Chng 3: Ngun

n p xung

Trong chng ny chng ta s kho st cc vn :

- Cn bn v n p xung
- Cun dy, bin p trong n p xung
- Cc gii php thit k
3.1 Cn bn v n p xung
3.1.1: Cc chc nng ca ngun n p xung cn bn:
Hnh 3.1 m t s khi ca ngun n p xung cn bn. Chc nng cn bn ca s
ny chuyn ng vo DC cha n nh sang ng ra DC n nh. Vi hot ng ny c th xem
ngun n p xung l b chuyn i DC-DC (DC-DC converter).

Hnh 3.1: S khi ngun n p xung cn bn

Trong ngun n p xung, transistor cng sut lm vic ch giao hon on/off, khng
phi lin tc nh trong n p tuyn tnh. Hn na n p xung c th cung cp p ng ra cao hn
p ng vo, trong khi n p tuyn tnh ch c th cho p ng ra thp hn p ng vo. n p xung
c th o ngc cc tnh ng ra so vi ng vo m n p tuyn tnh khng th c. n p
xung tn s cao s gim c trng lng , kch thc v hiu sut tt hn nht l vi ngun
cng sut cao so vi n p tuyn tnh.
1. Cc vn hn ch ca ngun n p xung:
Ngun n p xung ni chung khng c nhng im hn ch no ng k.Ngoi vic mch
in phc tp hn , ngun n p xung cn to ra nhiu giao thoa in t (EMI). Tuy nhin vi
thit k thch hp , c th gim EMI n mc cho php, bng cch chon li ferrite mt mt thp
cho bin p v cun dy, li c t thm cao v c bc gip ngoi, thit k vi cc phn t
mch in ti thiu.
2. Chu k nhim v giao hon:
Trong hnh 3.1 vic n nh in p ng ra bng cch giao hon transistor mc ni tip
(kha cng sut) lm vic on/off. Chu k nhim v ca phn t cng sut ny quyt nh in p
DC trung bnh ng ra. Chu k nhim v c iu chnh vi phn hi tip t l vi sai lch in
p ng ra v in p tham chiu.
3. Tn s giao hon:
Tn s giao hon hu nh c nh v trn tn s m thanh, mc d c mt s ngun n
p xung s dng tn s thay i chuyn i gia ngun v ti.Trong mt s vi mch n p
xung, c th thay i tn s giao hon bng cch thay i t in bn ngoi. Mt s iu cn lu
l vi tn s cao hiu sut s b km do mt mt ca phn t cng sut v mt mt li tng.
Mt khc, tn s giao hon thp trong vng m tn s to nhiu giao thoa m tn.
4. c tnh ca transistor v diode:
Ngun n p xung phi s dng transistor c thng s tch s li kh tn t nht l
4MHz mi hot ng hiu qu (fT 30MHz s tt hn), BJT hoc MOSFET u c th s dng
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
1

lm kha cng sut.

Diode chnh lu c thi gian phc hi nhanh , hay diode schottky, c s dng lm
diode kp trong thi gian kha cng sut tt gi ng ti ca transistor giao hon nm trong
vng hot ng an ton v tng thm hiu sut. Mt s dng c bn dn khc s dng trong
mch n p xung gm cng logic.FF, n p, b nh th, chnh lu.
3.1.2: Cc mch n p xung tiu biu:

Hnh 3.2: Bn dng mch n p xung tiu biu

Hnh 3.2 m t 4 dng mch n p xung NPN/PNP tiu biu. Tt c cc mch u c cc
thnh phn chung nh sau:transistor giao hon, diode kp, lc LC v khi iu khin logic.
Khng c dng mch no cch ly hon ton gia ngun v ti, tr trng hp c nhiu hn mt
transistor ni tip c s dng, tuy nhin thit k vi 01 transistor th n gin v kinh t nht.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Thng thng ngi ta hay chn c t nht 1 ng chung gia ng vo v ng ra

gim vng GND. Mch 1 ng chung cng xc nh ng ra c cc tnh dng/m. Tuy
nhin hu ht cc mch in lm vic vi cc ng chung cch ly, do ng vo v ng ra cch
ly nhau. Thit k 1 transistor v 1 ng chung l dng thit k thng dng nht.
Trong mch hnh 3.2a v 3.2b,khi logic hot ng t in p ti. Cc dng mch nh th
khng th t khi ng c, nn phi ly p t ngun cp cho n trong thi gian khi ng ( v
trong cc trng hp ngn mch).
Trong mch hnh 3.2c v 3.2d thng dng trong mch cp ngun t cao p do transistor
cng sut NPN cao p d chn v thng dng hn. Trong mch 3.2d thng dng hn do khi
logic ghp trc tip vi transistor cng sut nn tng hiu sut. Mt s thit k s dng bin p
li gia logic v transistor giao hon, transistor c th l NPN hay PNP.
Hnh 3.3 minh ha 3 dng mch n p xung MOSFET tiu biu, biu din 3 cu hnh c
bn ; buck, boost, buck-boost (h, nng, h-nng). Mi cu hnh c 01 ng dng ring. Khi in
p ra cao hn in p vo, mch hot ng theo din nng in p (voltage-boost).Mch buck
hay h p khi in p vo cao hn in p ra. Mch buck-boost o cc tnh p ng vo hat
ng vi p ng vo c th ln hn hoc nh hn p ng ra. Do , mch buck-boost cn gi l
mch hon nng (inverter).

+
+
Vin

iu khin

Vout > Vin

a) Dng Boost
+
+
Vin

iu khin

Vout < Vin

b) Dng Buck
+
Vin

iu khin

Vout

> Vin
< Vin

+
+
c) Dng Boost-Buck

Hnh 3.3 : Ba dng mch tiu biu s dng Mosfet

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

3.1.3 :L thuyt ngun n p xung:

Hnh 3.4 minh ha mch n p xung l thuyt (dng buck) v cc dng sng lin quan.
Hiu sut cao ca ngun n p xung l do hot ng ca transistor ni tip ch giao hon.
Khi transistor on, ton b p ng vo p vo mch lc LC. Khi transistor off, p ng vo mch lc
LC bng 0. trng hp transistor on v off trong khong thi gian bng nhau (50% chu k nhim
v) in p DC ng ra bng phn na in p vo.in p ng ra Vo bng in p vo VIN nhn
vi chu k nhim v D, Vo=DVIN.
Thay i chu k nhim v s b li thay i in p ng vo. Nguyn l ny p dng
to in p ng ra hot ng nh sau.Hot ng ng/ m ca transistor chu k nhim v c
nh to dng song ng ra xc lp nh hnh 3.4. Khi SW ng,dng IL qua cun dy chy t ng
vo VIN sang ng ra qua ti. ip p trn cun dy l V-Vo lm tng dng in trong chu k ng.
Khi SW h, nng lng tch tr trong cun dy p IL tip tc chy qua ti v ghp qua diode,
in p cun dy b ngc cc tnh v bng Vo, IL gim dn trong chu k h.

Hnh 3.4: Mch n p xugn l thuyt (dng buck)

Dng trung bnh qua cun dy bng dng ti. Do t in gi in p ti Vo c nh, dng
ti Io cng c nh. Khi IL>Io, t in np,v khi IL <Io,t in x.
Kt qu hot ng xc lp sau cng nh sau:
1- in p trung bnh trn cun dy bng 0, nhng s bin thin rng t VIN-VoVo l thc
t.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

2- Dng DC qua cun dy bng dng ti, c 1 lng nh gn rng ca

3- p DC trn t bng p ng ra trn ti , c 1 lng gn sng nh trn t.
t hiu qu b n p phi b c thay i VIN v Io. Trong n p xung, s thay i
VIN t ng c b bng thay i chu k nhim v trong h thng hi tip vng kn. n nh
ng vo v nn gn sng ph thuc vo li vng. Vic thay i dng Io s kh b hn nht
l s thay i ti nhanh. Thay i Io c b t t bng thay i chu k nhim v. Chng hn, s
thay i ti t 0 n y ti s to ra cc hot ng sau:
1. Chu k nhim v tng n cc i (Transistor c th dn lin tc)
2. Dng qua cun dy cn phi nhiu chu k mi tng ti mc DC mi
3. Chu k nhim v tr v gi tr ban u
3.1.4: PWM n PFM:
Ngun n p xung cng c phn loi theo cch iu khin ng ra. Hai cch thng dng
nht l iu rng xung (PWM) v iu tn xung (PFM). C hai cch u thay i chu k nhim v.
Trong n p xung PWM, tn s xung c gi c nh, rng mi xung thay i.n p
xung PWM c s dng trong cc ngun cng sut cao lm vic khng c ng cp ngun
AC. Trong n p xung PFM, rng xung gi c nh cn chu k nhim v c kim sot bng
cch thay i tc lp li xung.
C nhiu s khc nhau gia 2 loi n p trn. V d dng kim sot dng in l 1 kiu
ca PFM, trong khi b qung xung (pulse skipping) l 1 kiu PWM. Cc kiu khc nhau ca
PWM/PFM s c kho st phn sau:
3.1.5: Cu hnh ngun n p xung thng dng:
C nhiu dng cu hnh n p xung. Vic chn cu hnh no s dng ni chung gii
hn bi nhng thng s nh cc tnh in p, t l in p, v cc iu kin gy hng, chng hn
nu in p ra phi cao hn in p vo phi chn dng boost.Nu ng vo m, ng ra dng,
phi chn dng buck-boost (inverter). Nu ngun cn phi hn dng khng th s dng dng
boost.
Ngay c vi nhng gii hn hin nhin trn, cng c nhiu cch chn cu hnh cho cc p
dng khc nhau. V d, chuyn t 28v5v, c th chn dng buck, flyback,forward, hoc
nng dng (current-boost). Cc kho st sau y bao gm tt c cc dng cu hnh , m t c
u im v gii hn ca chng ta d chn dng cu hnh khi bt u thit k ngun n p
xung.
1. Dng boost
Hnh 3.5 minh ha cu hnh l thuyt dng boost. Hnh 3.6 l IC n p xung tiu biu
RC4190 kt ni dng boost. Hnh 3.7 tiu biu cc dng sng.
Trong phn sau s m t hot ng ca mch l thuyt lin h n mch thc t gia 2
hnh 3.5 v 3.6, ch l SW S trong mch l thuyt c thay bng transistor Q1 v IC thc t.
T in C, diode D, cun dy L trong hnh 3.5 c thay bng C1, D1 v Lx trong hnh 3.6.
Nh minh ha hnh 3.5, khi SW S ng, in p ngun p ngang qua cun dy L. Dng
in np qua L to ra 1 t trng tng dn nu S vn cn ng. Trong khi S ng, diode D phn
cc ngc v dng ti c cp bi t C. Trong thi gian S ng dng qua L tng dn tuyn
V
tnh n gi tr cc i Ipk in Ton
L

Hnh 3.5: Cu hnh l thuyt dng boost

Khi S h, t trng b ngt t ngt, nng lng tch tr trong L s chuyn thnh dng x
qua L cng chiu dng np. Do S h, dng chy qua D cp cho ti v np li t C.Nu S
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

ng/h lin tc(do dao ng iu khin) tc cao hn thi hng RG,in p DC n nh

c thit lp ng ra.

