
tng quan cho thit k. Ngha l trong bc ny ngi thit k kin trc phi m t
c nhng vn sau:
Thit k c nhng khi no?
Mi khi c chc nng g?
Hot ng ca thit k v ca mi khi ra sao ?
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Phn tch cc k thut s dng trong thit k v cc cng c, phn mm

h tr thit k.
Mt thit k c th c m t s dng ngn ng m t phn cng, nh VHDL
hay Verilog HDL hoc c th m t qua bn v mch (schematic capture). Mt thit k
c th va bao gm bn v mch m t s khi chung, va c th dng ngn ng
HDL m t chi tit cho cc khi trong s .
* M phng chc nng (Function simulation): sau khi m t thit k, ngi thit
k cn m phng tng th thit k v mt chc nng kim tra thit k c hot ng
ng vi cc chc nng yu cu.
* Tng hp logic (Logic Synthesis): tng hp logic l qu trnh tng hp cc m
t thit k thnh s b tr mch (netlist). Qu trnh chia thnh 2 bc: chuyn i
cc m RTL, m HDL thnh m t di dng cc biu thc i s Boolean v da trn
cc biu thc ny kt hp vi th vin t bo chun sn c tng hp nn mt thit
k ti u.
* Hiu chnh cc kt ni (Datapath Schematic): nhp netlist v cc rng buc v
thi gian vo mt cng c phn tch thi gian (timing analysic). Cng c phn tch ny
s tch ri tt c cc kt ni ca thit k, tnh thi gian tr ca cc kt ni da trn cc
rng buc. Da trn kt qu phn tch (report) ca cng c phn tch, xc nh cc kt
ni khng tha mn v thi gian. Ty theo nguyn nhn dn n khng tha mn m
ta c th vit li m v tin hnh li tng hp logic hoc hiu chnh li cc rng buc.
Hnh 4: Logic Synthesis
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1.4.3.2 Thc thi

Ta c s b tr netlist m t tng th thit k ti mc cng (ch gm cc
cng logic c bn v cc mch logic khc nh: MUX). Qu trnh ny s t s
netlist ny ln chip, gi l qu trnh thc thi (Device Implementation).
Qu trnh gm cc bc:
* nh x (mapping hay cn gi fitting - n khp): chun b d liu u vo, xc
nh kch thc cc khi. Cc khi ny s phi ph hp vi cu trc ca 1 t bo c
bn ca FPGA (gm nhiu cng logic) v t chng vo cc v tr ti u cho vic chy
dy.
Hnh 5: S gn chn
* t khi v nh tuyn (Place & Route):

t khi: t cc khi nh x vo cc t bo (cell) v tr ti u cho vic
chy dy.
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Placing
Hnh 6: S khng gian gn bn trong FPGA
nh tuyn: bc ny thc hin vic ni dy cc t bo.
Routin
Hnh 7: S nh tuyn
thc hin vic ny, chng ta cn c cc thng tin sau:
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Program
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Cc thng tin vt l v th vin t bo, v d kch thc t bo,

cc im kt ni, nh thi, cc tr ngi trong khi i dy.
Mt netlist c tng hp s ch ra chi tit cc instance v mi

quan h kt ni bao gm c cc ng dn b hn ch trong thit k.
Tt c cc yu cu ca tin trnh cho cc lp kt ni, bao gm cc

lut thit k cho cc lp chy dy, tr khng v in dung, tiu th nng
lng, cc lut v s dn in trong mi lp.
1.4.3.3 Qu trnh Np (download) v lp trnh (program)

Sau qu trnh thc hin, thit k cn c np vo FPGA di dng dng bit (bit
stream).
Qu trnh np thit k (download) vo FPGA thng np vo b nh bay hi, v
d nh SRAM. Thng tin cu hnh s c np vo b nh. Dng bit c truyn lc
ny s mang thng tin nh ngha cc khi logic cng nh kt ni ca thit k. Tuy
nhin, lu rng, SRAM s mt d liu khi mt ngun nn thit k s khng lu c
n phin lm vic k tip.
Lp trnh (program) l thut ng m t qu trnh np chng trnh cho cc b
nh khng bay hi, v d nh PROM. Nh vy, thng tin cu hnh vn s c lu tr
khi mt ngun.
1.5 TNG QUAN V VHDL
1.5.1 Gii thiu v ngn ng m t phn cng VHDL
VHDL l ngn ng m t phn cng cho cc mch tch hp tc cao, l mt
loi ngn ng m t phn cng c pht trin cho chng trnh VHSIC ( Very High
Speed Itergrated Circuit) ca b quc phng M. Mc tiu ca vic pht trin VHDL
l c c mt ngn ng m phng phn cng tiu chun v thng nht cho php th
nghim cc h thng s nhanh hn cng nh cho php d dng a cc h thng
vo ng dng trong thc t.
VHDL c pht trin nh mt ngn ng c lp khng gn vi bt k mt
phng php thit k, mt b m t hay cng ngh phn cng no. Ngi thit k c
th t do la chn cng ngh, phng php thit k trong khi ch s dng mt ngn
ng duy nht. V khi em so snh vi cc ngn ng m phng phn cng khc k
ra trn ta thy VHDL c mt s u im hn hn cc ngn ng khc:
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Th nht l tnh cng cng: VHDL c pht trin di s bo tr ca

chnh ph M v hin nay l mt tiu chun ca IEEE. VHDL c s h
tr ca nhiu nh sn xut thit b cng nh nhiu nh cung cp cng c
thit k m phng h thng.
Th hai l kh nng h tr nhiu cng ngh v phng php thit k.
VHDL cho php thit k bng nhiu phng php v d phng php thit
k t trn xung, hay t di ln da vo cc th vin sn c. VHDL cng
h tr cho nhiu loi cng c xy dng mch nh s dng cng ngh
ng b hay khng ng b, s dng ma trn lp trnh c hay s
dng mng ngu nhin.
Th ba l tnh c lp vi cng ngh: VHDL hon ton c lp vi cng
ngh ch to phn cng. Mt m t h thng dng VHDL thit k mc

cng c th c chuyn thnh cc bn tng hp mch khc nhau tu
thuc cng ngh ch to phn cng mi ra i n c th c p dng
ngay cho cc h thng thit k.
Th t l kh nng m t m rng: VHDL cho php m t hot ng ca
phn cng t mc h thng s cho n mc cng. VHDL c kh nng m
t hot ng ca h thng trn nhiu mc nhng ch s dng mt c php
cht ch thng nht cho mi mc. Nh th ta c th m phng mt bn
thit k bao gm c cc h con c m t chi tit.
Th nm l kh nng trao i kt qu: V VHDL l mt tiu chun c
chp nhn, nn mt m hnh VHDL c th chy trn mi b m t p
ng c tiu chun VHDL. Cc kt qu m t h thng c th c trao
i gia cc nh thit k s dng cng c thit k khc nhau nhng cng
tun theo tiu chun VHDL. Cng nh mt nhm thit k c th trao i
m t mc cao ca cc h thng con trong mt h thng ln (trong cc
h con c thit k c lp).
Th su l kh nng h tr thit k mc ln v kh nng s dng li cc
thit k: VHDL c pht trin nh mt ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, v
vy n c th c s dng thit k mt h thng ln vi s tham gia
ca mt nhm nhiu ngi. Bn trong ngn ng VHDL c nhiu tnh nng
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h tr vic qun l, th nghim v chia s thit k. V n cng cho php

dng li cc phn c sn.
1.5.2 Cu trc mt m hnh h thng m t bng VHDL
Thng thng mt m hnh VHDL bao gm ba phn: thc th, kin trc v cc
cu hnh. i khi ta x dng cc gi( packages) v m hnh kim tra hot ng
ca h thng( testbench).
1.5.2.1 Thc th (entity) ca m hnh
Phn khai bo thc th ch r TN ca thc th v lit k cc li vo v ra v c
dng chung nh sau
Entity tn_thc_th is
Generic (khai bo generic);
Port (khai bo cc tn hiu vo ra);
End tn_thc_th;
Mt thc th lun bt u vi t kha entity, theo sau l tn ca thc th v t
kha is. Ri n cc khai bo cng vi t kha port. Mt thc th lun kt thc vi t
kha end v tn ca thc th.
Tn thc th l tn ca thc th do ngi dng t.
Cc tn hiu vo ra: tn ca cc tn hiu do ngi dung t, ngn

cch vi nhau bi du phy, ch ra cc tn hiu ni vi bn ngoi.
Cc ch ca tn hiu khai bo trong port: ch ra chiu ca tn
hiu, c cc mode sau:
- in: ch ra rng tn hiu l mt tn hiu vo.

