KH NNG CP B SUNG NC DI T, NINH PHC, NINH THUN, VIT NAM

Hunh Ph1
Tm tt: Rnh ngn nc ma theo ng ng mc s ngn s chy trn ca nc ma, to
iu kin cho nc ma thm su xung t, trnh c xi mn t v gi li mt lng nc
ma ng k sau thi gian ma, tng thi gian nc ma thm vo t to iu kin nc ma
b sung vo tng nc ngm. p ngn ct trn cc khe sui chnh s c tc dng tm thi ngn
chn dng chy mt v chuyn thnh dng chy di t, v vy c th chuyn dng chy t tp
trung trong khe rnh sang dng chy din rng di mt t, gim kh nng gy xi, ko di thi
gian thm b sung ca nc xung tng nc ngm.
T nm 2007, h thng cng trnh ngn gi nc ma ny c th nghim ti x Phc Nam,
huyn Ninh Phc, tnh Ninh thun, ni kh hn nht ca Vit Nam. Tc ng b sung nc v
nc ngm cho khu vc c theo di nghin cu t nm 2008-2011 cho thy bc u c kt qu
tt. nng cao hiu qu b sung nc v nc ngm cho khu vc khan him nc ny, h thng
cng trnh thu tr nc tng t cn c thc hin nhn rng cho khu vc.
Cc t kho: rnh ngn nc ma, p ngn ct, b sung nc ngm, cy Nem, cy Jastropha.
1. t vn *
Ninh Thun l mt trong 2 tnh c ngun
nc khan him nht Vit Nam. Lng ma
trung bnh nm thp, ch t 700-800 mm/nm,
li phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu vo
ma ma. Ma kh nng nng ko di, c
nhng nm c bit kh hn, 8 thng lin khng
c ma. c mt s nghin cu nhm nng
cao hiu qu s dng nc ti cho mt s loi
cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao ca tnh nh cy
thanh long, tuy nhin nhng nghin cu v cc
cng trnh tn thu nc ma, gim dng chy
mt, nng cao kh nng cp m cho tng st mt
t v tng cng kh nng cp b sung cho
tng nc ngm cha c quan tm ng mc.
Cc cng trnh ngn gi nc ma nh rnh
ngn nc ma theo ng ng mc, p ngn
ct trn cc khe sui c ng dng thu gi
tm thi nc ma, nng cao mc nc ngm,
ngn chn xi mn rt hiu qu ti cc vng kh
hn trn th gii, chu Phi. Rnh ngn nc ma
theo ng ng mc s ngn s chy trn ca
nc ma, ko di thi gian nc ma thm
su xung t, trnh c xi mn t v gi li
mt lng nc ma ng k sau thi gian ma,
tng thi gian nc ma thm vo t v tham gia
1.

i hc Ti Nguyn v Mi trng H Ni

vo tng nc ngm. p ngn ct trn cc khe

sui chnh s c tc dng tm thi ngn chn dng
chy mt v chuyn thnh dng chy di mt
t, v vy c th chuyn dng chy t tp trung
trong khe rnh sang dng chy din rng di mt
t, gim kh nng gy xi. Vic gi li nc
di mt t trc p s nng cao mc nc
trc p lm tng kh nng cp nc dn dn
cho pha h lu v ko di kh nng gi nc tm
thi pha thng lu p.
Ti Phc Nam, Ninh Phc, Ninh Thun do
a hnh dc, khi ma, nc ma t nh ni
chy tp trung xung chn ni, theo cc rnh
xi v cc con ng tp trung v cc khe ni,
t nc chy ra sng v ra bin ko theo
cc t , trm tch v dinh dng. Nh vy
sau ma khng nhng nc b mt m c t v
cc cht dinh dng trong t cng b mt theo.
V vy, nc tr nn khan him, t ai b xi
mn tr si , l u xut hin khp ni.
th nghim vic a cc cng trnh ngn
gi nc ma vo ng dng cho cc vng kh
hn ca Vit Nam, Vin Nc UNESCO-IHE
DELF, i hc K thut Tng hp DELF v cng
ty HASKONING H Lan vi s ti tr ca cc t
chc nc quc t u t xy dng mt h
thng cc cng trnh ngn gi nc ma ti x
Phc Nam, huyn Ninh Phc, tnh Ninh Thun.

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 37 (6/2012)