Hnh 3.6 : n p xung dng boost thc t s dng IC RC4190

Khi mi cp ngun cho mch IC hnh 3.6, dng qua R1 to thnh dng phn cc cp cho
chn 6 IC. Dng ny c n nh bi b khuch i ngun dng li n v v s dng lm
dng phn cc cho in p tham chiu 1,31V. Dng phn cc n nh pht t ngun tham chiu
dng phn cc cho cc thnh phn cn li ca IC.
Cng thi im IC bt u khi ng, dng qua Lx v D1 np cho C1 n in p VIN,
to p VIN VD.Ti thi im ny hi tip (chn 7) cm in p Vo b, qua mch so snh phn p
Vo vi in p tham chiu 1,31V.Nu Vo nh hn,ng ra mch so snh bng 0 m cng cho tn
hiu t mch dao ng qua cng li transistor Q1.

Hnh 3.7: Cc dng sng ti cc im trn hnh 3.6

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Vic tt/dn Q1 thc hin nh chc nng m/ng SW S hnh 3.5. Ngha l nng lng
c tch tr trong cun dy trong thi gian dn v phng n ng ra trn C1 trong thi gian tt.
Mch so snh tip tc cho tn hiu dao ng iu khin Q1 on/off cho n khi in p tch trn
C1 tng n mc in p hi tip vt qua 1.31V.
Mt khi in p hi tip vt qua in p tham chiu, h thng hi tip s thay i thi
gian dn p ng vi s thay i dng ti hay in p vo nh minh ha cc dng sng
hnh 3.7. Nu dng ti tng (dng sng C) Q1 tip tc dn (dng sng D) trong khong thi gian
di ca chu k dao ng , cho php dng qua cun dy (dng sng E) t n gi tr nh cao
hn. Chu k nhim v ca Q1 thay i p ng theo dng ti v in p vo.
Trong bt k ngun n p xung no, gi tr in cm cun dy v tn s dao ng phi
lin h cht ch n in p ngun, dng ng ra v cc iu kin gn sng. Nu in cm
cao qu hoc tn s dao ng cao qu , dng qua cun dy khng th t n gi tr cao
bng dng ti, dn n in p ng ra b gim.Nu in cm cun dy hoc tn s dao ng
qu thp, dng qua cun dy tng qu cao , gy vt l gn sng, ngoi ra cn lm cho cun
dy b bo ha, v qu dng qua transistor.
2. Lin tc v khng lin lc:
Hot ng ca ngun n p xung c th lin tc hoc khng lin tc. Trng hp hot
ng lin tc, dng in qua cun dy khng bao gi gim v 0 trong thi gian tt ca transistor.
Trong trng hp khng lin tc, nu c dng ti nh , dng qua cun dy c th gim v 0.
Thng thng khng cn thit phi trnh mode bt lin tc khi dng ti nh.Ch c iu
thi gian dn ca transistor khng th gim qu nh p ng ra khng tng vt trong trng
hp nh ti. Nu iu ny xy ra , hu ht cc ngun n p u bt u mt chu k, ngha l
transistor s khng dn trong 1 vi chu k . Ng ra vn kim sot c nhng s xut hin mt
s thnh phn hi gy nhiu.
Vn chnh trong mode bt lin tc l khi c dng ti nng, do t s cao gia dng giao
hon v dng ti s dn n xut hin nhng nh dng, p. Cc nh ny c minh ha trong
hnh 3.8, gm dng sng dng, p trn transistor, diode, t in ca n p xung dng boost. Ni
chung, d l lin tc hay khng lin tc, cc linh kin trn phi chu c dng trung bnh cng
nh dng nh.

Hnh 3.8: Dng sng trn transistor(SW),

diode,t in ng ra n p xung dng boost

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

3. Dng buck-boost hay inverter:

Hnh 3.9 minh ha dng mch buck-boost l thuyt, hnh 3.10 l mch n p xung buckboost thc t s dng vi mch RC4391 v hnh 3.11 l cc dng sng tng ng. Lu l SW S
tng ng vi Q1, C, D, L ln lt tng ng vi CF, D1, Lx khi so 2 hnh 3.9 v 3.10.
Xem hnh 3.9, khi S ng, c dng np t VIN qua L to thnh t trng tng dn trong lc
S ng. Khi S h, t trng b ngt t ngt , nng lng tch tr trong L chuyn thnh dng x
qua L cng chiu dng np.Dng x ny chy qua D v C.Cha kha ca s hon nng l cun
dy tr thnh ngun khi dng np b ngt.

Hnh 3.9 : Mch buck-boost l thuyt

Hnh 3.10: Mch buck-boost thc t s dng IC RC4391

Trong mch hnh 3.10, mch hi tip v t in ng ra gim in p ng ra ngang qua
cun dy n gi tr n p c nh. Khi mi cp ngun mch so snh 0 C1(pin8) so snh ng ra
vi in p tham chiu1,25V. Do ban u C cha np x, in p dng p vo pin8 lm ng ra
C1 dng m cng NAND cho xung dao ng t mch OSC ra kch Q1 on/off.
Vic ng m Q1 tng t nh SW S ng/m trong hnh 3.9, ngha l nng lng tch
tr trong Lx trong thi gian Q1 dn v x qua CF, D1 trong thi gian Q1 tt. B so snh tip tc
m cng NAND cho dao ng qua kch Q1 cho n khi nng lng tr trong CF lm cho p
ng vo mch so snh m. in p ng vo so snh t l vi p ng ra Vout, p tham chiu v t
l R1/R2.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 3.11: Cc dng sng ti cc im trn hnh 3.10

4. Dng buck:
Hnh 3.12 l mch l thuyt dng buck, hnh 3.13 l mch n p xung dng buck s dng
IC RC4391 h hnh 3.14 l cc dng sng tng ng.
Lu l S, C,D, L trong mch hnh 3.12 c thay th bng Q1, CF, D1, Lx trong hnh
3.13, cng lu rng chn GND (chn 4) ca IC khng ni GND m l ng ra. Vi cch sp xp
h thng hi tip nh vy, c th cho ng ra n p dng trong khi in p hi tip v c
nhn dng m hn GND.

Hnh 3.12 : S mch l thuyt dng buck

Trong hnh 3.12, khi S ng , dng t VIN qua L, chy ra ti. khi S h, nng lng tch tr
trong L lm dng vn chy cng chiu nh trn v ghp ra ti v qua D. Do dng vn chy trong
thi gian np v x, nn dng trung bnh trn ti ln hn so vi mch buck-boost. iu c
ngha l vi cng 1 dng ti , mch buck s c dng nh quaLl b hn so vi mch buck-boost.
Do cun dy trong mch buck c th nh hn v transistor cng sut s khng b li nng
dng hn so vi mch buck-boost.
Trong mch hnh 3.13, t lc ng ra CF cha tch in nn in p ti chn 4 ban u
bng 0. in p tham chiu cao 1,25V so vi chn mass IC lm mch so snh cp ng ra dng
m cng NAND cho xung dao ng qua kch Q1.
Khi Q1 giao hon np in trn CF lm in p ng ra tng, chn mass IC tng p cho
n khi in p trn n t ti in p hi tip. Lc ny, h thng kim sot s gim thi gian
dn ca Q1 duy tr in p n nh ng ra.

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

Hnh 3.13: Mch buck s dng IC RC4391

Hnh 3.14: Dng sng mch hnh 3.13

5. Fly back:
Ngun n p xung flyback lm vic da trn 2 chu k truyn nng lng. u tin nng
lng c tch tr trong cun dy, bc k tip nng lng chuyn qua t ti. Mc d ngun
n p xung cn bn ch s dng 1 cun dy, trong thc t cun dy c thay bng bin p.
Hnh 3.15 v 3.16 l s mch fly back thc t s dng IC RC4292. Trong cc hnh t 3.15
n 3.17, lu S1 c thay th bng transistor M1 v M1 c ni GND ch khng phi vo
ngun m nh hnh 3.15. Trong thc t to ngun p dng ng ra, phi s dng dng
mch c bin p nh hnh 3.16 v 3.17.
Bin p c th lm vic 2 mode. Khi dng in chy trong s cp v th cp ln lt
tun t nhau (dng s chy, dng th ngng hoc ngc li). l hot ng mode fly back .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

10

Khi dng in s v th chy cng 1 thi im, bin p hot ng mode forward.

Hnh 3.15 mch flyback l thuyt vi cun dy

Xem hnh 3.15, khi S1 ng, dng np L1 t ngun VIN tng dn to t trng tng dn
trong lc S ng. Khi S h, t trng b ngt t ngt, nng lng tch tr trong L1 c chuyn
thnh dng in x qua L1 cng chiu vi dng np qua D1 np cho t C1 . Cha kha to hon
nng trong mch fly back l cun dy tr thnh ngun cp in khi dng np b ngt (tng t
nh mch buck-boost)

Hnh 3.16 : Mch flyback l thuyt vi bin p .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

11

Trong thi gian x,dng qua L1 gim, khi dng gim v 0, D1 tt. Lu l tc bin
thin ca dng in trong cn dy theo thi gian bng in p ngang qua cun dng chia cho
in cm ca n . in p v dng ti cng n nh bng cch kim sot thi gian on ca SW
S1 . T C1 tr nng lng v phng ra ti nh cc ngun n p khc .
Mch hnh 3.16 hot ng tng t nh mch hnh 3.15, trong bin p T1 tch tr
nng lng trn cun s v x nng lng trn cun th . Chu k u tin bt u, dng bt u
tng tuyn trn cun N1, tch tr nng lng trong bin p . Sau S1 m, nng lng c
truyn qua th cp n ng ra .
Trong mch hnh 3.17, IC 4292 gm mch dao ng, so snh (comp), khuch i sai lch .
(ERR AMP) tham chiu v iu khin logic .
B dao ng chn 1 IC pht tn hiu xung li ra chn 6. Tn s dao ng xc nh qua
gi tr Cx mc chn 1. Khuch i sai lch so snh tn hiu hi tip v tham chiu chn 2 v
3 to ra tn hiu sai lch t l chnh lch p ng vo . B so snh dng in so snh tn hiu ng
ra khuch i sai lch v tn hiu t l vi dng in qua bin p (o p trn R4).
Nu tn hiu hi tip chn 7 ln hn tn hiu sai lch, b iu khin logic (FF v mch li)
lm transistor M1 tt. B iu khin logic s dng FF m bo M1 nhn ch 1 xung trong 1
chu k dao ng . B khuch i li ng ra FF to tn hiu giao hon nhanh kch M1 . in p
tham chiu 5V chn 4 cp ngun cho cc khi trong IC v to p tham chiu cho K sai lch .
B n p song song vi chn 5 lm vic nh Zener kp IC, khng ch p cp ngun ng vo
cho IC .
Khi mi cp ngun, K sai lch cm in p ng ra b hn gi tr nh trc v gi tn
hiu sai lch qua b so snh dng in n b iu khin logic . Dn n b iu khin logic m
xung kch M1 tng p ng ra. Khi in p ng ra t n gi tr nh trc b iu khin logic
thay i rng xung kch M1 sao cho dng qua bin p gi bng s . T s R1,R2 xc nh gi
tr Vout, thng thng in tr tng ng ca t hp tr ny nm trong tm 25-100 K ti
thiu dng phn cc vo v nhiu ng vo .
in tr R3 to dng cho b n p song song chn 5 . Gi tr R4 t dng giao hon
cc i qua M1 v R5 gi M1 off trong lc khi ng hoc bt k lc no IC khng lm vic .R6
hn dng qu np cho cc G M1,R7 trit nh hng ca dng phn cc vo ng vo K
sai lch .
R8,C3,D3 to thnh mch snubber trit cc dao ng trn M1 v s cp T1, nn ct c
cc nh vt l bo v M1 khi b qu p . C2 lc tn hiu hi tip, C4,C5 lc in p t b n p
song song cp ngun cho IC .