- out: ch ra rng tn hiu l mt tn hiu ra khi thc th v ch cc thc th
khc dng n tn hiu ny mi c th c gi tr ca n.
- buffer: tn hiu l tn hiu ra v gi tr ca n c th c c c bn
trong thc th.
- inout: tn hiu c th l tn hiu vo hoc tn hiu ra.
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1.5.2.2 Kin trc ca m hnh

Cu trc ca n nh sau:
ARCHITECTURE tn_architecture OF tn_entity IS
[cc phn khai bo:signal, component]
BEGIN
[code]
END tn_architecture;
Trong kin trc m hnh chng ta c th khai bo tt c mi th lin quan ti
chng trnh, trong c cc process, cc chng trnh con vi li gi hm
component, v khai bo cc signal v cc cu lnh port map kt ni cc thnh
phn con c trong kin trc. Ni chung cng nh ngn ng C th y kin
trc(architecture) l thn ca chng trnh ca ta.
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
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Chng 2
TNG QUAN V OSCILLOSCOP
2.1
. DAO NG K IN T
Khi t vn chn dng oscilloscop c ngha l chn c loi oscilloscop m

cc c tnh k thut ca n ph hp vi cc yu cu t ra ca bi ton o lng,
nghin cu, vi cc c tnh v thng s ca tn hiu hay mch in t.
Nhng yu cu c bn m mt oscilloscop phi p ng c l:
Phi c kh nng hin th ng thi tn hiu s v tn hiu tng t. iu
ny gip ngi k s c th gim st c qu trnh giao tip gia b vi x

l vi th gii tng t, ti u ha cho cng tc tm v sa li.
Hnh 8: S khi ca dao ng k in t
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Phi lu c mt khong thi gian di tn hiu vi tc ly mu cao,

tc cp nht mn hnh nhanh gip ngi k s quan st mt cch chi
tit v chnh xc tn hiu- i hi phi c mt b nh ln.
Phi cung cp cc ch cp pht linh hot, a dng v mnh m.
Phi c vi tnh ha vi cc tnh nng nh : c kh nng giao tip vi

my tnh qua cng RS-232 hay cng song song.
Phi c giao din thn thin vi ngi dng cung cp cc thao tc n
gin, d hiu, nhanh gn. C kh nng tr gip linh hot v d hiu.

Phi c chnh xc, tin cy v n nh cao.
2.2 PHN LOI OSCILLOSCOP

Khi ch quan st tn hiu bin i lin tc hay tn hiu xung vi tn s lp li
tng i cao, v ch cn cc thng s chnh ca n l bin , tn s th c th dng
loi oscilloscop tng t thng thng.
Khi cn o lng, quan st ng thi hay nhiu tn hiu th dng oscilloscop
nhiu knh c th trc tip so snh dao ng ca hai hay nhiu tn hiu trn mn
hnh. Vi cch quan st o lng ny cho php ta nh gi, so snh cc thng s c
tnh ca chng mt cch nh tnh song nhanh chng v c nhn xt hiu qu. Thng
th cc oscilloscop vi cu to hai h thng sng in t ring bit trong cng mt ng
phng tia in t.
Khi cn nghin cu, o lng cc tn hiu c lp th ta dng loi oscilloscop
khng ng b.
Khi cn nghin cu tn hiu nh tn hiu xung c rng rt nh hay tn hiu c
chu k vi tn s cao th dng loi oscilloscop loi hot nghim, l loi oscillo c
thc hin theo phng php ly mu.
Khi c yu cu nghin cu c th hn v cc thng s, c tnh ca tn hiu,
mun o cc thng s khc ca n, mun x l c kt qu quan st, so snh chng
vi cc gi tr chun m c cho trc, hoc khi s dng oscilloscop nh l mt
phn ca h o lng t ng th ta cn chn oscilloscop c ci t b vi x l.
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2.3 CU TRC CA OSCILLOSCOP IN T TNG T

Oscillloscop v c bn cu to ca n l mt loi my v di ng theo hai chiu
X,Y
Cu trc ca s nh sau:
Knh lch ng Y
Knh lch ngang X
Knh khng ch sng Z
ng phng tia in t CRT
Knh lch ng Y dng x l tn hiu cn quan st, c nhim v phi hp v

tr khng, mc in vi tn hiu ca mch in cn o (to tr pha tn hiu khi s dng
ch qut i quan st tn hiu xung c rng nh), v khuch i tn hiu
( khuch i i xng) quan st trc khi a vo cp phin lch Y ca ng in t.
B to tr nhm m bo cho s khi ng gc thi gian ca in p qut (ca knh
lch ngang) trc khi tn hiu cn quan st ti cp phin Y, nh vy m bo s hin
hnh ton b tn hiu, nht l tn hiu xung, dng ca n khng b mt sn trc
khng c v. B khuch i ra Y cn l i xng m bo tn hiu quan st c
v khng b mo dao ng do thay i in trng tng tc m chnh do in p tn
hiu gy ra.
Cc ch tiu ca knh Y: nhy (vn/ chia), di bng tn, tr s tr khng u
vo (in tr v in dung u vo).
Knh lch ngang X c nhim v cung cp in p lm lch theo chiu ngang ca
ng in t. in p a vo b lch X cn c to ra t b to in p qut, khi cn
biu din tn hiu cn quan st theo thi gian.
in p to c t b in p qut c ng b t tn hiu quan st ly t
knh Y, l ng b trong. N cng c ng b t tn hiu ng b ngoi, khi
khng ng b c t tn hiu ng b trong v ng b t tn hiu 50Hz ly t
ngun cung cp xoay chiu, khi cn quan st tn hiu tn s thp v kh hin tng
nhiu. Nh vy c ba ch ng b trong oscilloscop, c c dao ng ng
yn trong qu trnh quan st.
Cc ch tiu ca knh lch ngang ch yu da vo cc ch tiu ca in p qut.
Cc ch tiu l: khng tuyn tnh ca in p qut, thi gian qut thun th ln
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hn rt nhiu thi gian qut ngc trong mt chu k qut, di tn s qut, tc bin
i ca in p theo thi gian v hiu sut to bin in p qut.
Trn hnh v, khng ng thng l t s ca khong bin thin tc in
p qut trong thi gian qut thun (Tth) trn gi tr tc trung bnh:
dU
dU
) max (
) min
dT
y % = dT
dU
(
)tb
dT
(
Trong mt chu k qut Tq th : Tth>>Tng

Hiu sut to bin qut:
% =
Uq
Eng
iu kin c mt dao ng ng yn, tc l iu kin gi ng b:

1
Tq = nTth ( Tth=
fth
l chu k ca in p tn hiu cn quan st).
2.3 CU TRC CA OSCILLOSCOP IN T S

Vi loi Oscilloscop thng thng (loi tng t), ch quan st tn hiu c chu
k. Song cc tn hiu khng chu k th loi thng thng khng th quan st c m
phi dng loi c nh s.
Oscilloscop c nh loi tng t c cu to c bit gi l loi ng tia c nh.
Oscilloscop c nh s (DSO) c cc u im l:
Duy tr hnh nh dng ca tn hiu trn mn hnh vi khong thi gian
khng hn ch.
Tc c c th thay i trong gii hn rng
Cc hnh nh lu tr c th xem li c tc thp hn nhiu tc
qut c th ti 1cm/1h.
To c hnh nh dao ng tt hn, tng phn nhiu hn loi
osilloscop tng t
n gin hn trong s dng vn hnh
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C th truyn trc tip s liu ca tn hiu cn quan st di dng s v c
th ghp trc tip vi my tnh hoc c x l trong osilloscop.

S ca loi Oscilloscop c nh s nh hnh v
Hnh 9: S khi ca osilloscop sc nh
Khi chuyn mch S t v tr 2 th oscilloscop lm vic l mt oscilloscop c

nh. in p tn hiu cn quan st c a vo u Y, ti b bin i tng t ->s
ADC. Ti thi im (t1), khi iu khin gi mt lnh ti u vo ca b ADC v
khi ng qu trnh bin i. Kt qu l in p tn hiu c s ha, c ngha l b
bin i ly mu dng tn hiu nhiu im v bin i gi tr tc thi ca bin ti
mi im thnh gi tr m nh phn t l vi bin . Ti thi im kt thc qu
trnh bin i, b bin i ADC gi mt lnh kt thc n b iu khin
Mi s nh phn c chuyn ti b nh v c nh v tr nh ring bit.
Bi v y l b nh khng linh hot (nonvolatile memory) nn n c th lu tr s
nh phn vi bt k di thi gian no. Khi cn thit mt lnh t khi iu khin c
th lm cho cc s nh phn ny c th sp sp theo chui th t xc nh v c
a ti b bin i DAC. B ny s bin i cc gi tr nh phn thnh in p tng
t, v in p ny c a qua b khuch i Y.Do b nh c lin tip qut nhiu
ln trong mt giy ln mn hnh c sng lin tc v hin ln dng sng v hnh v
cc im sng, biu th dng sng cn quan st.
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t c mt ng sng lin tc, cn c th c thm mt mch ni suy (lm

mt gia b DAC v b khuch i Y).
Hn ch ca loi trn do tc bin i ADC thp, nhng gn y c nhng
loi ADC bin i vi tc rt cao tuy nhin gi thnh th rt t.
Mt loi oscilloscop c nh khc l dng b vi x l lm khi iu khin.
S khi ca oscilloscop s c nh nh hnh v:
Hnh 10: S khi ca oscilloscop s c nh
Hnh di c phn khc hnh trn ch: B giao ng qut thc s l b bin
i DAC knh X, c iu khin t s liu ca Microprocessor. u ra b bin i
DAC to ra in p nhy bc, sao cho s nhy bc thang khng khc bit qu nhiu so
vi in p bc thang c to ra t b dao ng qut tng t.
Vi DAC loi 8 bit, s bc nhy l 28=256. Ton b on in p ra c chia
thnh 255 bc ring bit, v s lch ngang ca tia in t thc t l t l theo thi
gian. Tc bin i DAC v b iu khin qut quyt nh tc qut cc i, tc
qut c th iu khin bng vic thay i s n u vo s ca b DAC.
Cn t hp cc b pha trn gm: ADC, B nh, DAC ca knh Y cho php kh
nng thay i tr ca tn hiu vo ca h thng lm lch y trong mt gii hn rng,
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ng thi n c th kt hp c vi DAC ca knh X nh vy m bo s ng b

chnh xc.
2.4 OSCILLOSCOP TNG T C CI T VI X L
Khng ch c oscilloscop in t s mi c th ci t vi x l m oscilloscop
tng t cng c th ci t c vi x l v n c th hot ng gn ging nh
oscilloscop in t s. Thc cht ca n l n c dng thm mt s thit b x l s
nh dng b vi x l, cc b bin i ADC
Hnh 11: S mt oscilloscop tng t dng vi x l
Vi loi ny ta thy ngay s n c chia lm ba phn:

Phn th nht n ging nh mt oscilloscop tng t
Phn gia c cc b bin i tng t s (ADC) v b bin i s tng
t (DAC) cng vi cc module nh v mt h vi x l vi chc nng

kim tra, chng ta c th coi phn ny nh l mt phn hay mt
oscilloscop c nh.
Phn di cng l b vi x l phc v cho vic iu khin chng
trnh v x l tn hiu s, card giao din dng ni oscilloscop vi giao

din h thng.
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Khi cn nhn dng ca tn hiu c nghin cu theo t l thi gian thc t th

oscilloscop lm vic nh mt oscilloscop vn nng. Nu nh khng dng kh nng
iu khin bng chng trnh v x l theo nhng kh nng ca b vi x l s theo
kh nng ca b vi x l th oscolloscop trn lm vic nh mt oscilloscop tng t
thng thng. Khi c th i mt s khi chun (b khuch i Y,X, my pht
chun) nh i vi mt s oscilloscop thng thng m cu to c thit k c th
thay th cc khi ny hay ni thm cc khi mi. Xu hng hin nay ta c th chia n
ra lm hai phn: phn tng t v phn s cng c th hin ch phn b v tr ca
cc phn thuc h iu khin. Nhng ci iu khin thng thng hay gp
oscilloscop thng thng th vn c gi nguyn v tr nguyn thy c cch
ring vi bn phm.
Vi x l lm cho loi oscilloscop ny c thm cc c im mi. N c cha tt
c cc modul mi m mt h thng nh th phi c. Mt xch ni gia vi x l vi
khi tng t chnh l b bin i tng t s (ADC).
H thng c ni vi nhau thng qua cc bus h thng ca vi x l v c lin
kt chung ti cc ROM, RAM v cc card giao din giao tip vi thit b hin th
nh mn hnh hay c th kt ni trc tip ti my tnh thng qua cc loi card.
Mt loi Oscilloscop c nh s(DSO) l ta c th dng mt con chip FPGA
lm trung tm iu khin
Cu to v chi tit thit k mt Oscilloscop c nh s (DSO) dng chip FPGA s
c trnh by chi tit trong chng 3.
----------------------------------
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Chng 3
CC BC THIT K MT OSCILLOSCOP S C NH
Hnh 12: S khi ca DSO c n gin ho dng FPGA
Nguyn l hot ng tng i n gin. Tn hiu c a qua mt b khuch

i tn hiu sau c a vo mt con ADC, ti ADC tn hiu s c ly mu
lng t ha tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s. u ra ca c ADC v b nh m
u cng chia s chung bus 3 trng thi. N l mt bc trung gian quyt nh chn
knh no, u ra no, tit kim c ng truyn v trnh xung t d liu khi c
hai u ra ca ADC v b nh m cng ra mt lcchng trnh iu khin logic s
quyt nh chn 1 trong 2 u ra hoc ca ADC hoc ca b nh m a n ti
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bus, v vy n chn 1 trong 2 l thuc dng logic tng t hay logic dng s. Sau
d liu c a ln bus v c a vo b nh chnh lu tr d liu. Lgic iu
khin s ng thi theo di d liu quan st im trig. Cch tip cn ny loi tr
mch in b sung m bnh thng trig cn phi c, v thu hp ng tn hiu tng
t, do gim bt nhiu. iu ny cng cung cp kh nng gy nn tn hiu dng s
khi dng my phn tch logic. Ngoi tm im trig, logic iu khin cng thc hin
mi chc nng Glue logic v phng thc tin trig. Khi b nh y, d liu dng
ghi v c chuyn vo PC thng qua cng song song.
V 2 knh hon ton ring bit nn chng hot ng mt cch c lp. V d:
knh A l trong ch phn tch logic (logic analyser), knh B li trong ch
tng t (analogue). Hiu qu ca tc ly mu c th tng gp i bng cch kt
ni 2 u ra tng t vi nhau v i pha knh th 2 i 180 0. Sau khi d liu c a
vo PC, n c xen vo bi phn mm v dng sng c thit k li. Mc d tn
hiu c th 2 ln tn s thng, di ca bn ghi vn ko gim v c hai b nh
ang c dng lu tr dng sng n.
3.1 CC THNH PHN TRONG THIT K
3.1.1.B nh
T c im k thut ca DSO dng chip FPGA m ta thit k th b nh cn
nhng iu kin cn thit sau:
D liu bus rng 8bit.
C th cha 3Mbit.
Tc truyn d liu 40Mbytes/giy.
Cng c v ghi ring.
Bi v tc ly mu ca ADC l nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi tc c ca b

nh ( y chng ta dng RAM) cho nn nht thit phi dng b nh c hai cng c
v ghi ring bit trnh tnh trng khng c d liu. Cho nn tho mn c
nhng yu cu ny,chng ta phi chn b nh(RAM) c 2 ng c v ghi ring bit.
Bi v tc ly mu khi dng mt con ADC flash tc cao cho nn yu cu b nh
cng cn c tc ghi d liu cao v c tc c d liu ph hp vi tc ca
cng song song m ta s dng truyn d liu ln my tnh V nhng l do ny
quyt nh dng b nh trong thit k ta nn dng nhng b nh hnh nh c s
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dng chnh trong cc ng dng video nh thi gian da trn s hiu chnh v hnh nh
trong phim. Chng l loi b nh hi t nhng yu cu ca ng dng ca ta .Bi v
n c cng sut cha ln, tc truyn d liu nhanh v cng c v ghi ring.
Hn na chng c hp nht mc cao, lm n gin vic thit k bn mch.
Sau khi nghin cu v tm hiu cc thit b c sn trn th trng Vit Nam th
em chn b nh ca hng Averlogic l AL422. N l mt b nh hnh nh v cng
ging nh hu ht cc b nh hnh nh khc, n c thit k v ch to da trn cng
ngh DRAM. Mc d bus d liu bn ngoi ch rng 8 Bit, phn ln b nh hnh nh
s dng bus bn trong c chiu rng hn. Iu ny lm tng tc hiu qu nh tnh
tng ng. Logic tc cao c dng chia tch bus bn trong thnh nhiu phn
8 bit,m sau ny n c t trn bus d liu u ra. Thm vo b iu khin
DRAM v address , n to ra logic c gi trong AL 422.V tr d liu c ghi vo
c nh vo mt thanh ghi a ch. Gi tr ca thanh ny c th l ln ln hoc v 0
(im bt u ca b nh). Tuy nhin n ko th c dch chuyn ti 1 v tr ngu
nhin no m phi c tng hay gim mt cch tun t v qu trnh ghi phi din
ra lin tc. Nhng b nh hnh nh chy ging nh nhng b m trong m khi thanh
ghi tin ti on cui ca b nh, n s t ng reset v im bt u v li bt u
ghi ln im c trc . Qu trnh c s dng thanh ghi c tng t. V th
nhng b nh hnh nh thng c gi l First In First Out Buffers (FIFO).
Hnh 13: S thc hin chc nng ca AL422

AL422 s dng 3 chn kim sot qu trnh ghi. WCLK, /WE, v /WRST. D
liu s c ghi vo b nh theo sn xung ghi d liu (WCLK) khi chn write enable
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
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cao (WE), v b m a ch s tng dn theo sn ca xung clock. Trong trng hp

thanh ghi (hay b m a ch) ko c gia tng th d liu ko c ghi. ghi li d
liu vo b nh ti im u tin cu thanh ghi a ch c gi tr 0 ta phi a chn
write reset (WRST) xung thp v xung ghi (WCLK), a ch s c reset v im
bt u ca b nh v d liu c ghi vo im bt u cng vi cc a ch tip theo
khi thanh ghi a ch tng ln..
Qu trnh c c kim sot bi 4 chn, RCLK, /RE, /RRST v /OE. D liu
cng c c theo sng xung ca xung read clock (RCLK), thanh a ch c ra
c gia tng khi chn read enable (/RE) v chn OE ( output enable) cao,th d liu
mi c a ra. Nu chn OE m mc thp th thanh ghi a ch c dng li v
d liu khng c ra hoc thanh ghi a ch vn tng th nhng d liu vn c cht
ti v khng c ra. Thanh ghi a ch c cng c th c reset v im bt u
ca b nh bng cch t chn read reset (/RRST) mc thp v xung RCLK. Mc d
c iu khin bng tay bn trong, DRAM refresh thu c t RCLK or WCLK
(bt c ci no nhanh hn), v th duy tr tnh nguyn vn ca d liu t nht 1 trong
cc tn hiu trn phi c gi chy nhanh hn 1MHz.
3.1.2 B bin i tng t - s ADC
Hnh 13: S khi ca ADC TDA 8703
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ADC c dng bin i dng sng tng t sang dng xung PAM. V bn cht
t nhin ring bit ca tn hiu s, dng sng tng t s c lng t ho n mc
tng ng s gn nht v chuyn thnh tn hiu s. S chuyn ADC cng ln th sai
s s lng t ho c a vo cng nh. Ta thy c rt nhiu loi ADC trn th
trng nhng tha mn nhng t c nhng yu cu v l do dng FPGA lm
b iu khin cho dao ng s c nh em tm hiu trn th trng th em thy
TDA8703 l ph hp nht.Bi v n c tc ly mu rt cao (c th t c tc
ti a l 140MHz). Tuy nhin ta cng c th thay th bi cc ADC khc c sn trn th
trng.
Phn ln ADC tc cao dng phng thc Flash Conversion, ci ny s dng
theo cc mng song song ca 2n-1 b so snh (n l phn gii ca ADC trong cc
bit). iu ny c ngha l c mi 8bit, my i in li yu cu 255 b so snh. Mc
phc tp ny khng ch lm tng chi ph m cn lm hn ch tc ti a m b
bin i c th hot ng. TDA8703 s dng phng thc Flash Conversion truyn
li, trong ADC ny th b bin i c chia tch thnh 7 cp vi mi cp dng 1
trnh chuyn i cc nhanh 2 bit. Chnh iu ny lm gim s b so snh c yu cu
xung cn 28 v y cng l mt u im ca b bin i ADC nhanh dng phng
thc bit i Flash Conversion. Mc d n a ra mt gc tr 7 chu k ng h gia
tn hiu tng t c a vo v d liu xut hin trn cc u ra. i vi chng
trnh ng dng ny th iu l c th chp nhn c.
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Hnh 15: s ni chn ca ADC TDA 8703
3.1.3 B khuch i m
Khi tn hiu tng t c a vo m DSO ang hot ng ch xen k
gia tn hiu alnalog v logic analyser, th tn hiu tng t c a vo 2 ADC
thng qua mt b khuch i m. Khi b trung gian ny s va c chc nng lm
mt b khuch i tn hiu va c chc nng l mt b m tn hiu. C 2 chc nng
ny c th t c vi 1 b khuch i m ( y em dng Elantec EL4332C). Bi
v n tha mn nhng yu cu t ra ca thit k.
Hnh 16:S thc hin ni chn ca EL4332
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EL4332C c b rng bng tn ti a 300MHz v cha ng 3 b tin khuch i

