Page 1

Nng lng hiu qu thch ng a ng nh tuyn cho

Wireless Sensor Networks
R Vidhyapriya, Tin s PT Vanathi
Routing Abstract- trong cc mng cm bin khng dy l mt
yu cu nhim v. Nhu cu ny dn n mt s
giao thc nh tuyn m hiu qu s dng cc hn ch
ngun lc sn c ti cc nt cm bin. Tt c cc
giao thc thng tm con ng nng lng ti thiu. Trong ny
giy chng ta c mt ci nhn , lun lun s dng ti thiu
con ng nng lng tn tht cho nng lng mt cch nhanh chng v cc nt
thi gian thc hin xc nh mt con ng thay th tng ln.
n nh tuyn a ng phn phi lu lng gia cc
nhiu ng thay v nh tuyn tt c cc lu lng truy cp cng mt
con ng duy nht. Hai cu hi quan trng pht sinh trong a
nh tuyn l bao nhiu con ng l cn thit v lm th no la chn
cc ng dn. R rng, s lng v cht lng ca cc
ng dn chn sai khin hiu sut ca mt a
chng trnh nh tuyn. Chng ti xut mt thch ng nng lng hiu qu
a k thut nh tuyn trong s dng nhiu ng
gia ngun v tn, thch nghi bi v h c
overhead nh tuyn thp.
Giao thc ny c thit k
cung cp mt mi trng truyn dn tin cy vi thp
tiu th nng lng, bng cch s dng hiu qu nng lng
sn c v cng tn hiu nhn c ca cc nt
xc nh nhiu tuyn ng n ch. M phng
Kt qu cho thy rng nng lng hiu qu a adaptive
chng trnh nh tuyn t c hiu sut cao hn nhiu so vi
cc giao thc nh tuyn c in, ngay c trong s hin din ca
mt cao v vt qua nt ng thi gi
chuyn tip
T kha
:
nng lng hiu qu, a ng nh tuyn, nh tuyn,
mng cm bin,
I. GII THIU
Mt mng cm bin khng dy bao gm trng lng nh, thp
in, kch thc nh cc nt cm bin. Cc lnh vc ng dng
cc cm bin khc nhau t cc mng qun s, dn s, y t,
v mi trng cho thng mi. V d v cc
ng dng bao gm pht hin chy rng, hng tn kho
iu khin, nng lng
qun l, gim st v
trinh st, v nh vy [1] [2] [3]. Do chi ph thp
cc nt ny, vic trin khai c th c theo th t ln
ngn n triu nt. Cc nt c th c trin khai
1
hoc trong thi trang ngu nhin hay mt cch tin ch. Cc
cc nt cm bin thc hin cc php o nh mong mun, qu trnh
Bn tho nhn c ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2006.
R. Vidhyapriya l vi PSG i hc Cng ngh, S