Hnh 3.17: Mch flyback s dng IC 4292

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

12

C6 c C7 lc in p ng ra . D2 chnh lu p ng ra . Gii hn c bn v cng sut ti ng

ra ch yu cho in dung C GD ca M1 . Ng ra chn 6 ca IC khng th li transistor trng
dng cao qu 10A . Nh sn xut khuyn co nn s dng FET IRF9633 hay MTPJP18 cho M1.
Mt nhc im ln nht ca mch flyback l phn ln nng lng tch tr trong bin p
di dng dng DC trong cun dy . Do cn phi s dng li kch thc ln hoc li phi c
khe h t trnh b bo ha, dn n gim cng sut bin p, iu ny c khc phc bng
mch forward .
6. Mch forward:
Mch forward c bn nh hnh 3.18 loi tr c phn ln nng lng tch tr trong bin
p.Tuy nhin, bin p phi qun thm cun dy, mc nhiu hn 2 diode v cun cm lc ng ra .
Nng lng truyn t ng vo n ti qua D1 trong thi gian SW ng, tch tr trn L1.Khi
SW h, D1 phn cc nghch, dng qua L1 chy qua D2 .
Cun dy th ba v D3 lm mch kp p trn S1 trong thi gian off . Nu khng c
mch kp ny, in p trn S1 trong thi gian off rt cao c th nh thng S1 .

Hnh 3.18 : Mch forward c bn

Cun th ba cn gi l cun reset thng thng c t s vng 1:1 vi cun s cp . iu
ny lm gii hn chu k nhim v ti a l 50% . Trn 50% dng qua SW tng khng kim sot
c, bi v cun s cp khng th duy tr p DC 0V . Gim s vng trn cun reset s tng
c chu k nhim v nhng in p tt trn SW tng cao .
gn sng ng ra s thp do c L1, nhng gn sng dng vo cao do thng s dng
chu k nhim v thp.T1 c th l li kch thc b khng c khe h t, do khng tn ti thnh
phn DC d gy bo ha li .

Hnh 3.19 : Mch forward y ko

Mch foward y ko nh hnh 3.19 thng c s dng trong cc ngun n p xung
cng sut cao . Khi Q1 dn, Q2 tt, dng in c truyn qua T1 v D1 dn,np cho L1 v ti,
lc ny D2 tt . Khi Q2 dn, Q1 tt, dng in truyn qua T1, D2 np cho L1 v ti, D1 tt . Trong
khong thi gian Q1 tt Q2 cha dn ,L1 x dng ra ti v D2, ngc li Q2 tt Q1 cha dn, L1
x dng ra ti v D1. T1 hot ng nh bin p bnh thng v dng DC trung bnh qua s cp
T1 bng 0 nn khng gy bo ha li .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

13

7. Mch boost nng dng (current-boosted boost)

Hnh 3.20 l 1 dng m rng ca mch boost . S dng cun dy c im gia gim
dng qua SW vi dng ti nh trc . iu ny cho php dng ti cao ng vi in p cao
ng ra v trn SW . Tng cng sut cng th hin r khi chnh lch gia ng vo v ra cng
thp . Tuy nhin phi lu in p giao hon off ti a trn SW .

Hnh 3.20: Mch boost nng dng

8. Mch buck nng dng (current boosted buck ) :

Hnh 3.21: Mch buck nng dng

Mch buck nng dng nh hnh 3.21 s dng bin p tng dng ra cao hn dng cc
i trn SW . Mch ny cng gy ra in p cao trn SW khi off . Vic nng dng ti nh t s
in p s/th v t s vng . V d, t l p s/th l 15V/5V v t s vng 1:4,dng ra s tng
gp i : (15/(5+1/4x(15-5))=2 .Tuy nhin in p trn SW ti a s l : 15+5/1/4=35V .
9. Mch Cuk :
Vin
+

-Vout

L1
C2
S1

L2
D

C1

Hnh 3.22 : Mch Cuk nng dng

Mch Cuk nh hnh 3.22 ( ly theo tn Slobodan Cuk) tng t nh mch buck-boost c
input v output ngc cc tnh . Tuy nhin dng mch Cuk c u im nh dng vo v ra gn
sng b . Trong thc t, 2 cun dy phn bit c qun trn cng 1 li vi t l vng 1:1 chnh
xc .Nu nh lch 1 cht gia L1 v L2, dng gn sng ng vo v ra khng th trit bng 0 .
Nu gn sng vo/ra b vic chn t lc s d dng hn ( in dung b kch thc nh) .
Lu l dng gn sng trong C2 bng vi dng ng ra nn chn C2 ln, thng l t ha .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

14

3.2 : Cun dy v bin p trong ngun n p xung

3.2.1 : Cn bn thit k cun dy
Hu ht cc ngun n p xung u s dng cun dy n, nn ta ch kho st dng cun
dy n. Mt khi nm c thit k cun dy, ta c th chuyn sang thit k bin p trong mch
flyback .
Hnh 3.23 minh ha mch PFM s dng IC MAX641, kt ni theo mch boost, s dng
cun dy n L. Hnh 3.24 minh ha cc dng sng ca hnh 3.23, bao gm dng in qua L,
dng in diode, in p giao hon .

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Hnh 3.23: Mch PFM dng boost dng IC MAX641

Cun dy trong hnh 3.23 phi tha 7 iu kin sau :
Gi tr : in cm phi nh tch tr c nng lng khi p vo thp, v ln
trnh qu dng trong trng hp dn trong thi gian di .
Bo ha : Cun dy phi c in cm xc nh trong trng hp dng nh cao.
in trng : mc d khng phi l vn quan trng, tuy nhin cch in cun dy phi
chu in p ngc cao .
in tr DC : in tr cun dy khng gy ra nung nng nhit . Trong mch PFM in p
vo thp, in tr c th gy gim p ti .
H s phm cht Q : Mt mt cun dy khng gy ra hiu sut thp hay t nung nhit .
Giao thoa in t (EMI) : EMI khng gy nhiu ln cc phn t trn mch .
in dung k sinh : tn s t cng hng cao gp t 5-10 ln so vi tn s giao hon .

Hnh 3.24 : Cc dng sng trn hnh 3.23

1/ Chn gi tr in cm xc nh :
Gi tr in cm c th ph thuc vo tn s lm vic v in p trn cun dy,c hai xc
nh dng nh qua cun dy . Gi tr khng ng s gy qu dng cho transistor hoc khng
nng lng tch tr . Nng lng tch tr khng s lm khi ng v thi gian p ng qu
chm . Trong n p PFM, nng lng tch tr khng s lm mt n nh ng ra .
Lu : in cm cng nh d dng gy qu dng !
in p cp ngun v gi tr in cm xc nh dc ca dng sng dng in (hnh
3.24) . Khi hot ng mode bt lin tc, dng ti trung bnh t l trc tip vi dng nh .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

15

Biu thc quan h gia dng nh, in p vo/ra v dng ti :

Ipk

Vout V D Vin
4 I load
Vin Vsw

(3.1)

Vout : in p ng ra
Vin : in p ng vo
Vsw : in p bo ha ca transistor SW
VD: in p thun ca diode
V h s 4 c da trn chu k nhim v 50%
Phng trnh trn cho cun dy n hnh 3.23
T phng trnh Ipk, ta xc nh gi tr L:

Vin Vsw
t on
Ipk

(3.2)

2/ Vn in cm cao :
Trng hp in cm cao s gy ra dng ti thp v khng n p ng ra.
3/Vn in cm thp :
in cm thp gy nng, rung li, hiu sut thp, ng ra gn sng. in cm thp qu
lm li bo ha, hng trasisitor SW.
4/ in cm ti u :
tm gi tr in cm ti u theo cc phng trnh trn, ta tnh gi tr Lmax v Lmin .
Sau chn gi tr L chun nm gia Lmin-> Lmax .
V d : Trong hnh 3.23 input=5V10%, ouput =15v, s dng diode 1N5817
(VD=4V), IC MAX641 c sai s 10% trn chu k dao ng 50Hz ( ton=10s vi chu k nhim v
50%). ti I LOAD 115mA
Tnh Lmax : s dng Vinmin=4.5V, Vswmax=0.75V, tonmin=9s
15 0.4 4.5
Ipk min
15 4 174mA
4.5 0.75
4.5 0.25
L max
(9 s ) 194 H
174 mA
Tnh Lmin : s dng dng cc i ca MAX641=450mA=Ipk, Vinmax=5.5V
tonmax=11s, Vswmin=0.25V
5.5 0.25
L min
(11s ) 128 H
450mA
chn gi tr L=150H hay 160H
5/La chn cun dy cho ngun xung PWM :
Hu ht ngun xung u c dng nh cao khi ng vo p thp . l do ngun xung
thng lm vic mode lin tc v chu k nhim v cao (cao hn 50%) . Gi tr in cm PWM
ch gii hn bi s vng dy, khi ng v thi gian p ng qu hp l.
Trong mode lin tc, dng qua cun dy dao ng nhng khng bao gi gim v 0 . Bi
v dng in c th tng theo dng bc thang trong khong thi gian nhiu chu k, tc tng
(xc nh bi gi tr in cm) khng gii hn mc dng qua cun dy cc i hay dng ti trung
bnh . Ni cch khc gi tr chnh xc ca L khng cn thit cho PWM nh i vi PFM, gi tr
nh nht c tnh da trn mt mt I 2 R v kh nng dng cc i qua transistor . Do nhng
thng s trn, PWM c s dng thch hp hn cng sut cao .
Ngun PFM thng c s dng vi cng sut<10W, v ngun PWM s dng vi cng
sut>10W.
6/ nh hng bo ha :
nh dng cao lm cun dy bo ha dn n hiu sut thp, tng nhiu n lm hng
transistor sw . Khi li cun dy bo ha, gi tr in cm hiu dng gim t bin lm dng tng
nhanh theo quy lut hm m . Mt mt I 2 R lm gim hiu sut v cun dy khng tch tr nng
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

16

lng thm . Vi nhng l do trn, dng nh cao nht trn bt k ngun n p xung no cng
nh hn dng nh cho php ca cun dy trnh li bo ha. Lu cun dy c dng DC qua
thng d bo ha .
Hnh 3.25 minh ha cc dng sng dng in trong cc trng hp hot ng bnh
thng, bo ha hoc in tr cun dy cao. C th quan st dng sng dng in bng cch
mc mt in tr cng sut 10W c R<1 xem dng in p trn in tr .