nn rt ph hp vi cc u vo a thnh phn. iu lm n tr nn rt ph hp
i vi ng dng ny v n c th thc hin c chuyn mch m v o mch u
vo. 1 tn hiu logic n c dng nh u vo cho c 3 b tin khuch i. Tuy
nhin mt hn ch ca n l cng nh phn ln cc b khuch i c rng bng tn
cao khc, h s khuch i ca n c c nh l 2.
Hnh 17:s thc hin khuch i
Hnh 18:S khi bn trong ca EL4332
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3.1.4 iu khin logic

Nhng DSO trc c dng nhng con chip bn dn thit k v lm chng
iu khin th ch dng cc PLA (Programmable Logic Devices). Th nhng nhng
con chip ny c tch hp thp v khng tha mn nhng nh cu s dng ngy
cng cn tc cao nn n dn b thay th.
c c tc cao p ng c cc yu cu ng dng v o cc tn s
cao th hin nay ngi ta thng dng cc chip FPGA thc hin. Chng c dng
nh tri tim ca c h thng. Bi v chng c tch hp rt cao nh trnh by
chng 1 nn chng c th m nhim nhiu nhim v v hn th na vi nhng tnh
nng ca n ta c th d dng lp trnh v cu hnh n thc hin nhng yu cu ca
ng dng. Chnh v th chng ta s gim c kch thc ca mch bi tt c vn
iu khin u nm con chip FPGA. iu khin cc khi khc trong mch ca
DSO th ta c th chng trnh ha cho FPGA n thc hin nhim v ny. Cng
bi do chng trnh ha cho FPGA ngy nay rt d dng vi cc ngn ng nh VHDL
hay verilog HDL cng vi cc chng trnh ca Altera. Hn na ngy nay gi thnh
ca FPGA ngy cng gim mch v c rt sn trn th trng cc linh kin bn Vit
Nam.
Di y l cc s logic ca chip FPGA FLEX 8K ca Altera
Hnh 19: S khi ca FLEX 8K
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Hnh 20:S khi logic ca FLEX8K
Ta c th thy trn hnh v th cc chn I/O u c b ch xung quanh chip v

chng c k ni vo cc thanh phn logic v cc LUT ca chip, chng hp thnh
cc ct cc hng v thng qua cc mng kt ni ben trong chip. V cng ging nh tt
c cc chip FPGA khc n cung cp nhng xung nhp tn s nhanh u ra v thi
gian nhanh ti ni ly u vo. y mi LAB(Logic Array Block) l gm 8 LE
(logic element ) cung cp 4 tn hiu iu khin v mi tn hiu iu khin c th iu
khin 8 LE. Trong 4 tn hiu iu khin ca LAB th trong c 2 tn hiu c th c
s dng ging nh cc clock v 2 tn hiu cn li c th c s dng nh tn hiu
reset v enable.Nhng tn hiu iu khin c th ly t tn hiu u vo ca ta.
Chip FPGA ca Altera l EPF8282A-84, l mt trong nhng dng chip ca h
FLEX 8K. N l 1 chip 84 pin PLCC vi 68 chn c th kt ni I/O . Loi ny ph
hp vi ng dng hn v c nhng li th m con chip c th c lp pht trin d
dng. Do bn cht ca FPGA, chng c th hot ng tc no l ph thuc vo
vic thit k m chng thc hin. Mc d chip c chn l loi c tc chm nht
nhng n vn c kh nng vn hnh my m ln mc trn 80MHz. Cng nh tt c
nguyn l thit k m FPGA s thc hin vn hnh mc 50mHz hay thp hn th n
l .
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Kha lun tt nghip
FLEX 8K l thit b cung cp nhng ng dng rng ri nh x l tn hiu s,

dng cho nhng vn hnh m c ng d liu rng v bin i d liu. Trong thit b
ny c nhng la chn cho giao din bus, tch hp cc TTL c bit l iu khin vi
tc cao. Nhng sn phm m c s chn ln c th tch hp c ti 32 b mutiple
trong mt thit b.
FLEX 8K cung cp 4 b u vo chuyn dng cho vic ng b iu khin tn
hiu cng vi tr ti ln. Mi chn I/O c kt hp mt thanh ghi trn mt ngoi ca
thit b. Ging nh u ra th thanh ghi cng c nhng loi c xung ng h nhanh
m bo vic ra tn hiu nhanh chng v chng c nhng thit t nhanh v mt thi
gian. Hu ht cc FLEX 8k c cu hnh cng vi cc kin trc CMOS SRAM. N
c th cu hnh lng d liu c lu tr trong chun cng nghip. N c th cu
hnh vic lu tr song song trong hay cu hnh ni tip trong cc EEPROM hoc cung
cp nhng d liu bng iu khin h thng. Vic cu hnh ny c th cho php lu tr
d liu nn ti 32K x 8 bit hoc ln hn trong cc EPROM. Hn na chng c th ly
t RAM ca h thng cung cp nhng d liu cn thit cho n hot ng
Chng ta c th dng cc cng c phn mm nh MAX+PLUS II hay QUATUS
II cu hnh chng theo nhng ng dng mong mun ca ngi dng. cu hnh
chng th tt nhin chng ta phi bit mt trong nhng ngn ng l VHDL v Verilog
HDL lp trnh m t phn cng cn thc hin.
3.1.5 Giao tip vi my tnh
C mt s tu chn cho giao giao tip gia DSO vi PC:
Serial Port
Parallel Port
USB
ISA
PCI
Do 1 lng tng i ln d liu c lu gi trong DSO, cng ni tip ko c
tnh n bi thi gian yu cu download d liu vo PC ko th chp nhn thi gian
di do tc truyn d liu ca cng ni tip chm. USB cng ko thc t v tnh phc
tp ca n bi v vit chng trnh iu khin cho USB rt phc tp. Tuy rng hin
ny tt c cc PC u c cng USB th nhng cu hnh c USB trong FPGA rt
kh. Mc d nhanh nhng c PCI and ISA u i hi s kt ni bn trong ti PC v
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
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Kha lun tt nghip
v th rt kh c th ci t v lm cho thit k thm phn phc tp do phi lm

mch PCI . Cng song song c chn v n c tc chuyn i d liu tng i
cao v d dng pht trin thit b, d s dng v ang hin din trong cc my tnh
bn tuy rng trong thi gian gn y c nhng my laptop th khng c cng ny
nhng m n vn c s dng rt rng ri do thc hin n gin, lm cho DSO c
dng trong nhiu lnh vc v cng c linh c ng.Hn na tc truyn ca cng
song song c th chp nhn c trong thit k ca ng dng ny.
n gin v tng thch vi thit k v nhu cu s dng th ch hai chiu
chun c quyt nh s dng, ci ny th c sn t thi nhng chip 386 v tng
thch vi hu ht cc chun c trong my tnh hin nay. N cho php rng byte
chuyn n hng khc v c thm 5 line u vo (Status lines) v 4 line u ra
(Control lines). Vi cc thit lp chun v tng thch th DSO cho php ngi s
dng la chn a ch thch hp cho cng song song c bit. V ch c 3 a ch c th
c s dng nn iu ny l tng i d dng. iu ny c bit c ch nu PC ang
s dng c nhiu cng.
3.2 THIT K CHI TIT

