KHOA HC

CNG NGH

TI NGUYN NC DI T NG BNG NAM B:

NHNG THCH THC V GII PHP
PGS.TS on Vn Cnh & NNK
Trng i hc M a cht
Tm tt: Ti nguyn nc di t Vit Nam tp trung trong 6 cu trc cha nc chnh,
trong ch yu trong cc thnh to b ri hai ng bng Bc B (BBB) v Nam B
(BNB). Theo mt s kt qu iu tra nghin cu cho thy vic khai thc s dng ti nguyn
nc di t hin nay cha hp l v c s bin ng mnh m. Mt mt, chng ta nhn thy
nc di t mt s din tch trn hai ng bng ang b gim v tr lng, xu v cht
lng. Ngc li, cng trn BBB v BNB, c tng cha nc mi c pht hin v mt s
din tch nc di t ang c nht ha. Bi bo ny i su nh gi hin trng ti nguyn
nc di t s phn b cc tng cha nc, tr lng tim nng, hin trng khai thc s
dng trn c s cp nht nhng nghin cu mi nht hai ng bng, ng thi phn tch s
bin ng ti nguyn nc trong nhiu thp k qua, nh gi cc nguyn nhn gy ra nhng
bin ng v xut cc gii php khoa hc cng ngh phc v khai thc bn vng ti
nguyn nc di t BNB. cng l ni dung nghin cu trong ti khoa hc cp nh
nc ang thc hin m s KC.08.06/11-15.
Summary: Groundwater resources of Vietnam distributed in 6 main regions, in which
unconsolidated formations at Northern (BBB) and Southern (BNB) plain are high potential.
Due to the gaps of investigations, unsuitable groundwater resources development, ground water
in the areas is highly changed. At present groundwater in some areas of two planes are declining
both quantity and quality. On the other hand, some new potential aquifers have been discovered
and fresh ground water area is extending as well. This paper focusses on the current state of
groundwater resources, the distribution of aquifers, groundwater potential reserves and current
utilization as well as analyses of ground water resources changes over the last decades,
evaluation of the causes to make these changes and recommendation of proposal solutions based
on scientific and technological research for sustainable groundwater development in Southern
Plain. The study of this paper is a part of state-level scientific research code KC.08.06/11-15.
M U1
Nc di t Vit Nam tn ti trong cc
thnh to ct cui si b ri, ct bt kt,
bazan, vi v mt s thnh to khc, to
thnh cc tng cha nc chnh ti min ng
Bc B, Ty Bc B, ng bng Bc B, Bc
Trung B, Nam Trung B, Ty Nguyn v
ng bng Nam B. Trong my thp k qua,
di tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin v con
ngi, nc di t trong cc cu trc cha
nc trong lnh th Vit Nam bin ng rt
mnh m. Nhiu tng cha nc c pht

hin trc kia, hin nay ang c khai thc

s dng. Do khai thc s dng mt cch cha
hp l, ti nguyn nc di t ang c s
bin ng theo hng xu i. Ngc li, nhiu
tng cha nc mi c pht hin, nhiu
vng nc nht ang c m rng, nhiu
vng ni vi xa xi ho lnh n nay tm
c ngun nc di t s dng. Trong
s nhng cu trc cha nc nu trn th cu
trc cha nc ng bng Bc B v Nam
B c s bin ng mnh m nht. Trong
khun kh bi bo ny chng ti i su nghin
cu v phn tch nhng bin ng ti nguyn
nc di t ng bng Nam B

Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS Phm Qu Nhn

54

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

KHOA HC

CNG NGH
nhng ang khai thc s dng 4 tng chnh l
Pleistocen gia-trn (qp 2-3), Pleistocen di
(qp1), Pliocen trn (n22) v Pliocen di (n21)
(xem hnh 1) [4,5,6,7].