Hnh 3.25 : Cc dng sng dng in qua cun dy

7/ Khe h t v vt liu li :
Ngoi cc thng s trn, vt liu li xc nh nng lng ca li v bo ha. Mt cch
tng nng lng l cho li c khe h . iu ny m rng chiu di hiu dng ca ng sc
t v tng kh nng tch tr nng lng trong cun dy . Tuy nhin khe h t cng gy ra mt
s vn . nh hng ca khe h t ln cc vt liu li khc nhau c tm tt sau y .
Ferrite v cc vt liu t t thm cao rt d bo ha . Chng hn vi li xuyn ferrite,
ng sc t ngn nn chng EMI tt, nhng do ng sc t ngn v t thm cao s d
lm li xuyn bo ha. Li xuyn ferrite lm bin p rt tt nhng khng thch hp cho cc ngun
n p xung dng boost (c dng DC cao ).
Khi cng sut 5W, li ferrite c khe h thng tt hn li xuyn hoc ni ferrite mc d
c to nhiu n, nhng ng dng tt cho nhng trng hp cng sut thp v dng li qun
dy v r tin .
Khi cng sut hn 5W, li ni ferrite s tt hn do pht x EMI b, c bit vi mc dng
cao v c t trng xung quanh .
Trong nhiu ng dng cng sut thp, li st bi v hp kim(MPP) xuyn thng c
chn do gi, kch thc v mc EMI . Cc vt liu ny c khe h bn trong (built-in) to thnh
khi gia cng p vt liu . Mi 1 khe h bo ha mt mc khc nhau ca lc t trng .
8/ Vt liu li thng mi :
Bng 3-1 tm tt c tnh ca cc li khc nhau s dng trong cc ngun xung cng sut
thp . Ferrite l tt nht do gi thp, in tr cao gim dng xoy. (Ferrite ch s dng tn s
500kHZ) . Mt khc, t thm ferrite cao nn phi c khe h t s gy ra nhng hn ch nh
EMI cao, qun dy, lp rp kh .
Bng 3.1 : c tnh thng mi ca cc loi dy :
LOI
EMI
GII THCH
Bobbin ferrite
cao
Gi r, cng trc cun dy, mt mt li thp hiu
sut cao.
Bobbin ferrite c thp
Hiu sut, d bo ha
lp o ferrite
Li ni ferrite
thp
Hiu sut, d to khe h theo yu cu .
Tt dng cao v tn s cao .
Li ni ferrite
Cao
Tt vi ti nh. D bo ha v khng hiu sut cn
theo di k p ng dng in .
Li xuyn thp thp
Qun thnh lp, tng t nh bi st.
Sinc
S dng lp qun mng vi tn s cao hn
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

17

Xuyn ferrite
thp
Xuyn bi hp thp
kim (MPP)
Xuyn bi st
thp

D bo ha
Tt hn tn s <400kHZ, EMI thp, mt mt
thp, t tin, s dng loi t thng cao
Ch ti vt liu li t mt mt thp

Bi hp kim MPP c c tnh bo ha tt vi mt mt t tr thp . Tuy nhin MPP gi t (do c

cha nickel), st bi v thp silic mc d c dng xoy v mt mt t tr hn cao nhng gi r
v ph dng .
9/ Li MPP t thng cao :
Li MPP t thng cao c EMI thp v kch thc nh . Li MPP thng thng ( cho cc
ng dng RF) cha 80% nickel, st v molybden,MPP t thng cao 50% nickel,khng tt nhit
cao nhng tt cho cc ngun xung.Mc d MPP t thng cao khng t tin,nhng i lc
t hn ferrite do yu cu khe h chnh xc .
10/ in tr DC dy qun v mt mt IR:
Vt liu li nh hng n mc cng sut tng ng vi kch thc cun dy cho trc .
Tuy nhin, in tr DC cun dy gii hn dng ra v hiu sut mch, nh minh ha hnh 3.25,
in tr DC cun dy cao lm thay i dng sng dng in (to ra dc khc vi dng tuyn
tnh ). mt mt cng sut I 2 R nh hng n hiu sut ton mnh v lm nhit li tng .
in tr DC cun dy cng nh hng mnh n ngun s dng pin hoc p ra thp <3V, trong
gi tr in cm phi b t dc chp nhn c cho dng in np cun dy .
11/ S gia nhit :
Cc c tnh k thut ca cun dy thng bao gm 2 gii hn dng in, lin tc hay
RMS v bo ha DC (i khi gi l dng nh ). Gii hn dng lin tc k n s tng nhit do
in tr cun dy cng nh tm nhit lm vic v c tnh cch in ca vt liu . Gii hn
dng lin tc thng cao hn gii hn dng bo ha DC (nhng khng lun lun, c bit khi L
cao ). Trong thit k n gin, phi m bo dng trung bnh qua cun dy nh hn gii hn
khng lin tc, nu k n tn s cao phi d tr thm mc an ton 10% do nhit tng do bi
mt mt li . Gi tr dng trung bnh gn ng qua cun dy trong ngun xung l :
Vout VD Vin
1 (3.3)
Iave I load
Vin Vsw
12/ Mt mt tn s cao v h s Q ca cun dy :
Mt mt tn s cao trong ngun xung bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh : t tr, dng xoy
trong li, dng xoy trong cun .
Mt mt t tr xy ra khi cng t trng gn im bo ha , tr thnh vn trong
cc li st bi tn s SW 100kHZ. Mt cch gim cng t trng nh ng vi dng
in cao l tng kch thc li . Tuy nhin tng kch thc li lm dng xoy tng ( do to ra cc
ng in tr thp cho dng xoy ). Dng xoy trong li l hm theo f 2 v tng nhanh khi f t
t 300kHz-400kHz . gim dng xoy s dng li vt liu khc hn l thay i kch thc
Bng 3.2 : Gii hn tn s cho 1 s vt liu li thng dng
n 100kHZ
bi st v l thp
n 200kHZ
bi st tn s cao, t thm thp
n 400kHZ
MPP t thng cao
n 500kHZ
MPP chun
n 1MHZ
ferrit km-mangan
n 10MHz
ferrite nickel
Bng 3.2 gii thiu gii hn tn s i vi 1 s vt liu li thng dng . Ch rng cc
tn s cao (100kHz )s dng cc li st bi l thp c th gy mt mt dng xoy cao lm tng
nhit li v mt hiu sut . Vn dng xoy rt kh pht hin, ngoi tr mt mt hiu sut
hoc hiu ng nng li khng gii thch c .
Dng xoy cun dy (dng vng trong dy ) cng c th gy ra vn tn s 500kHz,
li gii thc t l dng dy c b dy tht b chng hn nh dy litz(dy bc t), gim dng
xoy. Ngoi ra ta phi t cc cun dy trong li phi cng xa khe h cng tt .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

18

Mt vn thc t xc nh mt mt cun dy l o h s Q bng sng sine tn s SW

dng cu o. Theo thc t, nu Q25, mt mt cun dy 5% .
13/Vn EMI :
Gii quyt vn EMI thng thng ph thuc vo p dng thng mi . Chng hn nh
s dng cun dy c v bc nu mun gim thiu EMI, tuy nhin cun dy c v bc s to hn,
t hn v kh gn hn so vi khng v bc . Nu chp nhn EMI cao, s dng cun dy dng
bobbin khng v bc s c kch thc v gi r phn na so vi dng xuyn /li ni tng
ng v in . Lu rng cun dy bobbin pht t trng mnh nht gn 2 u trc, nn t
cun dy trnh xa cc mch nhy nhiu v vung gc vi cc thnh phn t khc .
EMI s xut hin ti cc khe h t nh hai u ca bobbin cun dy qun trn li tr .
Li ni cho php c khe h trong vt liu ferrite nhng ngn pht x EMI. Khe h trong vt liu
bi nh nn EMI rt b khng ng k, min l li hnh xuyn hay tng t c ng sc t kn .
14/Tn s t cng hng :
Tt c cc cun dy u c in dung phn b kt hp vi cun dy to thnh mch cng
hng.Tn s mch t cng hng nn ln hn 5-10 ln tn s lm vic (nhng khng nn
chnh xc l hi bc cao ca tn s lm vic ). Do gi tr in cm quyt nh phi yu cu mch
in tn s t cng hng (SRF) xc nh bi in dung phn b .
Khi SRF b, hm dc tuyn tnh ca dng qua cun dy (hnh 3.25) c 1 t bin dng khi
transistor dn, iu ny gy ra mt mt giao hon lm hiu sut ngun n p km.in dung
phn b phi nh SRF cao v khng nh hng nghim trng n dng qua cun dy .
in dung phn b c th gim khi qun dy trn li xuyn hoc gi hai u cun dy ln nhau,
hoc to 1 khe h gia 2 u cun dy .
1.22 : Chn gi tr in cm cun dy :
1/- Cn bn v gi tr in cm :
Gi tr thch hp cho bt k ngun n p xung no ph thuc vo 3 thng s: cng sut
ng ra yu cu, tm in p ng vo, tn s SW (chu k nhim v). Tn s SW rt quan trng v
n xc nh cun dy np nng lng bao lu trong mi chu k, cng vi ng vo xc nh mc
nng lng tr trong cun dy .
Nng lng ti thi im cho trc l hm ca dng cun dy v in cm :
EL LI 2 / 2
(3.4)
vi : Ipk=VL ton/L
(3.5)
Tng cng sut c th t vo (hoc ly ra ) cun dy l nng lng trn 1 chu k ( E L )
nhn vi s chu k trn /s :
PL=ELf0
(3.6)
f0 : tn s sw
Phng trnh trn gi s ton v fo l c lp . Vi ngun PFM, tn s tiu biu l xung
vung i xng chu k nhim v 50% .
1
(3.7)
ton
2 f0
Cng sut trn cun dy :
VL2
(3.8)
PL
8 f0L
Hoc di dng ton :
V 2t
(3.9)
PL L on
4L
Trong ngun boost hoc inverter , in p np cun dy VL thng thng bng p ng
vo Vin nu b qua mt mt trn SW .
Trong ngun buck VL=Vin-Vout (b qua mt mt SW) do cun dy mc gia ng vo v ng ra .
2/ Chn in cm cun dy trong ngun boost :
Bc u tin l chn Vout, Vin(min) v Iout .Ch rng trong thit k ngun boost, Vin phi
nh hn Vout .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

19

Nu v l do no Vin c th bng hay ln hn Vout phi tnh n dng ngun inverter.

