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BaigiangToanIII5 PhamXuanDong SV
BaigiangToanIII5 PhamXuanDong SV
M U:
H phng trnh Ax = b c th thu gn v mt h
phng trnh t hn. Chng hn:
x1 2 x2 + x3 = 1
1 2 1 1
1 2
x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 5 1 1 2 5 0 1
2 x 5 x + 5 x = 2
2 5 5 2
0 0
2
3
1
1 1
x1 2 x2 + x3 = 1
3 4
x2 + 3 x3 = 4
0 0
Gii:
(a)
1 1 2 3
(a) A 0 0 4 4
0 0 4 4
1 1 2
A = 2 2 8
3 3 10
1 1 2
U = 0 0 4
0 0 0
1 2 0
(b) B = 1 3 m ty theo m
2 6 4
3
10
13
3
4 , nn r(A) = 2.
0
(b) S: m = 2 : r ( B ) = 2, m 2 : r ( B) = 3
1 2 4
V d 2: Tm hng ca A =
. Nhn xt cc ct ca A v biu din A qua tch 2 vc t.
4 8 16
1 2 4
Gii : A
r ( A) = 1 .
0 0 0
Nhn xt: cc hng, cc ct t l nhau. Biu din A theo tch ca 1 ct vi 1 vc t l h s t l vi ct .
1 2 4 2 1
4 8 16 8 2
T
Ch : (4) Nu r(A) = 1 th A= u.v
II. nh ngha :
+ A gi l c hng hng y nu mi hng ca n u c tr, tc l r =m.
+ A gi l c hng ct y nu mi ct ca n u c tr, tc l r = n.
+ Ct cha tr gi l ct tr v bin ca ct gi l bin tr.
+ Ct khng c tr gi l ct t do v bin ca ct ny l bin t do.
+ Hng cha tr gi l hng tr.
V d 3: Xc nh ma trn no sau y c hng ct y, hng hng y v tm bin tr, bin t do ca n
2 3 1
A=
,
0 1 6
1 2 0
B = 0 1 3 ,
0 0 2
1 2
C = 0 3 ,
0 0
1
0 1 2 0
D=
0 0 3 1
x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0
V d 4: Gii h
2 x1 + 2 x 2 + 8 x3 + 10 x 4 = 0
3 x + 3 x + 10 x + 13 x = 0
2
3
4
1
1 1 2 3 0
1 1 2 3 0
1 1 2 3 0
Gii : [ A | 0] = 2 2 8 10 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 0
3 3 10 13 0
0 0 4 4 0
0 0 0 0 0
x + x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0
nn h tng ng vi h 1
. Bin tr l x1 v x3, bin t do l x2 v x4.
4 x3 + 4 x 4 = 0
x 2 x 4
1
1
x2
x = x2 x4
= x2 1 + x4 0
Ta c nghim 1
Khng gian nghin ca A l x n =
x4
0
1
x3 = x 4
0
1
x4
Ch : (6) Ta thy nghim xn c tnh qua cc bin t do, nn cc nghim s1, s2 c tm nhanh
hn bng cch cho tng bin t do bng 1 v cc bin t do cn li bng 0. Cc nghim gi l
nghim c bit ca Ax = 0
Cho x2 = 1, x4 = 0 x3 =0 , x1 = 1 th nghim c bit l s1 = (1,1,0,0)
Cho x4 = 1, x2 = 0 x3 = 1 , x1 = 1 th nghim c bit l s 2 = (1,0,1,1)
nn nghim y : xn = c1 s1 + c2 s 2
I. nh ngha : Nu s1,..., sn-r l tt c cc nghim c bit ca Ax = 0, th xn= c1s1++cn-rsn-r
(c1, ..., cn-r R) gi l nghim y ca Ax = 0 (cng l khng gian nghim ca A).
Ch : (7) Hng ca A l r th c (nr) bin t do (nr) nghim c bit.