53

Sau khi d n xy dng kt thc, trng i

hc Thy li tip tc tin hnh o c s liu
v m t, su nc ngm ca khu vc
trong ba nm theo di tc ng b sung nc
ngm ca h thng cc cng trnh thu tr nc
trong khu vc. Trn c s phn tch cc s liu o
c c cho thy tc ng kh quan ca h thng
cng trnh n s nng ln ca mc nc ngm.
2. Mc tiu nghin cu
Nghin cu tc ng b sung nc ngm ca
h thng cc cng trnh thu tr nc cho khu
vc x Phc Nam, huyn Ninh Phc, tnh
Ninh Thun, Vit Nam.
3. Kt qu nghin cu v tho lun
Rnh ngn nc ma theo ng ng mc
phi tha mn iu kin l c t ti khu vc c
dng chy t nhin, ti cc rnh xi ln xut
hin; t c kh nng thm thch hp v c tim
nng lu tr nc di t ln; v tr ca cc rnh
cn c la chn ph hp vi v tr ca p sao
cho dng chy nc di t c lin tc. S
cc rnh ngn nc ma nh Hnh 1.
Sau khi iu tra, tm hiu thc t, hai khu vc
ca x Phc Ninh, huyn Ninh Phc, tnh Ninh
Thun c la chn xy dng h thng cc
rnh ngn nc ma v cc p ngn ct nh
Hnh 2. Mt h thng quan trc cc thng s v
mc nc ngm, mc nc trong cc rnh ngn
nc ma, mc nc ti cc p ngn ct, m
t c lp t ti cc v tr thch hp.

iu kin a cht thy vn ca khu vc

nghin cu c trng cho vng ni ca tnh
Ninh Thun vi a hnh bin i t i ni dc
vi nhiu l u n vng chuyn tip. Tng
di mt t khu vc d n l lp t ct khng
bo ha v ph sa tr v thnh nin, phong
ha granit kt ni vi si v ct ph sa trong
lng thung lng to thnh h thng nc ngm
bo ha. Vi mc nc ngm nm kh su,
phn trn ca cc granit khng to thnh mt
phn ca h thng ny. Cc bi bi ct v si
sng ch phn b din tch rt nh.
Legend:
Water path
Pond / Reservoir
Farmers House / House
Deep W ells
New W ells

Existing
Dam

Shallow Wells
Sand Dams

Well 1

Cha Bang 2
Cha Boi 1

Cha Boi 2
Well 3

Cha Bang 1
Pilot Area 1

60

Tra Cang
Temple

70

Well 2
Pilot Area 2

Deep
Well

80
90
0

500 m

Hnh 2 S v tr cc cng trnh ngn ct

v nc ma
t ca khu vc d n c s dng ch yu
cho chn th gia sc v pht trin cy Nem. Mt
s phn c trng cc loi cy trng trong ma
ma. Ti khu vc d n hu ht t ai b b
hoang, ch yu l do thiu nc, t qu ngho
dinh dng.
rng t c xc nh xem xt kh
nng tr nc ca t. 4 mu t c ly ti
khu d n, 2 mu trn mt v hai mu su
1m. m bo khng ph v kt cu t,
phng php ly mu s dng cc ng tr trn
bng thp ln c s dng. Kt qu phn tch
Hnh 1 H thng cc rnh ngn nc ma
rng t c ghi trong Bng 1.
Bng 3.1. rng t ti vng d n

Mu
1
2
3
4
54

Trng lng t
(gr)
148,63
147,52
170,34
151,80

Trng lng kh
(gr)
148,02
143,12
162,72
145,76

Trng lng ring

(gr/cm3)
1,51
1,46
1,66
1,48

Th tch
(cm3)
90
118
118
106

rng
(%)
39
33
33
39

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 37 (6/2012)

Da trn kt qu th nghim, t s o dung

trng v rng xc nh c t vng d n
l t ct.
Tc thm ca khu vc th nghim 1 c
xc nh dc theo dc ca a hnh. Ti khu
th nghim 1, tc thm thay i t 0,25 n
3 m/ngy. Ti khu th nghim 1 mc d theo
hng dc, hm lng st tng ln nhng tc
thm khng gim i. Ti khu th nghim 2,
tc thm cng thay i theo cng xu hng

t 0,31 n 0,66m/ngy.
Cc s liu quan trc bao gm ma, m
t, mc nc ti cc rnh ngn nc ma v
cc p ngn ct, su mc nc ngm, mc
nc ti h cha Ninh Phc.
T kt qu o c lng ma, m t,
mc nc ti cc ging t ging 1 n ging
7, hiu qu b sung nc ngm ca cc cng
trnh thu tr nc ma trong khu vc c
phn tch.

Hnh 3 Mc nc ti rnh thu nc 1 v 3 ti khu th nghim 1 (t 7-15 thng 9 nm 2008)

Kt qu o mc nc ti rnh 1, 3 khu th
nghim 1 giai on ma ln thng 9 nm 2008
nh Hnh 3. C hai rnh u cho thy mt lng
ln nc ma c tr li. Rnh 1 nc ma
t pha i chy vo, rnh 2 nc ma t khu
vc gia 2 rnh v t ng ci tp trung vo.
Ti rnh 1, nc ma ng li cho n nhiu
ngy sau do tc thm xung su nh do rnh
1 c mt lp t mn dy 5cm bao ph, lp t
mn ny l sn phm bi t t xi mn pha
trn i vo rnh. Nhng rnh khc, nc ch
yu c b sung bi lng nc ma ri
xung trong phm vi khu gia 2 rnh, thi gian
nc ma c gi li trong rnh thng ngn
hn do cha c lp t mn bao ph rnh. Ti
khu vc th nghim 2, do cc rnh va c
hon thnh trc thi gian ma nn h s thm
cn ln, thi gian nc ma c th c gi li