Vin(min) v Vin(max) bao c tm in p vo . Cng sut ng ra Pout =Vout xIout . Tuy nhin
phi tnh n mt mt trong cun dy,transistor,diode khong khong 10-25% cng sut thc t .
Trong thit k ngun boost, cng sut c cung cp nh cun dy v t in p vo, do
1 u cun dy ni tip vi ng vo Vin khi cun dy cp dng cho ng ra .
Pout PL Vin I out
(3.10)
Cng sut ly t cun dy :
PL (Vout Vin VD ) I out
(3.11)
VD x Iout biu din mt mt trn diode . Nu dng diode schottky s gim thiu mt mt .
Bng 3-3 lit k 1 s loi diode tiu biu .
Bng 3.3 : Diode chnh lu dng trong ngun n p xung
M S
1N414
1N4148
1N4935

ITB (A)
0.05
0.05
1

VF (V)
1.0
1.0
1.2

BVR (V)
75
75
200

LOI
si
si
si

1N5817
1N5818
1N5820
1N5821
1N5822

1
1
3
3
3

0.45
0.55
0.475
0.5
0.525

20
30
20
30
40

schottly
schottly
schottly
schottly
schottly

1N5823
1N 5824
1N5825
UDS620
UDS640
UES1001
UES1002
UES1003

5
5
5
6
6
1
1
1

0.36
0.37
0.38
0.48
0.48
0.895
0.895
0.895

20
30
40
20
40
50
100
150

schottly
schottly
schottly
schottly
schottly
si
si
si

V NGOI
Thy tinh
Thy tinh
Nha
Nha
Nha
Nha
Nha
Nha
Kim loi
Kim loi
Kim loi
50-220
50-220
Bead
Bead
Bead

Trong cc h thng l tng (b qua mt mt SW ), mt trong hai phng trnh sau c

s dng :
PL VL2 /(8 f 0 L)
(3.12)
Hoc di dng ton :
PL VL2ton /( 4 L)
(3.13)
Thay th gi tr PL vo ta c biu thc tnh L :
Vin2
(3.14)
8 f 0 I out (V outVD Vin )
Vi f0 l tn s SW c chu k nhim v 50%.
Khi s dng phng trnh trn tnh L, nn chn Vin min m bo cng sut ra c
ng vi tm in p vo cho php .
Chn gi tr L phi p ng dng tnh Ipk:
V t
V
(3.15)
I pk in on in
L
2 f0 L
Vi ton l thi gian np =1/2 chu k .
Phng trnh Ipk gi s in tr Ron ca SW khng ng k so vi in tr cun dy v
in p trn cun dy VLVin . Khi s dng phng trnh Ipk chn Vinmax m bo dng nh
ti a cho php .
L

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

20

Sau khi tm c Ipk, so snh vi gii hn dng qua cun dy v gii hn dng qua SW.
Ipk phi m bo hn 2 gi tr gii hn trn .
Nu Ipk vt qu gi tr dng max ca transistor trong IC (chng hn 550mA vi MAX
630/4193 v 475mA vi MAX631/32/33), chn transistor ngoi m bo dng qua SW . Bng
3.4 gii thiu 1 s MOSFET thng dng .
Bng 3.4 : Mt s MOSFET cng sut tiu biu
Knh N
Vmax(v)
Nh sn xut
M s
V ngoi
Ron ()(IDS,VGS )
BUZ71A
BUZ21

TO-220
TO-220

IRF513

TO-220

IRF530

TO-220

IRF540

TO-220

IRF620

TO-220

IRF640
TO-220
IRFD121
4pinDip
RFP12N08L TO-220
Knh P
M s
V ngoi

0,12(6A,10V)
0,1(9A,5V)
0,2(5A,5V)
0,8(2A,10V)
1,2(1A,5V)
0,18(8A,10V)
2,0(4A,5V)
0,085(8A,10V)
0,1(5A,5V)
0,8(2,5A,10V)
1,3(2,5A,5V)
0,18(10A,10V)
0,3(1,3A,10V)
0,2(1,3A,5V)
Ron () (IDS,VGS)

50
100

MOT/SI/SM
MOT/SI/SM

100

IR/SI/GE/MOT

100

IR/SI/GE/MOT

100

IR/SI/GE/MOT

200

IR/SI/GE/MOT

200
60
80

IR/SI/GE/MOT
IR/GE
RCA

Vmax(v)

Nh sn xut

IRFD120
4pinDIP
0,6(1,3A,-10V)
-100
IR/GE
IRF9520
TO-220
0,6(3,5A,-10V)
-100
IR
IRF9540
TO-220
0,2(10A,-10V)
-100
IR
IRF9543
TO-220
0,3(10A,-10V)
-60
IR
IRF9620
TO-220
1,5(3,5A,-10V)
-200
IR
RFP6P08
TO-220
0,6(-10V)
-100
RCA
MTP2P45
TO-220
6(1A,-10V)
-450
MOT
MTP8P08
TO-220
0,4(4A,-10V)
-80
MOT
Nh sn xut : IR=International Rectifier, SI=Siliconix, MOT=Motorola
GE=General Electric, SM=Siemens, RCA=RCA
3/ Chn in cm cun dy cho ngun buck:
Bc u tin l chn Vout, Vin(min),Vin(max), Iout . Lu rng trong thit k ngun buck
Vin(min) phi>Vout . Nu v l do g m Vin Vout, nn ngh n dng ngun inverter .
Vin(min) v Vin(max) bao c tm in p vo.Cng sut ng ra Pout =Vout x Iout . Tuy nhin
phi k n mt mt cun dy, transisitor SW, diode khong 10->25%.
Trong thit k ngun buck, cng sut ng ra l tng cng sut cp cho cun dy v cng
sut cp trc tip t ng vo . Khi cun dy np in, n kt ni ng vo vi ng ra , nn dng
np qua cun dy cng l dng ra ti . Khi cun dy x in, dng x ghp qua ti v cun dy .
Tng cng sut ra :
Pout PL Vout I pk / 4
(3.16)
Vi PL l cng sut cp t cun dy v Vout.Ipk/4 l cng sut cp trc tip t ng vo khi
cun dy np . Ipk l dng nh np cun dy, vi gi s dng np cun dy tng tuyn tnh t 0
n Ipk trong na chu k giao hon, dng trung bnh l Ipk/4.
Dng nh cun dy l hm ca in p np (Vin Vout), thi gian np (ton) v in cm L :
I pk (Vin Vout )ton / L
(3.17)
Hay

I pk (Vin Vout ) /( 2 f 0 L)

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

(3.18)
21

vi f0 l tn s SW .
Hu ht cun dy c th np trong chu k SW (1/2f0)
Kt hp phng trnh Pout v Ipk :
Pout PL Vout (Vout Vin ) /(8 f 0 L)
(3.19)
Thay cc phng trnh trn :
(V Vout ) 2
(3.20)
PL in
8 f0 L
V (V V )
(3.21)
Pout in in out
8 f0 L
Nhn Pout cho 1,25 (b mt mt ), tm c L :
V (V Vout )
(3.22)
L in in
10 f 0 Pout
S dng gi tr Vin min tnh L v Vinmax tnh Ipk .
4/ Chn in cm cun dy cho ngun inverter :
Bc u tin l chn Vout, Vin(min),Vin(max) v Vout. Khi chn cu hnh Vin c th ln,
bng hoc nh hn Vout .
Cng sut ng ra Pout=VoutxIout. Tuy nhin do cc mt mt cun dy SW,diode nn nhn
cng sut ng ra vi h s 1,25.
Trong ngun inverter, tt c cng sut ng ra c cp qua cun dy . Mt u cun dy
c ni masse khi np x . Tng cng sut ng ra l :
Pout PL
(3.23)
Vin2
8 f0 L
V nhn Pout cho 1,25, tm c L :
Vin2
L
10 f 0 I outVout
f0 l tn s SW chu k nhim v 50%
I pk (Vin / L) ton
PL

(3.24)

(3.25)
(3.26)

I pk Vin /( 2 f 0 L)
Hay
(3.27)
S dng Vinmin tnh L v Vinmax tnh Ipk .
5/ Chn bin p cho ngun flyback:
Bc u tin l chn Vout, Vin(min), Vin(max), Iout. Vi ngun flyback Vin c th ln, nh
hn hoc bng Vout . Ngun flyback c th i cc tnh ng ra .
Cng sut ng ra Pout PT VD I out , vi PT l cng sut ngun cp cho bin p v VD I out l
mt mt trn diode .
PT phi t vo s cp :

Vin2
(3.28)
PT
8 f0 LPRI
f0 l tn s SW chu k nhim v 50%, L PRI in cm s cp .
Gii ra tm c :
Vin2
(3.29)
LPRI
8 f 0 I out (Vout VD )
V t
V
(3.30)
I pk in on in
LPRI
2 f0 L
ton l thi gian np/ 1 chu k bng chu k .
Chn Vinmin khi tnh L PRI v Vinmax khi tnh Ipk .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

22

Gi tr L PRI v Ipk dng tnh ton thit k bin p s c cp phn sau .

3.2.3 Thit k cun dy v bin p :
Phn ny trnh by 1 trong nhng phng php thit k nhanh cun dy v bin p cho
cc dng li ni v xuyn . Tt nhin t tt ti u phi qua bc th nghim v iu chnh
kch thc li, s vng dy, c dy .
1/ Thit k cun dy :
Khi bit gi tr L v Ipk t cc phng trnh trn bc u tin l tnh tch s LI 2 (mH x
A 2 =mJ) . Tch s ny biu din nng lng tch tr LI 2 / 2 .
T LI 2 tnh c, da vo hnh 3.26 xc nh kch thc li : xc nh LI 2 trn trc honh,
k ng vung gc vi trc LI 2 ti im chn ct ng cho thp nht, k song song trc
LI 2 ct trc tung AL , c gi tr AL . ng cho biu din kch thc li nh nht v AL l gi tr
max s dng ( AL l in cm/s vng2 ng vi li c chn). iu ny c ngha l vi li
chn gi tr AL nh hn AL trn trc tung s khng lm li bo ha .
Cng vy, bt k ng cho biu din kch thc li ct ng thng vung gc trc
honh ti im LI 2 cng u s dng c li nu gi tr AL di gi tr AL tm c trn .
T AL tm c , s vng dy qun N c tnh
(3.31)
N 3,16 ( L / AL ) (H)
Sau khi tm c s vng, chn c dy c kch thc ln nht c th qun c trn li
gim in tr DC . Tit in dy thch hp Aw ng vi kch thc li ni ferrrite cho trong
bng 3.5
Bng 3.5 : Kch thc dy ng vi li ni ferrite
Kch thc li
Tit din dy (cm)
Chiu di TB/vng (Feet)
(mm x mm)
1 ngn
2 ngn
3 ngn
14 x8
0,098
0,044
0,0953
18 x 11
0,170
0,084
0,049
0,121
22 x 13
0,292
0,138
0,087
0,145
26 x 16
0,421
0,202
0,128
0,173
30 x19
0,542
0,254
0,159
0,204
36 x22
0,755
0,357
0,225
0,244

Hnh 3.26 : th la chn li ni

Bc tip theo l tm T(s vng / cm 2 ). T phi ln hn N/ AW , c xc nh bng 3.6 s

dng dy c kch thc ng vi gi tr chn T .
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

23

Bc k tip l tnh gi tr in tr dy :
R NI w rw
(3.32)
N l s vng dy, I W l chiu di TB ca 1 vng ng vi li chn v rw l in tr / foot
ca dy chn . R tnh c sao cho khng gy tn hao cng sut qu 1 hoc 2% tng cng
sut ra . Cng sut mt mt do dy trong mch flyback c tnh gn ng :
PR ( I 2pk R ) / 3
(3.33)
2/ Thit k bin p :
Bin p (cho flyback) c thit k tng t nh cun dy . Sau khi xc nh s vng s
cp t in cm s cp v dng nh, s vng th cp c xc nh t t s vng theo t s p
vo / p ra v c dy th cp ty thuc vo dng ng ra .
3/ V d thit k bin p :
Hnh 3.27 l dng mch ngun xung flyback s dng IC MAX641 . Cho ng ra 5V/1A, ng
vo t 4-5.2V.