3.2.1 Cu hnh np vo FPGA
V FPGA da trn nn SRAM nn n khng th lu chng trnh iu khin c
ngay trong chip bi khi mt ngui in cung cp cho n th chng tnh khng cn
na chnh v th n phi c chng trnh ho mi ln h thng khi ng li. gii
quyt iu ny th phng thc thch hp nht cho ng dng ny l phng thc
Active Serial. Phng thc ny bao hm c vic kt ni 1 serial EEPROM (E2) ti
FPGA v c thun li l ch yu cu 1 chn I/O s dng. 2 kt ni cn li ti E 2
c dnh cho cc chn cu hnh. Hn na cc chn cu hnh c ni cao hay thp l
dng ch lc cu hnh no ang c s dng. Chnh v th m ta c th gi
c chng trnh iu khin nu mt ngui cung cp cho DSO, v tit kim s chn
ca FPGA v c th dng chng vo cc ng dng khc. Khi khi ng li th chng
trnh s c np vo chip FPGA thng qua chn JTAG ca FPGA v ta li c mt
DSO, thi gian ny c tin hnh rt nhanh m to cm gic nh khng c g.
Bng cch s dng b hp knh kt ni E2 ti FPGA v khi ta c th hoc
c th c kt ni ti FPGA hoc ti programming header trn bo mch. V th c
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th lp trnh li chng trnh iu khin cho FPGA trong khi chng trnh c vn
trong bn mch v DSO vn ang hot ng. u vo c chn ti b hp knh
c y mnh bi 1K in tr v c kt ni ti ISP header. Khi ta np li chng
trnh vo E2 th khi chn c t ng ni t trong thi gian np li vo trong E2
v c y vo chip FPGA trong thi gian sau khi khi ng li. Vic ny lm
chuyn E2 t ch c kt ni ti Altera thnh c kt ni ti programmer. Sau khi
vic lp trnh hon tt, ngi s dng ch phi np li hay reset li DSO np li v
bo mch l c th s dng li DSO vi nhng tnh nng c cp nht d liu cu
hnh mi t chip b nh.
3.2.2 Ch tin trigger
Vic ghi d liu trc im trigger rt hu ch khi chng ta d li h thng. thc
hin vic ny bng cch ta cho DSO ghi nhng tn hiu lin tc i vo, tin trnh
ghi d liu ny c kt thc khi 1 xung (pulse) trigger c d thy trong h thng.
Ni dung d liu s c ghi vo b nh ti thi im trc ca im trigger c d
thy. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cch iu khin thi gian ca c hai tin trnh
d tm im trigger v khi s kt thc vic ghi d liu khi im trigger c d
thy trong tin trnh.
Vic ny c thc hin cng vi 1 b m (counter) 19bit l mt kha t tn
hiu mu ging nh FIFO, v vy khi gi tr ca counter bng ln a ch ca b
nh th vic ghi c dng li.Gi tr ca nhng sn trc trigger c th c thit
t bi pre-loading gi tr counter l mt gi tr gia 0 (khng tin trigger) v
393216 (c ca b nh v l ln nht ca pre-trigger). S 393216 l 0x60000 trong h
HEX, iu c ngha l s logic duy nht l 2bit u tin ca counter c dng
dng vic ghi.
D liu c bt u ghi ti bt k a ch no ca b nh m thang ghi a ch
tr ti nhng khi bt u ghi ti im ny ta phi ghi tun t k t . Khi thc hin
m tip counter 19bit ln th hai .N c s dng nhn dng qu trnh tip theo
v li bt u ghi vo b nh t a ch nh u tin, d liu s c ghi ln
nhng d liu c trong b nh trc . B counter c reset li ti cng mt thi
im ging nh im bt u ghi ti FIFO v chy t tn hiu ly mu u tin, v vy
gi tr c lu tr nu counter c gi tr nh hn khng gian ca b nh nu bng th
n s c reset v im bt u v sau l bt u im ghi li ti im u ca b
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nh. Trc khi d liu c truyn ti my tnh gi tr ca counter c s dng

c tun t nhng d liu c trong b nh nh hnh 21 pha di:
B counter c reset li khi gi tr m ca n l ln hn c ca b nh. Bi v
counter bao gm s zero n s m ti 0x60001, theo l thuyt b counter s c
reset v im bt u khi n m ti s ln nht c th v c ng b cng vi thi
im ghi (y l hiu ng cht dn). Tt c qu trnh ny c thc hin v x l bn
trong mt con chip FPGA.
Bt u
ghi
Kt thc
Bt u
ca b
nh
Bt u
Start
im
trigger
Bt u
Gia
Trc khi sp xp
Kt thc
End
Gia
End
Kt thc
ca b
nh
End
Sau khi sp xp
Hnh 21: S sp xp ca b nh
3.2.3 D im trigger
Trigger unit l n v thc hin bn trong chip FPGA n c nhim v, gim st
c hai knh cho gi tr im trigger (ging nh hnh di y) . Tt c nhng s t
c lu tr l ln hn, bng hay nh hn gi tr ca mi thanh ghi n m bo rng
mi thanh ghi khng b trn khi lu tr. Bng cch thay i gi tr ca mi thanh ghi
c ngi s dng c th thay i mc ca trigger. Di y l bng chn l
thc hin mi trigger unit
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Khng phi u ra t ADC m cng khng phi u ra t logic buffer m n

c ch i thay i chnh xc ti cng mt thi im gi tr c th xut hin trn
bus. V d nh vic thay i t 12 ti 10 v gi tr 14 xut hin trong bus, ging nh
m t di y.
N c th xut hin khi mt sn trigger. Gii php cho vic ny l xung clock
phi ng b d li v vy u ra t trigger unit c chn l mu duy nht khi d liu
trn bus.Chng ta thc hin bng cch t mt trigger D ngay ti u ra ca
mch trigger ng b xung nhp h thng ny v thu c mt tn hiu ra l ng
b..
Trng thi cui cng trong n v d im trigger chuyn i cp trigger di
hn bnh thng bng trng thi u tin trong sn trigger.Cng vic hon thnh
bng cch duy nht l chuyn tip 1 nu ng trigger c gi tr 0, v vy m u ra
duy nht mc cao khi trong c s truyn t thp ti cao v xut hin sn. Bng
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cch thit t ti trig-sel bus ti 0x3 c ngi s dng khng cho php trigger v
bt u qu trnh ghi trc tip.
3.3.4 B to xung
Vic to ra xung clock rt hu ch bi n c th thay i tn s ly mu, cho
php ngi s dng ti vic chuyn i di qu trnh ghi li tn s ly mu. Trong
h thng chnh xung clock cung cp bi tn s 50MHz TTL ca my to xung, n
c dng bng tinh th thch anh. l c cu hnh bn trong chip FPGA ni n
c chi tn. y ta c th chia tn theo bng cch dung mt b m counter 5bit
khi ta s thu c tn s mi c t l l l ,1/4,1/8,1/26,1/32 so vi tn s h
thng.Chng ta s dng mt b hp knh chn tn s thch hp cho xung clock ca
DSO, ta c th thy trng hnh.
cung cp cng tn s ly mu cho hai knh ta phi cung cp cho chng lch
nhau 1800 m bo c tn hiu ly mu tt, v vy ta c th dng mt mch not
cung cp cho mt thanh ghi dch.
Rt nhiu thit b trong FPGA v c hai FIFOs cn truyn d liu ti PC v vy
thc hin iu ny ta cn s dng bus ba trng thi(tri-state bus), n c biu din
di hnh sau:
Cng song
song
Bus ba trng thi

B m
FPGA
FIFO A
FIFO B
Hnh 22: BUS d liu ra
Bi v vic iu khin trong FPGA l nh hng chn trn mi chip m v n

cng cho php u ra (/OE) trn FIFOs, n hot ng ging nh mt bc m trung
gian kt ni gia chng trnh xung t d liu khi c hai cng xut d liu ra bi v
bus ch cho mt d liu ra trong cng mt thi im cc u ra cn li u c
mc tr khng cao. Chng ta dng buffer chun l 74LS245, bi v in dung k sinh
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ca n thp hn cng song song m y chng ta dng cng song song giao tip
vi my tnh. Ging nh l chip m cc chn ca n cng c th thay i d dng nu
n b h.
Bus ba trng thi gia ADCs v m logic th c kt ni cng c nhng tnh
cht iu khin nh bus ca cng song song, trong u ra mt ADC v m logic ti
mt bus m c hai FPGA v FIFO cng kim sot.
Hnh 23: S logic ca 74LS245
3.3.6 Giao din logic cng song song

iu khin logic ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh cc ng iu khin
thit t h s chia tn, im trigger.trong c to ra bng giao din logic cng
song song. 4bit u tin ca bus iu khin cng song song c s dng ging nh
bus d liu. D liu trn bus c cht li trong thanh iu khin bng cc xung cn
li ca ng iu khin, chn li nhng tn hiu khng bnh thng trn cng song
song xut hin bn trong DSO. u ra ca con cht ny c cu hnh vo li vo ca
mt b gii m ti vic tng ln s ng c th. Mt vi ng ny l c s dng
cht d liu t bus d liu chnh ca cng song song bn trong mt thanh ghi 4
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hoc 8 bit. N cung cp tt c ng iu khin c th c. Nhng ng iu khin

cn li ca b m ha c s dng cho xung c FIFO (RCLK) v cho php u ra
trn bus t FPGA.
3.3.7 iu khin ADC
Khi DSO l c mt knh th c hai ch u ra l l tn hiu xung PAM ging
nh tn hiu s v tn hiu u vo l tn hiu tng t c xen k nhau. Bt k s
khc nhau no ca tn hiu u ra cng gy ra nhiu, ging nh s xen k ca mu tn
hiu s c s khc nhau ti gi tr hin thi nu c ni dung ca tn hiu tng t u
vo. S chuyn i tn hiu tng t thnh tn hiu s ph thuc vo 2 gi tr tham
chiu ca in p (1 cho bin v 1 cho th offset). N c quyt nh s dng tn
hiu tham chiu bn ngoi nh l xy dng mt ci ADC, n ngha l theo l thuyt th
n ngha l s cu hnh chuyn i c hai yu t ca in th, y cao ngha l
chng ta c th ly ngay tn hiu bn ngoi l cc ng logic a ra cng song
song, n thng c nhiu l nh nht.
Mc d c th tm thy s khc bit v bin cung vi s khc bit v u ra v
bng thng ln. V l do ny n c quyt nh s dng mt kt thc khi in
p l 2.5V th cu hnh trong ADC th u vo c th thay i 0.5V ni m V DC l
dc ca dng mt chiu. iu khin ca u vo ca ADC th phi tun theo cc
cng thc sau:
0.5<Vin<4.5
Theo l thuyt th VDC phi nh sau:
1 < VDC < 4
Trong DSO th VDC c cung cp bi ngun to in p th hai v c mt gi tr
l 1.25V, n a ra nh sau:
0.75<Vin<1.75
B khuch i c cu hnh li cho 2 gi tr in p l:
0.375<Vinput<0.875
Bng vic chn kiu ca nh dng d liu (DFS) ca chn ADC hot ng
mc cao hoc thp d liu c th tun ra ging nh nhng s offset nh phn hoc l
s b 2. Thit t nh dng u vo ti offset gim n xung l rt phc tp ca
trigger logic v theo l thuyt l s logic c s dng vo vic ng b.
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Chng 4
CHNG TRNH V M PHNG TRN KIT DE2
4.1 TNG QUAN V KIT DE2 V CHIP CYCLONE II