I. HIN TRNG KHAI THC S DNG

V BIN NG TI NGUYN NC
DI T BNB
ng bng Nam B c 7 tng cha nc,

Bng 1. Hin trng khai thc s dng nc di t ng bng Nam B

TT

Thnh ph, tnh

Lng nc ang Tr lng khai thc % khai thc so

khai thc, m3/ngy
tim nng, m3/ngy vi tim nng

1
2
3

ng bng Nam B
T.P H Ch Minh
Ton lnh th Vit Nam

2.741.268,00
850.000,00
8.364.513,00

23.843.731,00
2.501.059,00
172.599.897,00

11,00
33,98
4,85

(Ngun iu tra ca ti KC.08.06/11-15 do Cc Qun l TNN, L QH v T TNN min Nam cung cp v theo tnh ton ca
chng ti trong nhiu nm qua)
223
22
22
223
22
22333333
223
2222

du
t i
ng
h .c h
ut h
nh
t
y n in h
h .h o
t h
n h

h .b
n c t
h .g d u

804
80
804
8080
804444

h .t
n uy
n

h . tr
n gb
ng
v n
ha n

t
u m
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h .c ch
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b

h .t h
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c h gi
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h .ch
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b i n

mb n h
h .t a

h .c h
u th n
h

21
2122 11
21
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212 1

h .p h
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th a n
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ng

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Rng Uminh t hng

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h
uy
n

2 17
17
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21
22 17
2121
77

h. v
n h th u
n
. h
h
n gd
n

QQ
Q

QQ

. u min h
h

. th a n
h
h tr

Qh.Q
Q
v
Q

h
n
Ql
i

Q
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ma u
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h . h
n gd
n

160
NN

N
N

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200

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h
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c

NN
N
N
N
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N
N
N
N
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0
40

240
280

. n
h
g c h i
n

80

NN

N
N

NN

N
N

120

320
360
400

160
200
240

320

280

400

360

320
360
400

Hnh 1. S phn b cc tng cha nc chnh ng bng Nam B

Kt qu trnh by trong bng 1 cho thy tim

nng nc di t Vit Nam rt ln, nhng
do cng tc iu tra nh gi cha c chi tit,
y nn mi a vo khai thc s dng mt
phn khng ng k (4,85%) so vi tr lng
tim nng. BNB con s l 11%. Tuy
nhin, do tc ng ca cc yu t t nhin, ca
con ngi v nhiu lnh vc (khai thc nc,
khai thc m, xy dng cng trnh, th trn
mt t v trong khng gian ngm...) m ti

nguyn nc di t c nhiu bin ng. Hu

ht nhng bin ng c chiu hng xu i, v
d nh lm h thp mc nc, din tch vng
b cp ca tng cha nc b thu hp (do xy
dng cc khu th), gia tng nhim bn, din
tch nc mn lan rng do khai thc qu mc,
thiu ngun cung cp, ngc li mt vi ni
din tch nc nht ca cc tng cha nc l
ra trn mt t c m rng do nc ma
cung cp.

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

55

KHOA HC
II. BIN NG TI NGUYN NC DI T
BNB

2.1. Bin ng mc nc
Thng qua chui s liu thu thp c t
mng quan trc Quc gia ti nguyn nc
di t vng ng bng Nam B giai on
t nm 1995 2010 cho thy bc tranh bin
ng mc nc trong cc tng cha nc [5,6].
Nc di t ca cc tng cha nc trn din
tch ng bng Nam B u c nhng c im

CNG NGH

chung ging nhau l mc nc thng c xu

hng dao ng theo ma. Ma kh (thng 4,
thng 5) c mc nc thp nht, vo ma ma
(thng 10, thng 11), mc nc cao nht.
Giai on t nm 1995 2010, mc nc
trong tng cha nc Holocen (qh) trong din
tch phn b gia sng Tin v sng Hu,
vng Nm Cn - C Mau c xu hng dng
ln theo thi gian, trung bnh 10 nm dng ln
0,691,0m (xem hnh 2).

Hnh 2. th dao ng mc nc thi k 19952010 tng cha nc Holocen (qh)

Ngc li, trong cc tng cha nc khc trn

ton b din tch BNB, mc nc u c xu
hng gim. Mc nc trong tng cha nc

Pleistocen trn (qp 3) ti Cn Th, Tr Vinh t

nm 2000 2010 h thp vi tc t
0,270,39 m/nm (hnh 3).

TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q402020 THT NT - CN TH

01/10

-400
01/09

-350

0
01/08

100
01/07

-250
-300

01/06

-200

300
200

01/05

-150

400

01/04

-100

500

1/03

600

1/02

0
-50

1/01

50

800
700

cao mc nc.cm

100

900

1/00

Lng ma,mm

1000

T hng/Nm
Lng ma

T ch ly lch lng ma

Q402020

Linear (Q402020)

Hnh 3. th quan h gia mc nc tng cha nc qp3 v lng ma thi k 19952010

Tng cha nc Pleistocen gia-trn (qp23) ti

BNB hu ht u h thp mc nc mnh
theo thi gian vi tc khong 0,30,44

56

m/nm. y l tng cha nc ang c khai

thc s dng ti Kin Giang, Tr Vinh (xem
hnh 4).