Hnh 3.27 : Ngun xung flyback bin p

Gi s chn diode 1N5817 c V f 0.5V . Nh vy cn cng sut ng ra bin p l
(5+0.5)x1=5,5W.
Vi f0 =50kHz v Vin(min) =4V
Vin2
L
8 f 0 I out (Vout VD )

42

7,27 H
8.50.103.1(5 0,5)
Vi Vin(max) =5,2V
V
I pk in
2 f0 L
5,2

7,15 A
3
2.50.10 .7,27.10 6
LI 2 7, 27.10 6.(7,15)2 0,372mJ
T hnh 3.26, 0,372mJ dn n tm c li kch thc 18x11mm v AL 330
Ta chn AL chun=250.

N 3,16 7,27 / 250 5,4

Do t l s/th 1:1 nn s vng th cp cng =5,4
Aw cho cun dy c 2 ngn l 0,084 cm 2 ng vi li 18 x11 theo bng 3.5 v hnh 3.28 .
Tm T : T N / Aw 5,4 / 0,084 64
T bng 3.6, chn dy #18, dy #18 c s vng/ cm 2 =79,1, dy #17 l 63,6 v dy #19 l
98,4.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

24

Bng 3.6 cng cho dy #18 c in tr 6,386/1000feet. Chiu di trung bnh 1 vng vi
li 18 x11 l 0,121 feet theo bng 3.5.
R NI w rw 5,4.0,121.0,00638 0,0042
Vi dng nh Ipk=7,15A, cng sut mt mt trung bnh :
2
( I pk
R) / 3 (7,152.0,0042) / 3 72mW #1,4% cng sut ra.

Aw

Aw

L: chiu di trung bnh cun dy

Aw: tit din cun dy

Hnh 3.28: Chiu di trung bnh v tit din cun dy

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

25

Bng 3.6 : cc thng s dy in t

Magnet Wire Table
Wire Size Wire area(max) (Circular Mils) Turns Resistance Current capacity(ma)
AWG
Heavy
QUAD per in2 per cm 2 ohms/1000 @750cir.Mil/amp @500Cir
10
11,470
12,230
89
13,8
0,9987
13,840 20,768

11
12
13
14
15

9,518
7,310
5,852
4,679
3,758

9,821
7,885
6,336
5,112
4,147

112
140
176
220
260

16
17
18
19
20

3,003
2,421
1,936
1,560
1,246

3,329
2,704
2,190
1,781
1,436

330
410
510
635
800

17,4
21,7
27,3
34,1
40,3

1.261
1.588
2.001
2.524
3.181

10,968
8,705
6,912
5.479
4,347

16,452
13,058
10,368
8,220
6,520

51,2
63,6
79.1
98.4
124

4.020
5,054
6,386
8,046
10,13

3,441
2,736
2,165
1,719
1,365

5,160
4,100
3,250
2,580
2,050

21
22
23
24
25

1,005
807
650
524
424

1,170
949
778
635
520

1,000
1,200
1,500
1,900
2,400

155
186
232
294
372

12,77
16,20
20,3
25,67
32,37

1,083
853
681
539
427

1,630
1,280
1,020
808
641

26
27
28
29
30

342
272
219
180
144

424
342
276
231
188

3,000
3,600
4,700
5,600
7,000

465
558
728
868
1,085

41,0
51,4
65,3
81,2
104

338
259
212
171
133

506
403
318
255
200

31
32
33
34
35

117
96,0
77,4
60,8
49,0

154
128
104
82,8
67,2

8,500
10,500
13,000
16,000
20,000

1,317
1,628
2,015
2,480
3,100

131
162
206
261
331

106
85
67
53
42

158
128
101
79
63

36
37
38
39
40

39,7
32,5
26,0
20,2
6,0

54,8
44,9
36,0
28,1
22,1

25,000
32,000
37,000
50,000
65,000

3,876
4,961
5,736
7,752
10,077

415
512
648
847
1,080

33
27
21
16
13

50
41
32
25
19

41
42
43
44
45

13,0
10,2
8,40
7,30
5,30

80,000
100,000
125,000
150,000
185,000

12,403
15,504
19,380
23,256
28,682

1,320
1,660
2,140
2,590
3,348

11
8,5
6,5
5,5
4,1

16
13
10
8
6,2

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

26

5.4: Cc gii php thit k :

Trong phn ny s kho st 2 vi mch tiu biu UC3844 v TL494, cc dng ngun n p
xung thit k trn 2 vi mch ny .Tham kho thm cc c tnh v thng s k thut ca 2 vi
mch trn trong data sheet .
5.4.1 : Vi mch UC 3844/45
H vi mch UC 3844/45 l cc vi mch iu khin bng mode dng in tn s c nh ch
tiu cao . Vi mch c thit k c bit cho cc ng dng b bin i dc sang dc offline, cung
cp cho ngi thit k gii php r tin vi cc linh kin ngoi t nht .Cu hnh gm mt b dao
ng , b tham chiu b nhit, b khuch i sai lch li cao , b so snh nhy dng, v ng
ra totem dng cao thch hp li MOSFET cng sut .
Ngoi ra vi mch cn bao gm b bo v gm cc b kha di p ng vo v tham
chiu c vng tr, b hn dng theo tng chu k, b cht kim sot xung n , v mt FF xa
ng ra trong mi chu k dao ng, cho php lp trnh thi gian cht t 50% n 70% .
Tt c cc mch trn c ng gi trong v nha 8 chn theo dng DIP, hoc 14 chn
dng dn SOIC .
H UCX844 c ngng kha di p UVLO (under volltage lock out ) 16V(on) v 10V
(off) . Cn h UCX845 c ngng UVLO 8,5V(on) v 7,6V(off)
Cc ch tiu chnh ca h UCX844/45 c tm tt nh sau :
Hot ng mode dng in vi tn s giao hon n 500kHZ
iu chnh thi gian cht ng ra t 50% n 70%
T ng b cp pht thun (Feed Forward)
Cht PWM cho hn dng tng chu k
in p tham chiu iu chnh t bn trong theo b kha di p
Ng ra totem dng cao
B kha di p ng vo c vng tr
Dng in khi ng v lm vic thp
Hnh 1 minh ha s khi c bn s chn ca h vi mch UC 3844/45

a) S khi c bn UC3844/45
b) S chn
(s chn trong du ngoc cho v SO-14 pin)
Hnh 3.29: S khi c bn v s chn UC3844/45
* M t cu hnh UC 3844/45
Vi mch UC 3844/45 rt thch hp trong cc thit k ngun n p xung mode dng in ch
tiu cao . Hnh 15 m t s khi cu hnh ca vi mch .
1/ B dao ng :
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

27

Hnh 3.30: S khi chi tit UC3844/45

Tn s dao ng c chn qua cc gi tr nh thi RT v CT . T in CT c np t
in p tham chiu 5V qua in tr RT n gn 28V v x n 1.2V bng ngun dng rt bn
trong . Trong khong thi gian x ca CT , b dao ng pht ra 1 xung xa bn trong gi mc
logic ca chn gia cng NOR mc cao . iu ny lm ng ra xung mc thp, to vic iu
khin khong thi gian cht .Mt FF c b tr bn trong xa ng ra theo mi chu k bng
cch gi 1 ng vo cng NOR mc cao . iu ny kt hp vi chu k x ca CT cho php lp
trnh thi gian cht ng ra t 50% n 70%.

Hnh 3.31: Gin xung thi gian

Hnh 3.32a biu din RT theo tn s dao ng v hnh 3.32b l thi gian cht theo tn
s ,vi gi tr CT cho trc . Lu c nhiu gi tr RT s cho ra 1 thi gian cht c th vi 1 tn
s cho trc .
Trong nhiu ng dng nhy vi nhiu, ngi ta nn khuyn kha tn s b chuyn i
bng xung clock t h thng ngoi . iu ny c th thc hin bng cch p 1 tn hiu clock vo
mch nh hnh 3.33 . vic kha c tin cy, tn s dao ng t do nn t thp hn tn s
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

28

xung clock khong 10% . Mt phng php ng b nhiu b nh hnh 3.34 . Bng cch ko di
dng sng clock, vic ghim chu k nhim v chnh xc c th t c thi gian cht ng ra
vt hn 70% .

a) RT theo tn s/CT
b) Thi gian cht output theo tn s/CT
Hnh 3.32: Chn RT v thi gian cht output theo tn s dao ng v CT

Hnh 3.33: ng b dao ng bng

xung clock ngoi

Hnh 3.34: ng b nhiu b bng dao ng ngoi

2/ B khuch i sai lch :

B khuch i sai lch b ton phn c 2 ng
vo o v khng o . H s khuch i DC tiu biu
90dB, v li n v kh tn 1 MHZ vi lch pha
57 (hnh 3.35).Ng vo khng o c phn cc
bn trong 2,5V khng a ra ngoi v.in p ng ra
c chia xung v kim sot bi ng vo o .
Dng phn cc vo ti a l -2A to lch p ng
ra bng vi tch s dng phn cc v in tr tng
ng ng vo b chia in tr .

Hnh 3.35: li v pha theo tn s

B K sai lch(EA)

Ng ra b khuch i sai lch ( chn 1) c th s dng mch vng hi tip b bn ngoi nh

hnh 3.35b. Ng ra c gim p qua diode ( 1,4V) v chia 3 trc khi dn n ng vo o
ca b so snh nhy dng . iu ny m bo khng c xung xut hin ng ra (chn 6) khi
chn 1 mc p thp (VOL). iu ny xy ra khi ngun ang hot ng khng ti , hoc bt u

Hnh 3.35b: Mch hi tip ngoi EA

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

29

giai on khi ng mm (soft start ) ( hnh 3.36,3.37) . in tr hi tip ti thiu cho b khuch
i sai lch gii hn bi dng cp ng ra yu cu t n mc ghim 1,0V ca b so snh .
R f (min) [3,0(1,0V ) 1,4V ] / 0,5mA 8.800 (3.34)
3/ B so snh nhy dng v cht PWM :
Vi mch UC3844/45 hot ng nh l b iu khin mode dng in, trong phn t
giao hon ng ra c khi ng bi dao ng v kt thc dn khi dng nh qua cun dy t

Hnh 3.36: Khi ng mm(soft start)

Hnh 3.37: Mch m khi ng mm

gim nh hng mc ghim
n ngng thit lp bi ng ra b khuch i sai lch (chn 1) . V th , tn hiu sai lch s iu
khin dng qua cun dy theo tng chu k mt . B so dnh nhy dng v cht PWM c mt
m bo ch c 1 xung duy nht xut hin ng ra tng ng vi 1 chu k dao ng cho trc .
Dng qua cun dy c th chuyn thnh in p bng cch gn thm in tr RS ni tip gia
chn ngun Q1 v GND . in p ny c ng vo nhy dng (chn 3) theo di v so snh vi
mc in p to ra t b khuch i sai lch . Dng nh cun dy trong iu kin hot ng
bnh thng c kim sot bi in p chn 1 .
V ( pin1) 1,4V
(3.35)
I pk
3RS
Cc iu kin lm vic bt thng xy ra khi ng ra ngun cp in b qu ti hoc vic
cm p ng ra b mt . Khi , ngng b so snh nhy dng c ghim bn trong l 1V, cho
nn dng nh ti a l :
1,0V
(3.36)
I pk (max)
RS
Khi thit k ngun n p xung cng sut ln,ngi ta thng quan tm ti vic gim in
p ghim bn trong gi cng sut tiu tn trn Rs mc chp nhn c. Phng php n
gin iu chnh hiu p ny nh hnh 3.38, hai diode ngoi c s dng b cc diode
bn trong to ra in p ghim hng s trn ton tm nhit .Nu gim qu nhiu in p ghim
do Ipk (max),mch s d b nhiu!
Mt xung hp trn cnh ln ca dng sng dng in c th d dng thy c v lm
cho ngun cp in lm vic mt n nh khi ng ra nh ti . Xung ny xut hin do in dung
gia cc vng dy ca bin p xung v thi gian phc hi ca mch chnh lu ng ra . Mch lc
RC thm vo ng vo nhy dng vi thi hng xp x bng rng xung nhiu s loi c
vic mt n nh, nh hnh 3.39 .

