BI GING TUN 5

HNG CA MA TRN V NGHIM Y CA Ax = 0 , Ax = b

PHM XUN NG

M U:
H phng trnh Ax = b c th thu gn v mt h
phng trnh t hn. Chng hn:
x1 2 x2 + x3 = 1
1 2 1 1
1 2

x1 + x2 + 2 x3 = 5 1 1 2 5 0 1
2 x 5 x + 5 x = 2
2 5 5 2
0 0
2
3
1

phng trnh tuyn tnh tng ng m c s

1 1
x1 2 x2 + x3 = 1
3 4

x2 + 3 x3 = 4
0 0

Ta thy nhng hng ton 0 trong h phng trnh c th b i.

Cu hi t ra l: Kch thc m n ca ma trn A c phi l kch thc gn nht ca h
phng trnh Ax = b khng? Lm th no bit c kch thc thc h phng trnh?
5.1 HNG CA MA TRN
I. nh ngha: Hng ca ma trn A l s cc tr. K hiu l r(A) (rank).
Ch : (1) Nu A cp m n th r(A) m, r(A) n hay r(A) min{m, n}.
(2) Cho A cp n n , th |A| 0 r(A) = n (v A c n tr).
(3) tm hng ca A th a ma trn A v ma trn bc thang U v tm s tr.
V d 1: Tm hng ca

Gii:

(a)

1 1 2 3
(a) A 0 0 4 4
0 0 4 4

1 1 2
A = 2 2 8
3 3 10
1 1 2
U = 0 0 4
0 0 0

1 2 0
(b) B = 1 3 m ty theo m

2 6 4

3
10
13

3
4 , nn r(A) = 2.
0

(b) S: m = 2 : r ( B ) = 2, m 2 : r ( B) = 3
1 2 4
V d 2: Tm hng ca A =
. Nhn xt cc ct ca A v biu din A qua tch 2 vc t.
4 8 16
1 2 4
Gii : A
r ( A) = 1 .
0 0 0
Nhn xt: cc hng, cc ct t l nhau. Biu din A theo tch ca 1 ct vi 1 vc t l h s t l vi ct .
1 2 4 2 1

Chn ct 2 v vc t h s t l ct 2 l (1/2, 1, 2). Khi : A =

=
1 2

4 8 16 8 2
T
Ch : (4) Nu r(A) = 1 th A= u.v
II. nh ngha :
+ A gi l c hng hng y nu mi hng ca n u c tr, tc l r =m.
+ A gi l c hng ct y nu mi ct ca n u c tr, tc l r = n.
+ Ct cha tr gi l ct tr v bin ca ct gi l bin tr.
+ Ct khng c tr gi l ct t do v bin ca ct ny l bin t do.
+ Hng cha tr gi l hng tr.
V d 3: Xc nh ma trn no sau y c hng ct y, hng hng y v tm bin tr, bin t do ca n
2 3 1
A=
,
0 1 6

1 2 0
B = 0 1 3 ,
0 0 2

1 2
C = 0 3 ,
0 0
1

0 1 2 0
D=

0 0 3 1

Ch : (5) Nu A c hng ct y th Ax = 0 c nghim duy nht x = 0.

Nu A c hng hng y v m < n th Ax = 0 c v s nghim.
5.2

NGHIM C BIT , NGHIM Y CA Ax = 0.

x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0

V d 4: Gii h
2 x1 + 2 x 2 + 8 x3 + 10 x 4 = 0
3 x + 3 x + 10 x + 13 x = 0
2
3
4
1
1 1 2 3 0
1 1 2 3 0
1 1 2 3 0

Gii : [ A | 0] = 2 2 8 10 0 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 4 4 0
3 3 10 13 0
0 0 4 4 0
0 0 0 0 0
x + x 2 + 2 x3 + 3 x 4 = 0
nn h tng ng vi h 1
. Bin tr l x1 v x3, bin t do l x2 v x4.
4 x3 + 4 x 4 = 0

x 2 x 4
1
1

x2
x = x2 x4
= x2 1 + x4 0
Ta c nghim 1
Khng gian nghin ca A l x n =
x4
0
1
x3 = x 4