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

KHOA HC

CNG NGH
TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q217020 DUYN HI - TR VINH
200

1300

150

1100

100
50

900

700

-50

500

-100
-150

300

cao mc nc.cm

Lng ma,mm

1500

-200
100

-250
7/08

1/08

7/07

1/07

7/06

1/06

7/05

1/05

7/04

1/04

7/03

1/03

7/02

1/02

7/01

1/01

7/00

1/00

1/99
7/99

7/98

1/98

1/97
7/97

7/96

1/96

7/95

1/95

7/94

1/94

7/93

1/93

7/92

-300
1/92

-100

Thng/Nm
Lng ma

Tch ly lch lng ma

Q217020

Linear (Q217020)

Hnh 4. th quan h gia mc nc di t tng cha nc qp23 v lng ma thi k 19952010

Mc nc trong tng cha nc (qp1 ) cng c

xu hng tng t, gim mnh nht trong cc
khu khai thc nc di t tp trung ti Tn

Tr - Long An, TP C Mau vi tc khong

0,510,93 m/nm (xem hnh 5).

cao mc nc.cm

11/10

06/10

01/10

08/09

03/09

10/08

05/08

12/07

07/07

02/07

09/06

04/06

11/05

06/05

-600
01/05

-550

0
08/04

-500

100
03/04

-450

200

10/03

-400

300

05/03

-350

400

12/02

-300

500

7/02

-250

600

2/02

-200

700

9/01

-150

800

4/01

-100

900

11/00

-50

1000

6/00

1100

1/00

Lng ma,mm

TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q401030 CHU THNH - KIN GIANG

Thng/Nm
Lng ma

Tch ly lch lng ma

Q401030

Linear (Q401030)

Hnh 5. th quan h gia mc nc di t tng cha nc qp1 v lng ma thi k 19952010

Mc nc trong tng cha nc Pliocen gia

(n22) v tng cha nc Pliocen di (n21) ti
cc khu khai thc nc tp trung nh Tr

Vinh c xu hng gim rt mnh vi tc h

thp mc nc t 0,620,89 m/nm (hnh 6)

800

-200

700

-300

Lng ma,mm

600

-400

500

-500

400
-600
300
-700

200

7/10

1/10

7/09

1/09

7/08

1/08

7/07

1/07

7/06

1/06

7/05

1/05

7/04

1/04

07/03

01/03

7/02

1/02

7/01

-900
1/01

-800

0
7/00

100

cao mc nc.cm

TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q406040 CU NGANG - TR VINH

Thng/Nm
Lng ma

Tch ly lch lng ma

Q406040

Linear (Q406040)

Hnh 6. th quan h gia mc nc di t tng cha nc Pliocen gia-trn (n21 v n22) v lng ma thi k 19952010

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

57

KHOA HC
Trong tng cha nc Miocen trn (n13), mc
nc ti Hu Giang, Cn Th c xu hng h

CNG NGH

thp theo thi gian vi tc t 0,340,52

m/nm (xem hnh 7).

1000

100
50
0
-50
-100
-150
-200
-250
-300
-350
-400
-450
-500
-550
-600
-650

900

Lng ma,mm

800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
11/10

06/10

01/10

08/09

03/09

10/08

05/08

12/07

07/07

02/07

09/06

04/06

11/05

06/05

01/05

08/04

03/04

5/03

10/03

7/02

12/02

2/02

9/01

4/01

6/00

11/00

1/00

cao mc nc.cm

TH MC NC CNG TRNH Q402040 THT NT - CN TH

Thng/Nm
Lng ma

Tch ly lch lng ma

Q402040

Linear (Q402040)