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

30

Hnh 3.38: iu chnh mc p ghim

Hnh 3.39: Mch lc RC trit gai xung dng

4/ B kha di p :
Hai b so snh kha di p kt hp vi nhau bo m IC lm vic hon ton trc
khi tng ra c php lm vic . Ng cp ngun dng (Vcc) v ng ra tham chiu (Vref) u
c kim sot bi mi b so snh . Mi b so snh c vng t tr bn trong trnh cc ri
lon ng ra khi ng vo qua ngng tc ng tng ng . Ngng cao/thp ca b so snh
Vcc ca UCX844 l 16V/10V v 8,4V/7,6V cho UCX845, ngng cao thp ca b so snh Vref l
3,6V/3,4V .
Vng tr rng v dng khi ng thp ca UCX844 rt thch hp cho cc ng dng b
chuyn i offline s dng k thut khi ng boostrap nh hnh 3.41 (s gii thiu phn sau ) .
UCX845 c s dng cho cc b chuyn i dc-dc in p thp hn . Diode zenner 36V ni r
gia chn ngun Vcc v GND, nhm bo v qu p cho IC c th xy ra khi khi ng h thng .
in p lm vic ti thiu ca UCX844 l 11V v UCX845 l 8,2V .
5/ Ng ra :
Ng ra c dng totem n cc thch hp li trc tip MOSFET cng sut, n c kh
nng cp dng n 1,0A dng nh v c thi gian ln/xung tiu biu 50ns, vi ti 1nF .
Mch in thm vo bn trong c tc dng gi ng ra mode rt dng bt c khi no b
kha di p tc ng . c tnh ny loi tr vic c thm in tr ko xung bn ngoi .
Loi SOIC 14 chn c thm 2 chn phn bit Vc (output supply) v power Ground . Vic
cp ngun ring cho khi output s gim thiu nhiu qu giao hon xp chng ln tn hiu
iu khin . iu ny c bit hu dng khi gim mc ghim IPK (max). Ngoi ra,chn cp ngun
Vc c lp cho php ngi thit k linh ng chn in p li c lp vi Vcc .
Mt diode ghim Zener thng c ni ng ny khi li MOSFET trong h thng ngun
ln hn 20 . Hnh 3.40 cho thy kt ni ngun v GND thch hp khi li MOSFET.

Hnh 3.40:Kt ni s dng MOSFET cm dng

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

31

6/ in p tham chiu :
in p tham chiu 5V hiu chnh sai s 1,0% TJ= 25 0 C trn UC284X v 2,0%trn
UC384X . Ngun ny ch yu cp np dng cho t in nh thi CT . B tham chiu c bo v
ngn mch v c kh nng cp dng n 20mA .
7/ Gii thiu ngun n p xung tiu biu s dng vi mch UC 3844:
Hnh 3.41 minh ha s ngun n p xung dng flyback 27W . Ng vo bin thin t 95130VAC . Ng ra gm ng ngun 5V/4A, ng ngun 12V/0,3A.
Cu diode D1 chnh lu v C1 lc ngun t ngun cao p 115VAC cp trc tip cho mch
MOSFET Q1. R1 hn dng khi ng np cho t khi mi cp in. R2 ni ngun cao p DC n
chn 7 (Vcc) cp ngun khi ng cho IC (Vcc16V). Khi c dao ng kch Q1 lm vic, c dng
qua bin p T1 v ly xung xut hin trn th cp qua mch chnh lu v lc D3,R3,C3,D2,C2
a v chn 7 cp ngun thng trc cho mch.Vi cch cp ngun nh vy,mch lm vic n
p rt tt v m bo ct ngun cung cp cho IC khi b qu ti hoc ngn mch ng ra, hoc in
p ngun thng trc gim n mc mnh kha di p lm vic (<11V), bo v mch rt tt .
R12 v C9 quyt nh tn s dao ng, C8 mc chn 8(Vref) lc nhiu cao ln. ng hi
tip t ng ra ly t ngun thng trc qua cu phn p R9,R10 a vo chn 2 (VFB). R11 l
in tr hi tip mc t ng ra chn 1 (output comp) a v ng vo chn 2.H s khuch i
mch khuch i sai lch c gi tr bng R11/(R9//R10).C7 lc nhiu cao tn cho khuch i sai
lch .
Xung dao ng xut ra chn 6 (output) ghp qua R6 kch vo cc GQ1.DZ1 ghim p bo
v ng vo GS Q1 . Hi tip dng ly trn R8 qua mch lc nhiu R7C6 a v chn 3(current
sense) so snh vi tn hiu t khuch i sai lch. Cc mch snubber C5,R5,D5 v D4,R4,C4
trit cc gai vt l khi Q1 giao hon tt .
Bin p xung gm cc cun :
TL1 : cun s cp kt hp Q1 chy mode flyback
TL2: cun th cp to ngun thng trc cp ngun IC v hi tip
TL3: cun th cp to ngun 5VDC
TL4,TL5 : cun th cp to ngun 12VDC

T1: s cp 45 vng dy AWG26

L1: 15H@5A,Coilcraft Z7156
th cp 12V 9 vng dy AWG30 cp 2 si
L2,L3: 25H@1,0A,Coilcraft Z7157
th cp 5V 4 vng dy AWG26 cp 6 si
th cp hi tip 10 vng AWG30 cp 2 si
Li Ferroxcube EC35-3C8
Cun dy: Ferroxcube EC35PCB1
Khe h=0,01 cho in cm s cp 1,0mH
Hnh 3.41: Ngun n p xung flyback 27W
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

32

5.4.2 : Vi mch TL494

1 . Tm tt chc nng chnh:
iu khin hon ton dng PWM
2 ng ra cp nhn dng 500mA
Chn ng ra n/y ko(pushpull)
Mch in bn trong chn xung kp cho mi ng ra
iu khin thi gian cht ton tm
Mch n p bn trong 5V5%
Mch dao ng bn trong
B kha di p
Cu trc mch cho php d dng ng b
S chn TL494 nh hnh 3.42, cc c tnh v ch tiu
k thut xem ph lc

Hnh 3.42: S chn TL494

2. M t :
TL494 c chc nng hon ho ca mch iu khin PWM trong 1 chip n. Vi mch ch
yu c thit k cho iu khin ngun cp in c th linh ng p dng cho cc mch c th
c iu khin cp ngun .
TL494 gm 2 mch khuch i sai lch, mt b dao ng ni iu chnh c, mt b so
snh iu khin thi gian cht(DTC), mt FF iu khin pht xung, mt ngun n p 5V5%, v
mch kim sot ng ra .
Cc b khuch i sai lch c tm in p cch chung (common mode) t -0,3V n Vcc2V . B so snh iu khin thi gian cht c in p offset c nh khong 5% thi gian cht . B
dao ng ni c th khng s dng bng cch ko RT ln ngun Vref v cp tn hiu rng ca
ngoi vo ng CT, hoc nu s dng dao ng ni bng cch mc RT,CT thch hp xung GND
(hnh 3.43)
Hai transistor ng ra c cc chn C v E a ra ngoi C1,E1 (pin8,9) v C2,E2(pin11,10)
c th cho php mc EC hay CC . Ng out control (pin13) cho php ng ra lm vic mode n
tn hay y ko(pushpull).

Hnh 3.43: S khi IC TL494

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

33

3. Hot ng :
TL494 l vi mch iu khin PWM tn s c nh, s khi cn bn nh hnh 3.43.
Mt dao ng to sng rng ca tuyn tnh bn trong c chn tn s bng 2 linh kin
ngoi RT (pin6) v CT(pin5) ni xung GND .Tn s dao ng xc nh gn ng bi biu thc :
Fosc 1,1 /( RT CT ) (3.37)
Hnh 3.44 minh ha th chn RT v CT c tn s dao ng mong mun .Tn s lm
vic ca TL494 c cho t 1-200kHZ.

Hnh 3.44: th chn tn s dao ng theo RT v CT

Vic iu ch rng xung to ra t vic so snh tn hiu rng ca trn CT vi 1 trong 2
tn hiu iu khin .Cc cng NOR li cc transistor ng ra Q1Q2 ch c m khi tn hiu clock
ng vo FF mc thp . iu ny ch xy ra khi trong thi on tn hiu rng ca c in p ln
hn cc tn hiu iu khin . Do , bin tn hiu iu khin tng s lm rng xung ng ra
gim tuyn tnh tng ng (hnh 3.45)

Hnh 3.45: Gin xung hot ng ca TL494

Cc tn hiu iu khin c ng vo tng ng l iu khin thi gian cht DTC (pin4), cc
ng vo 2 b khuch i sai lch (pin1,2,15,16), ng vo hi tip FB (pin3).B so snh DTC c
in p offset ng vo khong 120mV lm gii hn thi gian cht ng ra ti thiu bt u khong
4% ca chu k sng rng ca .Hay ni cch khc chu k nhim v ti a l 96% vi ng ra n
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

34

tn ( chn output control pin 13 ni GND), hoc 48% vi ng ra pushpull (pin13 ni Vref). C th
kim sot rng xung ng ra cc i bng cch t in p ng DTC(pin4)c nh t 0 - 3,3V.
Hoc c th s dng chn DTC lm khi ng mm(hnh 3.46).

b) iu khin khi ng mm

a) iu khin thi gian cht quyt nh rng xung cc i

Hnh 3.46: iu khin DTC(pin 4)
Khi ng vo DTC (pin4) bng 0V, b so snh PWM l phng tin cc b khuch i
sai lch iu chnh rng xung ng ra t gi tr cc i (CKNV max 45%) xung 0, tng ng
vi in p VFB (pin3) bin thin t 0,5-3,5V . C hai b khuch i sai lch u c tm in p
ng vo cch chung t 0,3(Vcc-2V), v dng cm in p v dng in ng ra.Cc ng ra
b khuch i sai lch c OR vi nhau qua 2 diode v a n ng vo o ca b so snh
PWM .

Hnh 3.47: Cc cch hi tip ng ra v khuch i sai lch

Hnh 3.48: Kt ni ng ra dng y ko hay n tng

Khi CT x in, 1 xung dng pht ra ng ra b so snh DTC, xung ny l xung
nhp(clock) FF v tc ng n ng ra Q1Q2. Vi output control (pin13) ni Vref ,FF ln lt m
cng cho cc xung PWM hay xung clock kch dn Q1,Q2 tng ng, lm Q1,Q2 hot ng
mode pushpull (1 con dn, 1 con tt ). Tn s xung ng ra bng fosc. rng xung PWM bin
thin t 0-45% . Nu ng output control (pin 13 ) ni GND, cc cng NOR ng vo Q1,Q2 lun
m, xung PWM a trc tip n kch ng thi Q1 v Q2, lm Q1,Q2 hot ng mode n
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

35

tn . C th ghp song song Q1,Q2 to thnh 1 transistor dn dng cao trong trng hp
cng sut ln . Tn s ng ra lc ny bng tn s dao ng, rng xung PWM bin thin trn l
thuyt t 0-96% .
TL494 cn c ngun n p ni 5V5% cp dng n 10mA phc v cho vic phn cc
(pin14).