0
1
x4

hay x n = c1 s1 + c 2 s 2 vi s1 = (1,1,0,0), s 2 = (1,0,1,1)

Ch : (6) Ta thy nghim xn c tnh qua cc bin t do, nn cc nghim s1, s2 c tm nhanh
hn bng cch cho tng bin t do bng 1 v cc bin t do cn li bng 0. Cc nghim gi l
nghim c bit ca Ax = 0
Cho x2 = 1, x4 = 0 x3 =0 , x1 = 1 th nghim c bit l s1 = (1,1,0,0)
Cho x4 = 1, x2 = 0 x3 = 1 , x1 = 1 th nghim c bit l s 2 = (1,0,1,1)
nn nghim y : xn = c1 s1 + c2 s 2
I. nh ngha : Nu s1,..., sn-r l tt c cc nghim c bit ca Ax = 0, th xn= c1s1++cn-rsn-r
(c1, ..., cn-r R) gi l nghim y ca Ax = 0 (cng l khng gian nghim ca A).
Ch : (7) Hng ca A l r th c (nr) bin t do (nr) nghim c bit.
II. Cch tm nghim c bit, nghim y ca Ax = 0 . (Amn)

+ Bin i [A|0] [U|0] v xc nh r bin tr v (nr) bin t do.

+ Cho tng bin t do bng 1, cc bin t do cn li bng 0 cc bin tr (nr) nghim c bit s1,
s2, snr.
+ Nghim y l xn = c1s1 ++cn-r sn-r.
1 2 3
V d 5: Gii h Ax = 0 vi A = 2 4 6

3 6 9
1 2 3 0
1 2 3 0

Gii: [ A | 0] = 2 4 6 0 0 0 0 0

3 6 9 0
0 0 0 0
Cho x 2 = 1, x3 = 0 x1 = 2 s1 = ( 2,1,0) , x3 = 1, x 2 = 0 x1 = 3 s1 = ( 3,0,1)
2
3

Vy nghim y l xn = c1 1 + c 2 0 . Hay N ( A) = {x n | x n = c1 ( 2,1,0) + c 2 ( 3,0,1)}.

0
1
2

5.3 NGHIM RING V NGHIM Y CA Ax = b

I. nh l : Nu x1 l nghim ca Ax = b v x2 l nghim ca Ax = 0 th x = x1 + cx2 cng l
nghim ca Ax = b vi c R.
Chng minh : Ta c : Ax1 = b, Ax2 = 0 Ax = A( x1 + cx2 ) = Ax1 + cAx2 = b + 0 = b hay x = x1 + cx2
cng l nghim ca Ax = b vi c R.
II. nh ngha :
Nghim ring ca Ax = b l mt nghim no ca phng trnh. K hiu l xp
Nghim y ca Ax = b l nghim x = xp + xn , vi xp l nghim ring ca Ax =b v xn
l nghim y ca Ax = 0
III. Cch tm nghim y ca Ax = b

+ Dng php kh a [A| b] v dng bc thang [U| c].

+ Tm nghim cc nghim c bit ca Ax = 0 (xc nh t [U|0] )
+ Tm 1 nghim ring xp ca Ax = b (Cho cc bin t do bng 0 tm xp trong [U|c])
+ Nghim y ca Ax = b l x = xp + xn

V d 6 : Gii h phng trnh:

Gii :

1
2

1
4 6 2

5 7 4

9 12 9
2

1
0

2
0
1
3

x1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x3 = 1
2 x + 4 x + 6 x = 2
1
2
3

2 x1 + 5 x 2 + 7 x3 = 4
3 x1 + 9 x 2 + 12 x3 = 9
3 1
1 2 3

0 1 1
0 0

0 0 0
1 2

3 6
0 0 0

1
2
0

x + 2 x2 + 3 = 0
* Cho x3 = 1 trong Ax = 0 1
x 2 = 1, x1 = 1
x2 + 1 = 0
3 1
x1 + 2 x 2 = 1
* Cho x3 = 0 trong Ax = b
x 2 = 2, x1 = 3 . Vy nghim x = 2 + c 1
x
=
2
2
0 1
V d 7: Tm iu kin i vi vc t b = (b1, b2, b3) h Ax = b c nghim? T suy ra mt t hp
no ca cc hng ma trn A th bng hng khng?
1 1 1
A = 1 2 4