Hnh 7. th dao ng mc nc tng cha nc Miocen trn (n1 3) v lng ma thi k 20002010

l s dao ng mc nc trong cc im
quan trc ng thi trong cc tng cha nc
khc nhau. Bc tranh chung v mc nc
trong cc tng cha nc ng bng Nam
B cng c xy dng da theo cc thng
tin nhn c trong mng quan trc ng thi
nc di t Quc Gia. Do khun kh bi
bo c hn nn chng ti s trnh by vn
ny mt cch chi tit hn trong nhng cng
trnh cng b tip theo.
2.2. Bin ng cht lng nc
S bin ng cht lng nc di t ng
bng Nam B din ra rt phc tp. tng
khong ha ca nc c xu hng lun tng
tng cha nc ny, ngc li mt s tng
cha nc khc c ch tng, c ch gim. Bn
bin ng cht lng nc c lp cho 6
tng cha nc ph bin nht, ang c khai
thc s dng nht ng bng Nam B. l
cc tng cha Pleistocen thng, Pleistocen
trung-thng, Pleistocen h, Pliocen trung,
Plioxen h v Miocen h.
Tng cha nc Holocen (qh)
Ti vng T Gic Long Xuyn, mt phn pha
ng bc Bn o C Mau, ty nam ca ng
Thp Mi khong ha ca tng cha nc
Holocen c xu hng tng. Ngc li, pha
ng vng Gia Hai Sng, pha nam Bn o

58

C Mau v ng nam ng Thp Mi, nc

c ra nht dn bi nc sng v nc
ma. tng khong ha ca tng cha nc
ny ty bc T Gic Long Xuyn v pha
ty vng Gia Hai Sng n nh. Nguyn nhn
c th l do s cn bng gia s cung cp do
nc ma, nc l v tc ng ca nc mn
xung quanh, lm cho tng khong ha ca
nc di t t bin i.
Tng cha nc Pleistocen trung-thng
(qp2-3)
Tng cha nc ny hin nay tch ra lm
hai tng, tuy nhin chng c quan h thy lc
cht ch vi nhau nn cht lng nc hon
ton tng ng. Xu th chung v tng
khong ha l tng v n nh, trong s n
nh ch tp trung nhng vng nc nht
(xem hnh 8). Vng c tng khong ho
tng nh phn b ng nam T Gic Long
Xuyn, ng bc bn o C Mau, ng nam
vng Gia Hai Sng v ng Thp Mi.
Tng cha nc ny ang c khai thc s
dng rng ri. Qu trnh khai thc nc c th
lm dch chuyn bin mn - nht. Vng c
tng khong ha c xu hng gim ch yu
phn b pha nam Bn o C Mau, vng
Gia Hai Sng v ri rc mt vi ni ng
Nam B.

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

KHOA HC

CNG NGH

Tng cha nc Pleistocen h (qp1)

tng khong ho ca nc di t trong
tng ny c xu hng tng ch yu ng
nam ca vng Gia Hai Sng, ng Thp
Mi v T Gic Long Xuyn (xem hnh 9).
Din tch c tng khong ho gim phn b
ko di t T Gic Long Xuyn n Bn o
C Mau v pha ty vng Gia Hai sng. T

Hnh 8. S phn vng bin i tng khong ha tng

cha nc Pleistocen trung thng (qp2-3) vng BNB

Tng cha nc Pliocen (n2)

Cng tng t nh tng cha nc Pleistocen,
tng cha nc Pliocen hin nay c phn
tch ra lm hai. Tuy nhin cc cng trnh quan
trc ng thi nc di t trong mng li
quan trc Quc gia c xy dng trc kia
vi s lng ln u t ng lc vo c hai
tng cha nc, nn bc tranh v mc nc v
cht lng nc phn nh mt cch chung
nht. Theo kt qu tng hp, xu hng tng
khong ho tng v n nh chim phn ln
trong cc cng trnh quan trc, trong
tng khong ho n nh chim hu ht din
tch phn b ca tng cha nc (xem hnh
10).

pha ty vng Gia Hai Sng n ty nam ca

Bn o C Mau khong ha gim dn, chng
t ngoi s b sung t Campuchia th nh
hng ca sng ni y cng rt ng k.
Cng tng t nh vy, mc gim tng
khong ha ca nc cng din ra t pha bc
n nam vng Bn o C Mau.

Hnh 9. S phn vng bin i tng khong ha

tng cha nc Pleistocen h (qp1) vng BNB

Din tch c tng khong ho tng phn b

tp trung ng Thp Mi, vng Gia Hai
Sng, khonh pha ty bc v pha nam ca
Bn o C Mau, vng gn ven bin tng rt
mnh, vng ng Thp Mi-vng Gia Hai
Sng khi i t bc xung nam khong ho
tng nh.
Din tch tng khong ha c xu hng
gim phn b ch yu T Gic Long Xuyn
v Bn o C Mau, trong T Gic Long
Xuyn gim vi mc trung bnh cn Bn
o C Mau gim mnh. Nguyn nhn c th
do c b sung t pha ty v t nc ma
trn cc vng l ca tng cha nc min
ng Nam B.