Hnh 3.49: Ngun cp TL494>40V

Hnh 3.50: Mch ng b dao ng ch/t

Hnh 3.49 s dng cho ngun cung cp TL494>40V.Diode zener ngoi ghim p 39V(gii
hn ngun cp cho TL494<40V).
Hnh 3.50 l mch dao ng ng b cho mch ch v t.
4. Phn tch mt s mch n p xung s dng TL494:

Hnh 3.51: Mch buck h p s dng TL494

Hnh 3.51 l dng mch buck h p s dng TL494.Mch kt ni ng ra mode n tng,
chn O.C.(pin 13)ni Gnd(pin 7),cc transistor output kt ni song song E1(pin 9) ni
E2(pin),C1(pin 8) ni C2(pin11) tng dng li ng ra gp i.Mch dao ng ni quyt nh bi
R8,C3 ni Gnd.T gi tr R8 v C3,i chiu hnh 3.44,tn s dao ng khong 40Khz.
Mch khuch i sai lch EA1 dng khng o,in p V0 a v chn 1(in +) qua
R9.Chn 2(in -) qua R5 nhn p phn cc t Vref=5V(pin 14).H s khuch i quyt nh bi
R4 v R5.R3 v C2 trit nhiu RF(gim HSK EA1).in p chn 3 VFB c tnh(hnh 3.52):
VFB V0 (1 R 4 / R5) Vref .R 4 / R5 (3.38)
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

36

Ng ra TL494 li Q1 qua phn cc R1,R2 nng dng ti ln 2A.L1,C5 lc gn v n nh

p DC ng ra ti.D1 l diode kp dn khi Q1 tt,x dng np t L1,m bo dng chy ra ti lin
tc.
Xem mch bo v qu dng nh hnh 5.32.Khuch i EA2 ng vai tr mch so snh.
Lu ng ra ti c chn Gnd l COM khc vi GND ng vo.Gia COM v GND ni R10 cm
dng ti IL to mt in p dng p vo chn 16(in +)so vi GND.Chn 15(in -) phn cc mt
in p dng nh so vi GND qua cu phn p R6,R7 t Vref=5V.Khi IL b,p chn 16 b
hn p chn 15,dn n Vi 0 ,lm ng ra EA2 =0V,diode ni ng ra EA2 tt cch ly EA2 vi
chn 3.Khi IL t ti ILmax,p trn chn 16 dng hn p trn chn 15 lm Vi 0 ,ng ra EA2
mc cao 5V,diode ni ng ra EA2 dn ghim p 5V vo chn 3,dn n rng xung ng ra bng
0 mt dao ng,ng ra IC mc cao(pin 8 v 11)lm Q1 tt,V0 gim v 0.
Dng ti ILmax c tnh:
R7
Vref 0
I L max R10
(3.39)
R6 R7
Thay cc gi tr vo tm c:
150
I L max 0,1
50
5100 150
I L max 1,5 A
R3 47K

R4 1M

R9 5K1

EA 1
+

EA 2
+

V0

3
-

Vref=5V R5 5K1
14

C2 0,1

15
16

COM
IL +

R6 5K1

Vref=5V

R7 150
GND
R10 0,1 -

Hnh 3.52: Mch tng ng khi EA1 v EA2

Hnh 3.53 minh ha mch n p xung dng forward y ko s dng IC TL494.Da vo
phn tch hnh 3.51 v 3.52,sinh vin c th t phn tch hnh ny.

Hnh 3.53: S mch n p xung dng forward y ko s dng TL494

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

37

5.4.3: K thut hi tip trong ngun n p xung:

1. Hi tip khng cch ly:
Hnh 3.54 l s mch hi tip t ng ra v ng va VFB ca mch IC iu khin.
+V0
R2

Vref

IC
K

FB

R1

GND

R1

Vref

IC
K

FB

R2

GND

-V0

a) Hi tip vi V0 dng
b) Hi tip vi V0 m
Hnh 3.54: Hi tip khng cch ly
Trong hnh 3.54a:
R1
VFB
V0
(3.40)
R1 R2
Trong hnh 3.54b:
R 2.Vref R1.V0
(3.41)
VFB
R1 R2
2.Hi tip cch ly:
Hnh 3.55 s dng bin p c thm cun th cp to tn hiu hi tip cch ly.
Cc tnh in p hi tip v cng tng t nh hnh 3.54a,b.
+

Vref

IC
K

+VFB

Vp

R2

Vs

FB
-

R1

GND

Hnh 3.55: Hi tip cch ly qua bin p

Hnh 3.36 s dng IC kim sot dng TL431 v optocoupler to hi tip cch ly.
OPTO COUPLER

Ra

Vref

IC
K

Vp

FB

GND

b p ng nhanh

Rfb

Cb

Rb

+V0

R2
+

G
R1

TL431

Hnh 3.56: Hi tip cch ly s dng IC TL431 v optocoupler

Phng php ny cch ly hon ton ng GND gia ng ra v IC iu khin.
Phn p R2,R1 to p tham chiu 2,5V cho ng iu khin G(pin 1) TL431.Dng qua
diode optocoupler c iu khin bi dng qua TL431 IAK,t iu khin dng Ic transistor
ca optocoupler,to p Vp=VFB=Ic.Rfb.Khi V0 tng lm VG TL431 tng,dn n IAK=ID tng,Ic tng
lm VFB tng,IC iu khin tc ng lm rng xung hp li,ng ra V0 s gim li.
Rb v Cb tng tc p ng nhanh cho optocoupler.
Hnh 3.57 minh ha cch kt ni to hi tip trong trng hp c 2 ng ra +5V v +12V.
Hai ngun ra +5V v +12V c cng li qua R3 v R4 phn cc cho chn G TL431.
Gio trnh in T ng Dng
38

OPTO COUPLER

Ra

Vref

IC
K

Vp

R3

FB
Rfb

b p ng nhanh
Cb
Rb

GND

TL431

Vp

G
R1

D2

L2

R4

R2
+

+12V

+5V
D1

R2

Vs

L1
-

R1

Hnh 3.57:Hi tip cho mch c nhiu ng ra

m bo c 2 ngun p ng ra u n nh khng ph thuc vo ti ca ngun khc,
ng ra +12V to thnh t cch chng p,cun L1 v D1 to ngun +5V,cun L2 v D2 to ngun
p +7V xp chng ln ngun +5V.
Lu : ty thuc vo bin thin in p VFB ca IC iu khin v mch li BJT hoc
MOSFET cng sut,mch hi tip phi m bo hi tip m!

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

39

BI TP CHNG 3
3.1: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng boost hnh 3.6.Phn tch chi tit dng sng trn
hnh 3.7.
3.2: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng buck-boost hnh 3.10.Phn tch chi tit dng
sng trn hnh 3.11.
3.3: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng buck hnh 3.13.Phn tch chi tit dng sng trn
hnh 3.14.
3.4: M t hot ng ca mch n p xung dng flyback hnh 3.17.V li dng sng dng v p
trn s cp v th cp bin p T1.
3.5: Cho chui xung kch S1 on/off hnh 3.18 nh hnh BT3.5.V dng sng in p ti cc im:
trn S1,trn cathode D3,trn cun th cp ghp ra ti(anode D1).
S1 on

T/2

S1 off

A
0,45T

Hnh BT 3.5
B
3.6: Cho dng sng cc ng A,B hnh 3.19
0,45T
Nh hnh BT 3.6.
M t hot ng mch n p xung dng
T
Forward y ko nh hnh 3.19,chc nng
Hnh BT 3.6
ca R1,C2,D3 v R2,C3,D4.V dng sng trn cc cc C Q1,Q2,anode D1,D2.
3.7: Gii thch ti sao ngun n p xung fly back thng phi s dng bin p xung c khe h
t,trong khi dng forward li khng cn khe h t.Cho bit chc nng ca khe h t.
3.8: Trong mch buck nng dng nh hnh 3.21,cho t l p s/th l Up/Us,t s vng s/th l
1/N.Thit lp biu thc tnh t s dng in th/s v in p trn SW theo Up,Us v N.Kim
chng li gi tr cho v d hnh 3.21.
3.9: Thit k cun dy cho ngun buck c Vin=12V20%,Vout=5V,Iout=2A.
3.10: Thit k bin p xung ngun flyback c p AC in t 90 260Vac,Vout=5V,Iout=2A.
3.11: Gii thch hot ng mch khi ng mm cho IC UC3844.Thit k mch khi ng mm
cho IC UC3844,thi gian khi ng mm khong 3s.
3.12: Tnh h s khuch i mch EA ca IC UC3844 hnh 3.35b.
3.13: Kim chng li cng thc tnh Vclamp cho IC UC3844 hnh 3.38.
3.14: Gii thch cch cp ngun cho IC UC3844 hnh 3.41.Cch tnh R2.
3.15: Thit k li bin p T1 hnh 3.41.
3.16: Tm tn s dao ng v tnh h s khch i mch IC UC3844 hnh 3.41.
3.17: Gii thch hot ng mch khi ng mm cho IC TL494.Thit k mch khi ng mm
cho IC TL494,thi gian khi ng mm khong 3s.
3.18: a) Tm tn s dao ng mch IC TL494 hnh 3.53.
b) Mch hnh 3.53 c khi ng mm khng,nu c thi gian khi ng mm khong bao
lu?
3.19: V li mch tng ng hi tip v tnh h s khuch i mch hnh 3.53.
3.20: Tnh gi tr ILmax mch hnh 3.53.
3.21: Gii thch hot ng mch cp ngun IC TL494 hnh 3.49,khi ngun cp >40V.
3.22: V s ngun buck s dng IC UC3844.
3.23: V s ngun boost s dng IC UC3844.
3.24: V s to ngun m t ng vo Vin dng s dng IC TL494
3.25: V s ngun buck nng dng s dng IC TL494.
3.26: V s ngun flyback s dng IC TL494.
3.27: Thit k mch n p xung tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 8VDC20%
Output 5VDC/2A
Gio trnh in T ng Dng

40

 Bo v qu dng 2A
T chn cc linh kin trong thit k
3.28: Thit k mch n p xung flyback tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 90 260VAC
Output 5VDC/3A
Bo v qu dng 3A
T chn cc linh kin trong thit k
3.29: Thit k mch n p xung tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 12VDC20%
Output -5VDC/2A
Bo v qu dng 2A
T chn cc linh kin trong thit k
3.30: Thit k mch n p xung forward y ko tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 90 260VAC
Output 5VDC/3A
Bo v qu dng 3A
T chn cc linh kin trong thit k
3.31: Tm hiu hot ng IC VIPER22A.T thit k ngun n p xung tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 90 260VAC
Output1: 5VDC/1A,output2: +12VDC/0,5A.
3.32: Thit k mch n p xung tha cc yu cu sau:
Input 24VDC20%
Output1: 5VDC/10A,output2: 48VDC/2A
T chn cc linh kin trong thit k

Gio trnh in T ng Dng

41