Bi v thi gian thc hin ti ngn nn em khng lm ra c mch em ch
m phng trn Kit pht trin DE2 ca Altera vi h FPGA ca hng ny l Cyclon II
vi chip l EP2C35F672C6. Vi dng chip ny th ti nguyn ca n ln hn rt nhiu
so vi FLEX 8K ca hng.
Hnh 24: S khi ghp ni gia Cyclone II vi cc thnh phn trn KIT
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Hnh 25:s cc thnh phn trn kit DE2
Hnh 26:S khi ca Cyclone II
Chp Cyclone II cn c ti nguyn rt phong ph trong :

C 33.216 LE: thnh phn nh nht trong chip l thnh phn logic (logic
element). Mi LE (Logic Element) c th c cu hnh thnh mt FipFlop D,T,JK hay RS. Mi mt thnh phn ny cng c cc u v l data,
clock, enable,clear v u ra cng l data. Chng cung c th cu hnh
thnh cc thnh phn c bn khc trong mi ng dng. chng cng c th
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cu hnh thanh cc LUT (Loop Up Table). s dng cu hnh cc LE

thnh cc thanh ghi hay l thnh cc LUT l tu thuc vo ngi s dng
lp trnh trn cc phn mm nh QUATUS II. Khi lp trnh xong v
download vo chip th chng trnh ca mnh s t ng to ra nhng
thanh ghi hay nhng LUT tu thuc vo chong trnh ca mnh.
Hnh di m t qu trnh cu hnh cc LE thnh cc ng dng ca mnh
nh mong mun khi lp trnh cc ng dng ca mnh v download vo
bn trong chip Cyclone II th chng trnh bn trong s t ng dn cc
thnh phn logic ca ta vo chung mt khu vc gim bt ti nguyn.
Tuy nhin m bo vic s dng ti nguyn mt cch hiu qu cn phi
ph thuc nhiu v k nng lp trnh v thit k ca ngi k s.
Hnh 27:S khi ca LAB
C 105 khi M4K RAM: cc khi M4K ni dung c cha trong cc ct

ca M4K cu cc khi b nh, Mi khi ny th bao gm cc u vo l cc thanh ghi
c c ghi ng b v u ra l cc c thit k theo ch ng ng. Cc u
ra cc thanh ghi c th c y qua nhng cc u vo th khng th lm th c.
T cc thnh phn ny ta c th c cc b nh l dual-port hay l sinple-port. Cc b
nh y ta c th dng nh RAM hay ROM hay cc b m FIFO. M4K c th h
tr cho:
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4,608 bit RAM.
C th thc hin tn s 250MHz.
h tr cho c b nh n cng hay hai cng ring bit.
c th cu hnh thnh cc thanh ghi dch, cc b m FIFO.
c th cu hnh thnh cc ROM.
Hnh 28:S khi ca M2K RAM
C tng cng 483,840 bits RAM.

4 PLLs (vng kha pha).
C 475 chn I/O s dng: tt c cc chn I/O u c gn

cng nhau trn cc banks I/O. Trong Cyclone II th c tt c 4 banks I/O.
Trong th bank 2 v banks 4 c th h tr cho cc kt ni vi DDR2
v c th up ti 167MHz/333Mbps v QDR c th p ln ti
167MHz/668 Mbps. Cn cc bank 1 v 3 th ch h tr duy nht cho cc
giao din ca SDR v DDR SDRAM. tt c cc bank ca Cyclone II c
th h tr cho cc b nh SDR c th o ln hot ng
167MHZ/167Mbps v b nh DDR v c th hot ng
167MHz/333Mpbs.
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Hnh 29:S b ch cc thanh chn trn Cyclone II
N c ng gi vi 672 chn.
Chng trnh c th c np trc tip t phn mm QUATUS II xung chp qua
mt cp USB.
Ngoi ra trong KIT ny cn c rt nhiu ti nguyn na nh:
C 512 KB SRAM trong c 256 KB a ch v c th cha d liu
vi di 16 bit.
C 8MB b nh SDRAM trong trong c th c ti 1 MB a ch
v c th cha d liu ln ti 16 bt v c 4 banks tt c.
C 8MB b nh Flash v c th cha d liu c rng bt ti a l
8bits
Ni chung trn KIT ny thc hnh nghin cu v pht tin th rt hu ch.
Bi v phi m phng v lm th nghim trn kt ny v ti nguyn ca con

Cyclone II rt nhiu ln ln em dng c RAM trong chip bng cch cu hnh bn trn
nh cc tool h tr, em cng th nghim cc ng bng cch lm mt sng SINE gi
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
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lp s vi cc mu l 8 bt. Coi nh y l cc xung PAM c ly mu qua ADC

v c kt ni ti cc thnh phn khc trong thit k.
4.2 CHNG TRNH V M PHNG
4.2.1. Chng trnh chnh iu khin DSO
Hnh 30: S khi iu khin ca DSO
Hnh trn ny l s khi tng qut ca b iu khin ca DSO c to ra t

phn mm Quatus II sau khi chy chng trnh c vit th n to ra. Phn code ca
chng trnh ny c t phn ph lc bn di.
Trong hnh ny c chia thnh cc khi chnh l :khi iu khin logic cng
song, khi iu khin FIFO, khi to xung chia tn, khi iu khin d im trigo.
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Hnh 31: Dng m phng ca khi chng trnh ca DSO\
Hnh trn l s m phng dng xung khi thc hin chy m phng trn phn
mm Quatus II da trn device l chip Cyclone II.
Trong cc tn hin clk l tn hiu clock a vo b chia tn, control l tn hiu
u vo c dng iu khin logic cng song song, EXT_TRG l tn hiu a vo
iu khin ng b, cc tn hiu LOGIC_INPUTH, LOGIC_INPUTL l cc ng
vo ca ng logic m. Cc tn hiu ra cn li l cc tn hiu iu khin vic chn
knh.
Hnh 32: Ti nguyn m khi iu khin dng
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Hnh 33: Tn s cao nht m khi ny vic c
Hnh 32, 33 l hnh m t cc ngui ti nguyn m chng trnh ny s dng

thc hin cc chc nng, trong ta c th nhn thy ti hnh 32 th chng trnh ny
dng ht tt c l 128 LE, 24 thanh ghi v c u ra l 49 chn. Ti hnh 33 th chng
trnh ny ch c th hot ng cao nht l tn s 33.92 MHz.
4.2.2 Chng trnh iu khin logic cng song song
Hnh 34: S khi iu khin cng song song
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Hnh 35: S dng xung ca khi cng song song
Hai hnh 34, 35 ln lt l s khi v m t dng xung ca chng trnh iu

khin cng song song c to ra khi chy chng trnh trn phn mm Quatus II.
T hnh 34 ta c th thy l trong ny c cc khi ln lt l: B gii m, cc b
cht, b hp knh u vo, v cc thanh cht d liu u ra. c bit trong ny c mt
b bus ba trng thi dng iu khin u vo ly t ng logic hoc l ly t b
nh sau khi c i qua mt con ADC.
4.2.3 Chng trnh iu khin FIFO
Hnh 36: S khi iu khin FIFO
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
47
Kha lun tt nghip
Hnh ny l m hnh tng qut ca khi iu khin FIFO n c to ra t phn

mm Quatus II sau khi chy chng trnh. Code ca phn ny c trnh by trn phn
ph lc pha cui kha lun. Trong c cc khi l mt b m counter m
ng a ch xc nh b nh c y hay khng a ra quyt nh c tip tc
ghi tip vo b nh hay khng, v c th iu khin cho php c d li b nh ra,
trong phn thc hin ny ta cn iu khi tc c v ghi vo b nh. Tip theo l
mt b triger counter n dng m im trigger khi i qua xc inh xem c th
ghi tip d liu hay l cho d liu c ly lun t phn logic a ti cng song
song.
Hnh 37: Dng xung ca khi iu khin FIFO
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
48
Kha lun tt nghip
Hnh 38: Tn s p ng ca control FIFO
Hai hnh 37, 38 l m t nhng ti nguyn m nguyn phn ny s dng. Hnh

38 m t l phn ny th lm vic c tn s cao nht c th l 46.93MHz.
4.2.4 Chng trnh to dng xung chia theo t l 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32
Hnh 39: S khi b chia tn
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
49
Kha lun tt nghip
Hnh 40: Dng xung m t ca b chia tn
Hnh 39 v 40 l s khi v dng xung ca khi chi tn. Khi ny c nhim

v tao ra tn s ly my thch hp cho c khi iu khin ca DSO. Theo thit k th
trong phn ny c th thc hin mt php chia tn thnh , , 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 ln tn
s h thng a vo bng mt b m counter 5 bit.
Dng xung m t phn ny c m t trong phn hnh 40 sau khi i qua mt b
hp knh v u ra l tn s chia, b hp knh ny c chn sel 3bit chn u ra
trong khi sel l 000 th chn khng chia, 001 th chia , 010 chia , 011 chia 1/8,
100 chia 1/16, 101 chia 1/32.
4.2.4 Chng trnh d im trigger
Hnh 41: S khi ca b d im trigger
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
50
Kha lun tt nghip
Hnh 42: M phng dng xung ca d im trigger
Hai hnh 41 v 42 l s khi v dng xung m phng c to ra khi chy

chng trnh trn phn mm Quatus II.
Hnh 41 l s khi iu khin khi tm im trigger. Phn ny c nhim v d
tm im trigger ng b cho khi iu khin ca mnh.
Hnh 42 l dng xung m t ca chng trnh ny trong u ra ca n l
triger_out.
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
51
Kha lun tt nghip
Kt lun
Vi kt qu ny, em bc u xy dng mt b iu khin s dng trong my
dao ng s c nh da trn cng ngh FPGA. c bit qua qu trnh nghin cu v
thc hin ti em tch lu c nhiu kin thc b ch:
Bc u nm c kin thc c bn v FPGA v ngn ng m t phn
cng VHDL.
Hiu c nguyn tc hot ng v cu to ca mt my dao ng s c
nh c xy dng t cc mch tng t v cc mch s.