Cng ngh thng tin, Coimbatore - 641 004, Tamilnadu, n

(in thoi: 091-0422-2572177, e-mail: vidhyar@mail.psgtech.ac.in)
PT Vanathi l vi PSG i hc Cng ngh, S
in t v K thut Truyn thng, Coimbatore - 641 004,
Tamilnadu, n (in thoi: 091-0422-2572177, e-mail:
vanathi@mail.psgtech.ac.in)
o d liu v chuyn n ti mt trm gc, thng
gi l cc nt chm, trn mt knh khng dy. Cc
trm thu thp d liu t tt c cc nt, v phn tch
d liu ny rt ra kt lun v cc hot ng trong khu vc ny
quan tm [4]. Chu ra cng c th hnh ng nh l cc cng vo khc
mng, mt b x l d liu hoc cc im truy cp mnh m cho
Giao din ca con ngi. Chng thng c s dng ph bin
kim sot thng tin hoc trch xut d liu t mng.
Cc vn chnh nh hn ch nng lng nghim ngt v
d b tn thng ca cc b cm bin ng mi trng
iu kin, vn cn c gii quyt. H to ra mt
nhu cu v nng lng hiu qu v thit k giao thc mnh m
c xem xt c th cc tnh nng c o ca
mng cm bin, chng hn nh trung tm d liu v t tn
gii quyt cc quy c, mt cao v mng li in
hn ch. Gn y, cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau c
xut cho WSNs. Hu ht trong s h s dng mt con ng duy nht
truyn d liu. Cc con ng ti u c la chn da trn cc
s liu, chng hn nh chnh lch ca thng tin, khong cch
n ch, hoc cc mc nng lng cn li nt. Mt s
giao thc nh tuyn khc m s dng nhiu ng la chn
tin cy mng l u tin thit k ca h.
a ng nh tuyn c s dng trong vn hc m t
lp hc ca cc c ch nh tuyn cho php nhiu ng
c thit lp gia ngun v ch.
C in a ng nh tuyn c kho st cho hai
l do. u tin l Load Balancing: giao thng gia
ngun v ch c chia trn nhiu (mt phn hoc
y ) ng dn. Vic s dng th hai ca nh tuyn a ng l
tng kh nng cung cp d liu ng tin cy. Trong nhng
phng php tip cn nhiu bn sao ca d liu c gi cng
con ng khc nhau cho php kh nng phc hi n tht bi ca mt
s lng nht nh cc con ng. Nhiu con ng nh tuyn c
nghin cu rng ri v c s dng trong tt c cc loi hin c
mng truyn thng nh Internet, tc cao
mng v cc mng ATM da trn QoS
yu cu cn thit. Trong cc mng hng kt ni,
t phng ti nguyn phi c thc hin trc khi d liu c th c
gi cng mt tuyn ng. i vi cc kt ni ngn hoc bng pht, mt
tuyn ng c la chn phi c cc ngun lc cn thit m bo
truyn thng ph hp vi mong mun lin quan n
cht lng dch v (QoS). V d, trong cc mng ATM,
qu trnh thit lp tuyn ng ch xem xt lin kt vi
ti nguyn v tr cc ngun ti nguyn trong khi n
tin v pha ch. Cc mi quan tm tng t cho
nh tuyn QoS xut hin trong cc mng gi nh

Internet, khi cc ng dng vi cc yu cu QoS cn

dnh ti nguyn theo tuyn ghim cht. Cc a ng
cc thut ton thc hin t phng tng n ng
thut ton t phng, hoc l lin tc hay khng,
thi gian kt ni thnh lp t phng a ng
l thp hn ng k. V vy, phng a ng
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 2
tr thnh mt la chn hp dn cho cc tng tc
cc ng dng nh World Wide Web duyt. Vi
c in ngn nht chng trnh con ng nh tuyn mt vi nt nm
trn rt nhiu cc ng i ngn nht ang cn kit ca h
nng lng vi tc nhanh hn nhiu so vi cc nt khc. L mt
Kt qu ca nhng vi nt cht, cc nt trong ca n
khu ph c th tr nn khng th tip cn, m ln lt
gy ra mt hiu ng gn sng v ton b mng li tr thnh
phn vng v khng th hot ng. Trong nhiu con ng nh tuyn mi
ngun pht hin ra v duy tr mt tp hp cc tuyn ng m c th
s dng t c im n ca mnh; cc tuyn ng c th c th c
pht hin bng cch p dng mt thut ton nh tuyn ngun. Chng ti
khm ph vic s dng nhiu con ng nh tuyn cung cp cho ti
cn bng nn thi gian ca mng cm bin c th c
ko di bng cch truyn b thng qua mt s lng ln hn
ca cc nt. Cn bng ti l c bit hu ch trong nng lng
mng hn ch v cc mc nng lng tng i ca
cc nt khng nh hng n tui th mng ca h hn
mc nng lng tuyt i.
Trong giao thc nh tuyn c xut ca chng ti chng ti chia lu lng
qua cc nt nm trn con ng c th khc nhau gia
ngun v tn, theo t l cn li ca h
nng lng v cng tn hiu nhn c. L do ng sau
giao thng lan rng l mt tng nng lng c
tiu th trong mng, ti mi thi im, mi nt
nn dnh cng mt lng nng lng. Cc
Mc tiu l ch nh nhiu ti trng con ng c khai thc
v t ti ng qua cam kt thng nht
s dng ngun lc ca tt c cc ng dn c sn c th c m bo.
a ng nh tuyn c chi ph hiu qu cho ti nng
kch bn, trong khi mt con ng duy nht vi mt chng trnh nh tuyn thp
phc tp nu khng c th nhiu hn mong mun
.
Chng ti
so snh k hoch xut ca chng ti vi s khuch tn o
[5] v kt qu m phng giao thc l lt cho thy
nng lng hiu qu thch ng a ng nh tuyn tt hn
nh tuyn truyn thng cch tip cn v mng
i, cn bng ti v t l phn phi gi d. Cc
Phn cn li ca bi bo c t chc nh sau. Phn II