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

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KHOA HC
Tng cha nc Miocen thng (n13)
Tng cha nc Miocen thng cn c t
cng trnh quan trc, nn kt qu nhn nh
ch mang tnh tng i. C hai xu hng
tng khong ho ch yu l tng v n nh.
Din tch pha ng ca ng Thp Mi v
vng Gia Hai Sng n nh v mt tng
khong ha, pha ty li tng, trong xu
hng n nh ln vo su hn vng ng
Thp Mi. Ngc li, bn o C Mau v
NB li c xu hng gim t ng sang ty

Hnh 10. S phn vng bin i tng khong ha

tng cha nc Pliocen vng ng bng Nam B
III. NGUYN NHN BIN NG TI NGUYN
NC DI T V NHNG GII PHP PHC
V KHAI THC BN VNG TI NGUYN

T nhng phn tch phn trn c th a ra

mt s nhn nh v nguyn nhn bin i
mc nc v tng khong ha nc di
t mt s vng lnh th ng bng Nam
B. Ti cc vng c khai thc nc ln nh
TP. H Ch Minh, ng Nai, B Ra-Vng
Tu..., s suy gim mc nc v bin i cht
lng nc ch yu do cng ngh khai thc
(b tr bi ging khng hp l so vi ngun
hnh thnh tr lng khai thc, kt cu cng

60

CNG NGH

(xem hnh 11). Xu hng tng khong

tng chim din tch Bn o C Mau, pha
ty vng Gia Hai Sng, pha ty ng Thp
Mi v vng ng Nam B. Nguyn nhn
gy nn xu hng trn c th t i dng,
lng b cp khong ho cao t bin gii
v cc khi nc mn khc. Vng c tng
khong ho n nh phn b pha ng vng
Gia Hai Sng, pha ng ng Thp Mi
v mt khonh nh pha ty min NB (Ty
Ninh).

Hnh 11. S phn vng bin i tng khong ha

tng cha nc Miocen thng vng ng bng Nam B

trnh ging khoan, cng sut khai thc khng

ph hp vi kh nng ca ging khoan...).
Ngc li ti cc vng nng thn ng bng
rng ln, t hp yu t con ngi v t nhin
gy ra nhng bin ng .
gim thiu nguy c h thp mc nc,
nhim, xm nhp mn, tng cng tr lng
cc tng cha nc nht hin c, cn y
mnh thc hin cc gii php cng ngh sau
y.
3.1. Trc ht cn tp hp s liu iu tra
nghin cu t trc n nay phn tch nh

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

KHOA HC

CNG NGH

gi kh nng p ng ngun nc ca cc tng

cha nc. Phn chia cc tng cha nc ra
lm cc vng c th khai thc, hn ch khai
thc v cm khai thc da trn tnh hnh thc
t v cc tiu ch khoa hc c la chn. y
chnh l mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu ca
chng ti trong mt ti nghin cu khoa
hc cp nh nc ang thc hin mang m s
KC.08.06/11-15.
Ngoi mt s quy nh trong quyt nh s
15/2008/BTNMT, phn vng hn ch khai
thc nc di t c th da trn nhng tiu
ch nht nh. Theo ti liu nc ngoi, c th
da vo 10 tiu ch [8,9]. Cc tiu ch ny c
th thay i, b sung hoc lc bt ty tng
trng hp c th.
a) Tiu ch v tr lng nc di t theo
u ngi (capita). Tiu ch ny c xc nh
theo t s (tnh bng m3/ngy, hoc nm) theo
u ngi. Tiu ch ny c th nh gi theo t
s gia lng nc di t ang khai thc s
dng chia cho dn s lnh th nghin cu,
hoc t s gia tr lng nc di t c kh
nng hi phc, tr lng ng t nhin ca
Qkt
nc di t chia cho u ngi:
;
dans
b) Tiu ch v tng lng khai thc so vi tng
Q
lng b cp t nhin: kt 100%
Qbctn
;
c) Tiu ch v % s dng nc di t l t
s gia tr lng khai thc nc di t so
Q
vi tng lng nc khai thc : ndd 100%
Qnc
;
d) Tiu ch v cn kit ngun nc, c nh
gi bng t s gia din tch ngun nc b
cn kit so vi din tch phn b tng cha
F
nc: ck 100%
Fnc
;
e) Tiu ch v kh nng c ngun tr lng
ko theo;
g) Tiu ch v cht lng nc, v mc
nhim ngun nc (din tch nc b nhim
so vi tng din tch phn b tng cha nc);