Nm c cch s dng v lp trnh bng phn mm QUATUS II, v
hiu cch np v chy mt chng trnh trn kit pht trin DE2.
Hiu c t tng ca lung thit k trn cng ngh FPGA.
Xy dng cho bn thn mnh tnh k lut v cch hc tp nghin cu
khoa hc, cch t duy h thng khi thc hin mt ti.
Nhng iu cn hn ch v hng pht trin ca ti.
Do thi gian thc hin ti c hn nn em mi ch lm c b iu
khin l mt khi trong my hin sng.

Chng trnh mi ch c m phng trn phn mm Quatus II ch
cha c lm thc t nn vn cn nhiu hn ch.

Trong thi gian ti sau khi tt nghip em s tip tc hon thin ti ca
mnh c c mt sn phm ca mnh c thit k trn FPGA.
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Kha lun tt nghip
PH LC
-----Chng trnh chnh iu khin DSO
library ieee;
use ieee.std_logic_1164.all;
entity main is
port(
clk
:IN
CONTROL
STD_LOGIC;
:IN
STD_LOGIC_vECTOR(3 DOWNTO 0);
LOGIC_INPUTL
:IN
STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);
LOGIC_INPUTH
:IN
STD_LOGIC_vECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0);
EXT_TRIG
:IN
STATUE
:OUT
FIFO_A_W_CLK
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_B_W_CLK
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_W_EN
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_W_RST
STD_LOGIC;
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_A_OE
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_B_OE
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_R_CLK
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
FIFO_R_RST
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
BUF_DIr
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
AB_CHANEL_MEGA :OUT
STD_LOGIC;
LOGIC_BUT_H_OE
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
ADC_B_OE
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
LOGIC_BUT_L_OE
:OUT
STD_LOGIC;
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53
Kha lun tt nghip
ADC_A_OE
DATA
:OUT
:INOUT
STD_LOGIC;
STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO 0)
);
END;
ARCHITECTURE CHON OF MAIN IS
signal poit1
:std_logic_vector(18 downto 0);
signal dataout :std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

signal pre_trig_load,clkdiv:std_logic_vector(2downto 0);
signal trig_sel,trig_load:std_logic_vector(1downto 0);
signa:buf_dir1,fifo_r_clk1,rec_en1,init1,fifo_r_rst1,fifo
_a_oe1,fifo_b_oe1,high_speed1,fifo_a_logic1,trig_falling1,fifo
_b_logic1
:std_logic;
signal triggerout1,clkout,mem_full2,fifo_w_en2,
fifo_w_rst2,fifo_w_clk2
: std_logic;
component giaotiep
port (
dieukhien
:in
std_logic_vector(3 downto 0);
poit
:in
std_logic_vector(18downto 0);
data
:out std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
data_output
:out std_logic_Vector(7 downto 0);
pre_trig_load
trig_sel
trig_load
clkdiv
buf_dir
:out std_logic;
fifo_r_clk
:out std_logic;
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
54
Kha lun tt nghip
rec_en
:out std_logic;
init
:out std_logic;
fifo_r_rst
:out std_logic;
fifo_a_oe
:out std_logic;
fifo_b_oe
:out std_logic;
high_speed
:out std_logic;
fifo_a_logic
:out std_logic;
trig_falling
:out std_logic;
fifo_b_logic
:out std_logic
);
End component
COMPONENT coltron_fifo
port(
trig
trig_load
:in
:in

trigger
:in
std_logic;
rec_en
:in
std_logic;
init
:in
std_logic;
clk
:in
std_logic;
mem_full
:out
std_logic;
fifo_w_en
:out std_logic;
fifo_w_rst
:out std_logic;
fifo_w_clk
:out std_logic;
poit
:out std_logic_vector(18 downto 0)
);
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55
Kha lun tt nghip
END COMPONENT;
---------COMPONENT trigger_unit
port (
trig_load
:in
trig_value
:in
logic_inputL:in std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);

logic_inputH:in std_logic_vector(7downto 0);
trig_falling
:in
std_logic;
fifo_a_logic
:in
std_logic;
fifo_b_logic
:in
std_logic;
high_speed
:in
std_logic;
ext_trigger
:in
std_logic;
clk
:in
std_logic;
rec_en
:in
std_logic;
trig_sel
:in
trigger_output
:out std_logic
);
END COMPONENT;
-------COMPONENT xungnhip
port (
CLOCK_50,clear
sel
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
:in
std_logic;
:in std_logic_vector(2downto 0);

56
Kha lun tt nghip
clk
:out std_logic
);
END COMPONENT;
--------begin
t1:giaotiep
port map
(control(3downto0),
poit1(18 downto 0),

DATA(7 downto 0),dataout(7 downto 0),
pre_trig_load(2 downto 0),
trig_sel(1 downto 0),
trig_load(1 downto 0),clkdiv(2 downto 0),
buf_dir1,fifo_r_clk1,rec_en1,init1,fifo_r_rst1,
fifo_a_oe1,fifo_b_oe1,high_speed1,fifo_a_logic1,
trig_falling1,fifo_b_logic1);
---------------FIFO_A_OE<=fifo_a_oe1;
FIFO_B_OE<=fifo_b_oe1;
FIFO_R_CLK<=fifo_r_clk1;
FIFO_R_RST<=fifo_r_rst1;
LOGIC_BUT_H_OE<=not fifo_b_logic1;
ADC_B_OE<=fifo_b_logic1;
LOGIC_BUT_L_OE<=not fifo_a_logic1;
ADC_A_OE<=fifo_a_logic1;
----------------
t2:coltron_fifo port map(dataout(7 downto 0),
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
57
Kha lun tt nghip
pre_trig_load(2 downto 0),triggerout1,

rec_en1,init1,clkout,mem_full2,
fifo_w_en2,fifo_w_rst2,fifo_w_clk2,
poit1(18downto 0));
--------------------------------FIFO_A_W_CLK<=not fifo_w_clk2;
FIFO_B_W_CLK<= fifo_w_clk2 xor high_speed1;
AB_CHANEL_MEGA<=high_speed1;
STATUE(4 downto 0)<=mem_full2 & buf_dir1 & "000";
BUF_DIr<=buf_dir1;
FIFO_W_EN<=fifo_w_en2;
FIFO_W_RST<=fifo_w_rst2;
----------------------t3:trigger_unit port map(trig_load(1 downto 0),

dataout(7 downto 0),LOGIC_INPUTL(7 downto 0),
LOGIC_INPUTH(7 downto 0),trig_falling1,
fifo_a_logic1,fifo_b_logic1,high_speed1,
EXT_TRIG,clkout,
rec_en1,trig_sel(1 downto 0),triggerout1);
t4:xungnhip port map(clk,'1',clkdiv(2 downto 0),clkout);
end chon;
---------Chng trnh iu khin logic cng song song

library ieee;
entity giaotiep is
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58
Kha lun tt nghip
port (
dieukhien
:in
poit
:in
data
data_output
:out std_logic_Vector(7 downto 0);
pre_trig_load
trig_sel
trig_load
clkdiv
buf_dir
:out std_logic;
fifo_r_clk
:out std_logic;
rec_en
:out std_logic;
init
:out std_logic;
fifo_r_rst
:out std_logic;
fifo_a_oe
:out std_logic;
fifo_b_oe
:out std_logic;
high_speed
:out std_logic;
fifo_a_logic
:out std_logic;
trig_falling
:out
fifo_b_logic
:out std_logic
std_logic;
);
end ;
architecture chon of giaotiep is
signal
outmux,outtribus,q1,q2,q3,q4:std_logic_vector(7downto 0);
signal t1:std_logic_vector(1 downto 0);
signal a1,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6,a7:std_logic;
signal out1:std_logic_vector(2 downto 0);
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Kha lun tt nghip
-------------component hopkenh
port(
a,b,c
:in
sel
:in
:out
std_logic_vector(7 downto 0)
);
end component;
----------component giaima
PORT
(
data
: IN STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (2 DOWNTO 0);
eq1
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq2
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq3
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq4
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq5
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq6
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
eq7
: OUT STD_LOGIC
);
end component;
----------component reg3
port (
a
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
en
:in
:IN
60
std_logic;
Kha lun tt nghip

q
);
end component;
----------
component reg
port (
en
:in
std_logic;
:in
);
end component;
-----------------component tri3
port (
a
:in
en
:in
:inout std_logic_vector(7downto 0)
std_logic;
);
end component;
---------begin
mux1:
hopkenh port map("00000"&poit(18 downto 16),