2 5 11

b1
b1

1 1 1 b1
1 1 1
1 1 1

Gii :
[ A | b] = 1 2 4 b2 0 1 3 b2 b1 0 1 3
b2 b1

2 5 11 b3
0 3 9 b3 2b1
0 0 0 b3 3b2 + b1
iu kin phng trnh c nghim l : b1 3b2 + b3 = 0
(1)
T (1) ta c quan h cc thnh phn ca b, cng chnh l quan h cc vc t hng ma trn A. Do suy
ra : 1 (hng 1) 3 (hng 2) + 1 (hng 3) = hng khng yTA = 0T
y cng l mt cch tm khng gian nghim tri N(AT)= {y = c( 1, 3, 1)}, ch 1 ln bin i ma
trn A m khng phi bin i AT nh trong tun 4 gii.
3

a11 a12 ... a1n c1

U c 0 a 22 ... a 2 n c 2
Ch : (8) Bin i [ A b ]
m d 0 th h v nghim
=
O d ... ... ... ... ...

0 0 0
d
0
(9) Bn kh nng h phng trnh tuyn tnh ph thuc vo hng r.
1
2

r = m = n (hng hng, ct y)
r = m < n (hng hng y)

A [U ] vung, kh nghch
A [U F ] ngn, rng

r = n < m (hng ct y)

r < m, r < n

A
cao, hp
O
U F
A

O O

Ax = b c nghim duy nht

Ax = b c v s nghim
Ax = b c 0 hoc 1 nghim
Ax = b c 0 hoc v s nghim

V d 8 : Ti sao khng th c mt h 1 phng trnh 3 n Ax = b vi nghim ring x p = (1,2,0) v

nghim thun nht x n = c (1,2,3) .
Gii : H c 1 bin tr v 2 bin t do nn nghim thun nht phi c 2 nghim c bit.
V d 9 : Ti sao x = (1, 2, 1, 4) khng th l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh Ax = (4, 0, 1)
Gii : Kch thc A l 34, nn c t nht 1 bin t do. Nu c nghim th v s nghim (trng hp 4)

7 2
V d 10 : Tm ma trn A v vc t b nu bit nghim y ca Ax = b l x = + c
2 1
Gii :
* A c n = 2 ct v vc t nghim 2 chiu (s hng m bt k). Gi A=[c1 c2].
* Do s = ( 2,1) l nghim c bit : As = 0 2.c1 + 1.c 2 = 0 c 2 = 2c1 (ct 2 bng (2) ln ct 1)
* Do xp= (7, 2) l nghim ring nn Axp= b = 7.c1+2.c2 = 3c1
* Cc ct khng th l vect khng v phi c 1 ct tr
2 4
6

Chng hn : A = 1 2 , b = 3

3 6
9
V d 11 : Tm nghim y ca phng trnh Ax = b nu bit vc t b bng hiu ca ct 1 v ct 2
1 0 1 3
ca ma trn A v ma trn A a c v dng bc thang U = 0 0 2 4

0 0 0
0
S : x = (1, 1, 0 , 0) + c1 (0 , 1 , 0 , 0) +c2 (1, 0, 2, 1)
V d 12 : Xy dng mt ma trn A c khng gian ct cha (2, 1, 5) , (0, 3, 1) v khng gian nghim
cha (1, 1, 2).
Gii : Gi cc ct ca A l : (ct 1) = (2, 1, 5) , (ct 3) = (0, 3, 1) C(A) . Do khng gian nghim cha
(1, 1, 2) nn 1(ct 1) 1(ct 2) + 2(ct 3) = 0 nn (ct 2) = 1(ct 1) + 2(ct 3) = ( 2, 7, 7)
2 2 0
2 0 1
7 3 (tng t A = 1 3 1 )
Vy A = 1

7 1
5
5 1 2
CC CHNH BI GING TUN 5
1. Hng ca ma trn v cch tm.
2. Cu trc nghim ca h Ax = 0 v Ax = b.
4