trong rnh ch trong vng 1 ngy, mc nc o

c trong rnh ch khong 20 cm.
Hnh 4 m t s bin ng ca mc nc
ngm ti ging 1, 2, 3. Ging 1 nm h lu
cch xa vng th nghim 2, ging 3 nm ngay
h lu vng th nghim v ging 2 nm khu
vc gia ca khu th nghim, ni c cc rnh
ngn gi nc ma. Phn tch kt qu mc nc
ti cc ging cho thy mc nc ti ging 3 t
thay i theo ma, mc nc ti ging 1 v 2
thay i mnh theo ma, ma ma mc nc ti
ging 2 c lc tng cao so vi bnh thng
2,5m, mc nc ti ging 1 tng t hn nhng
ko di sut ma ma. iu ny chng t c s
tc ng ca vic b sung nc ca h thng
cc rnh ngn gi nc ma theo ng ng
mc.
phn tch tc ng ca cc rnh ngn

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 37 (6/2012)

55

nc ma n vic b sung nc ngm, cn bit

mc nc ngm trc v sau khi c cc h
thng rnh. Tuy nhin do d n tin hnh trong
thi gian ngn, vic khoan cc ging quan trc
nc ngm ch c thc hin cui nm 2007
sau khi cc rnh nc ma c xy dng.
Nh vy vic nh gi trc tip tc ng ca h
thng ngn gi nc ma n vic b sung
nc ngm l khng th thc hin. Mt cch
gin tip c th nh gi tc ng ca h
thng rnh ngn nc ma l nh gi thng
qua kh nng thm su ca nc ma. Nu ma
tc ng n s thay i ca mc nc ngm th
c th suy ra rng nc thm t h thng rnh

ngn nc ma xung cng s tc ng tng

t n s thay i ca mc nc ngm.
Tc ng ca cc p chn ct n s thay
i ca mc nc ngm r rt hn. V d ti
p Tr Bang 2, mc nc ngm ti ging 2 vo
ngy ma ln 14 thng 11 nm 2008 so vi mc
nc bnh thng tng cao 3m, ngy 18 thng 9
nm 2009 ti ging 7 mc nc dng cao hn so
vi bnh thng gn 8m. Ti ging 1 mc nc
ngm cng dng ln ng k. Sau khi ma, mc
nc trong cc ging khng tr li su bnh
thng mt cch nhanh chng, iu ny chng
t c s b sung nc ma t cc rnh ngn
nc ma v p chn ct vo nc ngm.

Hnh 4. Pha trn, mc nc ti cc ging theo ma; pha di mc nc ti ging 2

4. Kt lun, kin ngh
Cc rnh ngn nc ma c tc dng gi li
nc ma, tng thi gian thm ca nc ma
vo lp t di mt, to iu kin cho nc
ma thm su xung tng nc ngm.
p chn ct c tc dng gi li mt

56

lng nc ma v b sung ng k cho nc

ngm.
lit quan trc di c th nh gi
chnh xc tc ng ca cc cng trnh ngn gi
nc ma trong vic b sung cho nc ngm
cn tip tc theo di thm mt s nm.

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 37 (6/2012)

Ti liu tham kho

1. Minh Th P.T, 2012, Bo co tng kt khoa hc cng ngh ti NCKH cp c s Nghin
cu tc ng b sung nc ngm ca h thng cc cng trnh thu tr nc ma cho khu vc x
Phc Nam, huyn Ninh Phc, tnh Ninh Thun, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn.
2. Haskoning, 2012, Re-hydrating the Earth by sustainable, small scale, sub-surface Water
Retention Technic, Vietnam.
3. Henry D Fort, 2010, Gio trnh Khoa hc t, sch dch.
Abstract
RE-HYDRATING THE UNDERGROUND WATER,
NINH PHUOC, NINH THUAN, VIETNAM
Contour trenches will trap and slow down runoff water. In the trenches, rain water will infiltrate
and be stored into subsurface layers. Surface runoff and erosion will then be prevented and the
slower sub-surface flows will furnish water over a longer period of time. Construction of sand
storage dams in the main creeks alongside the trenches were proposed to catch water at surface
level and divert it at subsurface level sidewards, in this way creating a spread in subsurface water
movement. Diverting and spreading the subsurface water streams will keep the water at a higher
level preventing a single deep subsurface water movement and increase time of water percolation to
underground water.
From 2007, two pilot areas have been carried out in Phuoc Nam Comue, Ninh Phuoc District,
Ninh Thuan Province, the most drought areas of Vietnam. It shows an initial good results according
to the study carried out from 2008-2011 to assess the effects of these constructions into water
conservation and increasing ground water table. It is necessary to expand these technic to improve
the efficiency of these constructions in Phuoc Nam, Ninh Phuoc, Ninh Thuan.
Key words: trench, sand dam, re-hydrating underground water, Nem tree, Jastropha tree

Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS. Hong Thi i

KHOA HC K THUT THY LI V MI TRNG - S 37 (6/2012)

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