poit(15 downto 8),poit(7 downto 0),t1,
outmux(7 downto 0));
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Kha lun tt nghip

chot1:
reg3 port map(dieukhien(0),

dieukhien(3 downto 1),out1(2 downto 0));
gm:
giaima port map(out1(2 downto 0),a7,a6,a5,a4,a3,a2,a1);
busstate:tri3 port map(outmux(7 downto 0),a1,

outtribus(7 downto 0));
chot2:reg port map(a2,outtribus(7 downto 0),
data_output(7 downto 0));
--data_output(7 downto 0)<=q4(7 downto 0);
chot31:reg port map(a3,outtribus(7 downto 0),q1(7 downto 0));
---pre_trig_load(2 downto 0)<=q1(2 downto 0);
rec_en<=q1(3);
init<=q1(4);
fifo_r_rst<=q1(5);
fifo_a_oe<=q1(6) nand(q1(7) and(a6 or a7));
fifo_b_oe<=not q1(6) nand(q1(7) and(a6 or a7));
--------chot4:reg port map(a4,outtribus(7 downto 0),q2(7 downto 0));
-high_speed<=q2(0);
fifo_a_logic<=q2(1);
fifo_b_logic<=q2(2);
trig_sel<=q2(4 downto 3);
clkdiv<=q2(7 downto 5);
-------chot5:reg port map(a5,outtribus(7 downto 0),q3(7 downto 0));
--Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
62
Kha lun tt nghip
trig_load<=q3(1 downto 0);

trig_falling<=q3(2);
t1<=q3(4 downto 3);
--buf_dir
<=(a6 or a7) or a1;
data <=outtribus;
fifo_r_clk<=a1;
end chon;
-------Chng trnh iu khin FIFO
library ieee;
entity coltron_fifo is
port(
trig
:in
trig_load
:in
trigger
:in
std_logic;
rec_en
:in
std_logic;
init
:in
std_logic;
clk
:in
std_logic;
mem_full
:out
std_logic;
fifo_w_en
:out
std_logic;
fifo_w_rst
:out
std_logic;
fifo_w_clk
:out
std_logic;
poit
);
end;
architecture chon of coltron_fifo is
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
63
Kha lun tt nghip
signal a:std_logic_vector(18 downto 0);

signal t1,t2,t3,t4:std_logic;
------------component triggercounter
port(
trig
:in
clk
:in
counter_en
load
:in
:in
mem_full
std_logic;
std_logic;

:out
std_logic
);
end component;
-----------component counter19
PORT
(
clock
: IN STD_LOGIC ;
cnt_en
: IN STD_LOGIC ;
sset
: IN STD_LOGIC ;
: OUT STD_LOGIC_VECTOR (18 DOWNTO 0)
);
end component;
-----------begin
t4<=(trigger and rec_en) or(rec_en and t3);
t2<=t4 and (not t1);
t3<=(a(17)
and
a(17)) or (init);
demtrigger:triggercounter port map

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
64
Kha lun tt nghip
(trig(7 downto 0),clk,t2,trig_load(2 downto 0),t1);

dem19:counter19 port map(clk,not t1,t3,a(18 downto 0));
poit<=a;
mem_full<=t1;
fifo_w_en<=not
t1;
fifo_w_rst<=not init;
fifo_w_clk<=clk;
end chon;
-----Chng trnh b to xung
library ieee;
entity xungnhip is
port (
CLOCK_50,clear :
sel
:
clk
in
in
std_logic;

out
std_logic
);
end xungnhip;
architecture chon of xungnhip is
signal div0,div1,div2,div3,div4
signal clk1,clk2,clk4,clk8,clk16,clk32
std_logic;
std_logic;
:
------------tao xung tre 1/2,1/4,1/8,1/16,1/32---------component taoxung

port (
clk,clear
:in
std_logic;
div0,div1,div2,div3,div4 :out std_logic

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
65
Kha lun tt nghip
);
end component;
------hop kenh------component hopkenhtaoxung
port (
clk1,clk2,clk4,clk8,clk16,clk32
sel
in
clock_out
:in
std_logic;

:out
std_logic
);
end component;
begin
t1:taoxung
port map(CLOCK_50,'1',div0,div1,div2,div3,div4);
t2:hopkenhtaoxung
port map(CLOCK_50,div0,div1,div2,div3,div4,
sel(2 downto 0),clk);
end chon;
-------Chng trnh d im trigger

library ieee;
entity trigger_unit is
port (
trig_load
:in
trig_value
:in
logic_inputL
:in
logic_inputH
:in
trig_falling
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
:in
std_logic;
66
Kha lun tt nghip
fifo_a_logic
:in
std_logic;
fifo_b_logic
:in
std_logic;
high_speed
:in
std_logic;
ext_trigger
:in
std_logic;
clk
:in
rec_en
std_logic;
:in
trig_sel
:in
trigger_output
std_logic;
:out
std_logic
);
end;
architecture chon of trigger_unit is
signal chotout1,chotout2:std_logic_vector(7 downto 0);
signal a1,a2,a3,b1,b2,b3,q11,q12,q13,q14,q2,q3,s:std_logic;
signal outmux21,outmux22,outmux3,outtrigD:std_logic;
-------------component mux2
port(
a,b
:in
std_logic;
sel
:in
:out std_logic
a,b,c
:in
std_logic;
);
end component;
-------component mux3
port(
sel
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
:in
std_logic;

67
Kha lun tt nghip

q
:out std_logic
);
end component;
------component reg
port (
en
:in
std_logic;
:in
);
end component;
------component trigD
port (
a
:in
clk,clear :in
q
:out
std_logic;
std_logic;
std_logic
);
end component;
------component sosanh
PORT
(
dataa
:IN
datab
:IN
STD_LOGIC_VECTOR(7 DOWNTO
AeB
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
AgB
: OUT STD_LOGIC ;
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
68
Kha lun tt nghip

AlB

: OUT STD_LOGIC
);
end component;
-------begin
chot1
:reg port map(trig_load(0),
trig_value(7 downto 0),chotout1(7 downto 0));

chot2:reg port map(trig_load(1),
trig_value(7 downto 0),chotout2(7 downto 0));
sosanh1:sosanh port map(chotout1(7 downto 0),
logic_inputL(7 downto 0),a1,a2,a3);
sosanh2:sosanh port map(chotout2(7 downto 0),
logic_inputH(7 downto 0),b1,b2,b3);
---------------------t1:mux2 port map(a2,a3,trig_falling,outmux21);
t2:mux2 port map(b2,b3,trig_falling,outmux22);
-----------------------q11<=a1 and fifo_a_logic and (not fifo_b_logic);
q12<=not fifo_a_logic and not fifo_b_logic and not high_speed;
q13<=(a1 and b1) and fifo_b_logic;
q14<=(outmux21 and outmux22)and high_speed;
q3<=q12 or q13 or q11 or q14;
q2<=ext_trigger xor trig_falling;
-----------------t3:mux3 port map(q3,outmux22,q2,
trig_sel(1downto 0),outmux3);
t4:trigD port map(outmux3,clk,'1',outtrigD);
-----------------------Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
69
Kha lun tt nghip
s<=(not outtrigD and rec_en) or( rec_en and s);

trigger_output<=(outtrigD
trig_sel(1));
and
s)or(trig_sel(0)and
end chon;
Ti liu tham kho

[1] PGS.V Qu im(ch bin),Phm Vn Tun, Nguyn Thy Anh, L Ph,
Nguyn Ngc Vn -C s k thut o lng in t - - NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut
2006
[2] Tng Vn On - Thit k mch s vi VHDL v Verilog- tp 1,2- NXB Lao ng
X hi -2007
[3] Volnei A. Pedroni - Circuit Design With VHDL
[4] DE2_UserManual
[5] http://www.seas.upenn.edu/
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/
[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asic
[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHDL
[9] http://mikro.e-technik.uni-ulm.de/vhdl/
[10] http://www.fpga4fun.com/
[11] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscilloscope
[12] http://www.electronickits.com/gold/
Nguyn Vn Thng K49B
70

Laptrinh VN CongNgheFPGA

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Tm Tt Ni Dung Kha Lun

My hin th sng hay cn gi l my dao ng s c nh (DSO) l mt thit b

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

4.2 CHNG TRNH V M PHNG............................................................................44

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

: Analog -to- Digital Converter

: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit

: Complex Programmable Logic Device

: Dynamic Random Access Memory .

: Digital Storage Oscilloscop

: Digital Signal Processing.

: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only

: First In First Out

: Field-Programmable Gate Array

: Hardware Description Language

: Logic Array Block.

: Multication and accumulation

: Programmable Logic Array

: Random Access Memory

: Simple Programable Devices.

: Static Random Access Memory.

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

: VHSIC hardware description language

: Very High Speed Itergrated Circuit

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

Sinh vin thc hin

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

TNG QUAN V FPGA

Tc v ti lp trnh ca FPGA thc hin n gin hn.

Kh nng lp trnh linh ng hn

Thit k hay lp trnh cho FPGA c thc hin ch yu bng cc ngn ng m

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

Xilinx, Altera thng cung cp cc gi phn mm v thit b ph tr cho qu trnh

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

ng dng ca FPGA bao gm: x l tn hiu s DSP, cc h thng hng khng,

Hnh 1: Cu trc tng th mt FPGA

1.4.1 Khi logic FPGA

Hnh 2: Khi logic FPGA

Phn t chnh ca FPGA l cc khi logic (logic block). Khi logic c cu

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

LUT (Look up table) l khi logic c th thc hin bt k hm logic no t 4 u

Nguyn Vn Thng K49B

Kha lun tt nghip

Th nghim thit k dao ng k s trn FPGA

Hnh 3: Quy trnh thit k FPGA

1.4.3.1 M t ban u v thit k