h) Tiu ch v su khai thc cho php so vi

su phn b ca tng cha nc (tng t
Q15);
i) Tiu ch v yu cu x l nc;
k) Tiu ch v s dng nc di t ca cc
h nng dn (tiu ch ny th hin s pht trin
Pf
ca mt t nc) :
100% .
Ptt
3.2. Quy hoch cc cng trnh khai thc nc
(ging khoan, cng trnh khai thc nm
ngang...) ph hp vi iu kin hnh thnh tr
lng, c ch khai thc hp l i vi mi
tng cha nc [1,2];
3.3. Trin khai cng tc b sung nhn to tr
lng khai thc nc di t trong nhng
vng c iu kin thun li. c bit TP
HCM, ng Nai, B Ra-Vng Tu cn trin
khai ngay gii php thu gom nc ma a
xung lng t trong gii hn hnh phu h
thp mc nc kp thi b li lng nc
ang khai thc, chng cn kit ngun nc,
bo v nc nht trc s xm nhp ca nc
mn;
3.4. Tng cng cng tc quan trc ng thi
nc di t bng cch m rng mng quan
trc quc gia v a phng, mng chuyn;
khai thc v x l thng tin, kp thi a ra
nhng cnh bo v ti nguyn nc di t.
IV. KT LUN
ng bng Nam B c tim nng nc di
t phong ph vi tr lng khai thc tim
nng n trn 23,8 triu m3/ngy, trong tr
lng c th khai thc m khng lm cn kit
ngun nc c th chim mt na. Theo
thng k n thi im nghin cu cc tnh v
thnh ph BNB hin ti mi ch khai thc
s dng khong 2,7 triu m3/ngy, chim 11%
tr lng khai thc tim nng. Di tc ng
cc yu t t nhin v nhn to, trong ch
yu l tc ng do con ngi gy ra lm cho
nc di t c s bin ng su sc vi xu
hng xu i. gim thiu s suy gim tr
lng v nhim nc di t cn thc hin
mt lot cc gii php, trong gii php hng
u l khai thc hp l, ch no c th khai

TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH THY LI S 14 - 2013

61

KHOA HC
thc, u cm khai thc v hn ch khai
thc, ng thi cn t chc gim st cht ch
s bin ng ti nguyn nc di t bng

CNG NGH

cng tc quan trc ng thi lu di thng

xuyn v b sung nhn to nc di t mt
cch kp thi.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. on Vn Cnh (2010). Nghin cu c s khoa hc v xut gii php thu gom nc ma
a vo lng t phc v chng hn v b sung nhn to nc di t. Bo cc kt qu thc
hin ti c lp m s TL.2007G/44. Trung tm thng tin KHKT Quc gia. H Ni, 2010.
204 trang.
[2]. Nguyn Kim Cng, 1995. gim thiu tnh trng nhim nc ngm v st ln mt t
ca Th H Ni. Bo co ti hi ngh quc t v mi trng. H Ni, 1985.
[3]. Kch bn bin i kh hu, nc bin dng cho Vit Nam c B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng xy dng v cng b. NXB Ti nguyn- Mi trng v Bn Vit Nam. H Ni, 2012.
[4]. Nc di t ng bng Bc B. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Nm 2000. 111
trang.
[5]. Nc di t ng bng Nam B. Cc a cht v Khong sn Vit Nam. Nm 1998. 163
trang
[6]. Nin gim ng thi nc di t ng bng Bc B, ng bng Nam B. Cc a cht v
Khong sn Vit Nam - B cng nghip. 1999, 2000 2011.
[7]. Phn chia a tng N - Q v nghin cu cu trc a cht ng bng Nam B t l
1:500.000. Bo co kt qu n do Lin on CTV CCT min Nam thc hin. 2004
[8]. Groundwater resources sustainability indicators. Editor: Jaroslav Vrba and Annukka
Lipponen. Published in 2007 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization. 7, Place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP (France). Composed by Marina Rubio,
93200 Saint-Denis. UNESCO 2007. IHP/2007/GW-14
[9]. Groundwater Resouces Sustainability Indicators. UNESCO IHP-VI Series on Groundwater
No. 14.

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