II. Cch tm nghim c bit, nghim y ca Ax = 0 . (Amn)
3 6 9
1 2 3 0
1 2 3 0
Gii: [ A | 0] = 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0
3 6 9 0
0 0 0 0
Cho x 2 = 1, x3 = 0 x1 = 2 s1 = ( 2,1,0) , x3 = 1, x 2 = 0 x1 = 3 s1 = ( 3,0,1)
2
3
Gii :
1
2
1
4 6 2
5 7 4
9 12 9
2
1
0
2
0
1
3
x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 1
2 x + 4 x + 6 x = 2
1
2
3
2 x1 + 5 x 2 + 7 x3 = 4
3 x1 + 9 x 2 + 12 x3 = 9
3 1
1 2 3
0 1 1
0 0
0 0 0
1 2
3 6
0 0 0
1
2
0
x + 2 x2 + 3 = 0
* Cho x3 = 1 trong Ax = 0 1
x 2 = 1, x1 = 1
x2 + 1 = 0
3 1
x1 + 2 x 2 = 1
* Cho x3 = 0 trong Ax = b
x 2 = 2, x1 = 3 . Vy nghim x = 2 + c 1
x
=
2
2
0 1
V d 7: Tm iu kin i vi vc t b = (b1, b2, b3) h Ax = b c nghim? T suy ra mt t hp
no ca cc hng ma trn A th bng hng khng?
1 1 1
A = 1 2 4
2 5 11
b1
b1
1 1 1 b1
1 1 1
1 1 1
Gii :
[ A | b] = 1 2 4 b2 0 1 3 b2 b1 0 1 3
b2 b1
2 5 11 b3
0 3 9 b3 2b1
0 0 0 b3 3b2 + b1
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l : b1 3b2 + b3 = 0
(1)
T (1) ta c quan h cc thnh phn ca b, cng chnh l quan h cc vc t hng ma trn A. Do suy
ra : 1 (hng 1) 3 (hng 2) + 1 (hng 3) = hng khng yTA = 0T
y cng l mt cch tm khng gian nghim tri N(AT)= {y = c( 1, 3, 1)}, ch 1 ln bin i ma
trn A m khng phi bin i AT nh trong tun 4 gii.
3
U c 0 a 22 ... a 2 n c 2
Ch : (8) Bin i [ A b ]
m d 0 th h v nghim
=
O d ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0
d
0
(9) Bn kh nng h phng trnh tuyn tnh ph thuc vo hng r.
1
2
r = m = n (hng hng, ct y)
r = m < n (hng hng y)
A [U ] vung, kh nghch
A [U F ] ngn, rng
r = n < m (hng ct y)
r < m, r < n
A
cao, hp
O
U F
A
O O
7 2
V d 10 : Tm ma trn A v vc t b nu bit nghim y ca Ax = b l x = + c
2 1
Gii :
* A c n = 2 ct v vc t nghim 2 chiu (s hng m bt k). Gi A=[c1 c2].
* Do s = ( 2,1) l nghim c bit : As = 0 2.c1 + 1.c 2 = 0 c 2 = 2c1 (ct 2 bng (2) ln ct 1)
* Do xp= (7, 2) l nghim ring nn Axp= b = 7.c1+2.c2 = 3c1
* Cc ct khng th l vect khng v phi c 1 ct tr
2 4
6
Chng hn : A = 1 2 , b = 3
3 6
9
V d 11 : Tm nghim y ca phng trnh Ax = b nu bit vc t b bng hiu ca ct 1 v ct 2
1 0 1 3
ca ma trn A v ma trn A a c v dng bc thang U = 0 0 2 4
0 0 0
0
S : x = (1, 1, 0 , 0) + c1 (0 , 1 , 0 , 0) +c2 (1, 0, 2, 1)
V d 12 : Xy dng mt ma trn A c khng gian ct cha (2, 1, 5) , (0, 3, 1) v khng gian nghim
cha (1, 1, 2).
Gii : Gi cc ct ca A l : (ct 1) = (2, 1, 5) , (ct 3) = (0, 3, 1) C(A) . Do khng gian nghim cha
(1, 1, 2) nn 1(ct 1) 1(ct 2) + 2(ct 3) = 0 nn (ct 2) = 1(ct 1) + 2(ct 3) = ( 2, 7, 7)
2 2 0
2 0 1
7 3 (tng t A = 1 3 1 )
Vy A = 1
7 1
5
5 1 2
CC CHNH BI GING TUN 5
1. Hng ca ma trn v cch tm.
2. Cu trc nghim ca h Ax = 0 v Ax = b.
4