cung cp mt tng quan v cc cng vic lin quan. Phn III

gii thch cc hot ng nng lng thch ng hiu qu
a ng nh tuyn. Phn IV cung cp hiu nng
nh gi cc chng trnh ca chng ti cng nh s so snh vi
cc giao thc khc. Phn V cung cp cc kt lun ca
lm vic v tho lun v nh hng tng lai
.
II. VIC LIN QUAN
Mng cm bin gii thiu nhng thch thc mi m cn phi c
x l nh mt kt qu ca cc c tnh c bit ca h. Ca h
yu cu mi cn cc gii php ti u ha tt c cc lp
ca ngn xp giao thc trong mt n lc ti u ha vic s dng
ngun lc khan him ca h [6] [7]. c bit, vic nh tuyn
vn , nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm t cc
cng ng nghin cu vi mt s lng ln cc xut
ang c thc hin. Cc giao thc c xut s dng nhiu
ng dn [9] [10] [11] chn tin cy ca mng nh h
u tin thit k. Cc tc gi trong [12] xut
thut ton m s d liu thng qua cc tuyn ng mt con ng m
cc nt c nng lng d ln nht. ng dn l
thay i bt c khi no mt con ng tt hn c pht hin. Cc
con ng chnh s c s dng cho n khi nng lng ca n gim xung di
nng lng ca ng dn sao lu sau cc ng dn sao lu l
s dng. S dng phng php ny, cc nt trong ng dn chnh
s khng lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn nng lng ca h thng qua lin tc
s dng ca cng mt tuyn ng, do t c cuc sng lu hn.
Tuy nhin, con ng chi ph chuyn i l hn. Cc tc gi ca
[9] ngh s dng mt tp hp cc ng dn ph ti u
i khi tng tui th ca mng.
Nhng con ng c la chn bng phng tin ca mt xc sut m
ph thuc vo lng tiu th nng lng ca mi con ng
l. Cc con ng vi nhng nng lng cn li ln nht khi c s dng
d liu tuyn ng trong mng c th rt tn km v nng lng
qu. V vy, c mt s cn bng gia vic gim thiu tng s
in nng tiu th v nng lng cn li ca mng.
Cc tc gi trong [13] xut mt thut ton trong cc
nng lng cn li ca tuyn ng c ni lng mt cht
chn mt con ng nng lng hiu qu hn. Trong [14], multipath
nh tuyn c s dng nng cao tin cy ca WSNs. Cc
n xut l hu ch cung cp cc d liu trong
mi trng khng ng tin cy. N c bit n mng
tin cy c th c tng ln bng cch cung cp mt s con ng
t ngun n ch v bng cch gi cng
gi tin trn mi con ng. Tuy nhin, s dng k thut ny,
giao thng s tng ng k. Do , c mt
s cn bng gia s lng lu lng v tin cy
ca mng. S cn bng ny c nghin cu trong [15] s dng mt
chc nng d tha m l ph thuc vo a
mc v trn khng xc sut ca cc ng dn c sn.
tng l phn chia cc gi d liu ban u vo ph
cc gi d liu v sau gi cho mi sub-gi d liu qua mt trong nhng
multipaths sn. N c tm thy rng ngay c khi mt s

cc tiu gi d liu b mt, thng bo ban u c th

vn c ti to. Theo thut ton ca h, n c
cng c tm thy rng i vi mt li nt ti a cho
xc sut, s dng mc a cao hn so vi mt s
gi tr ti u ny s nng tng xc sut ca s tht bi.
o khuch tn [5] l mt ng c vin tt cho mnh m
a ng nh tuyn v giao hng. Da trn ch o
m hnh khuch tn, mt chng trnh nh tuyn a ng m tm thy
mt s con ng mt phn tch ri nhau c nghin cu trong [11] (thay th
tuyn ng khng c node ri nhau, v d cc ng l mt phn
chng cho). N c tm thy rng vic s dng ca a
nh tuyn cung cp cc gii php thay th cho nng lng hiu qu
phc hi t tht bi trong WSN. Cc ng lc ca vic s dng
cc ng dn bn l gi cho chi ph ca vic duy tr
multipaths thp. Cc chi ph ca ng thay th l
so snh vi cc con ng chnh v h c xu hng
gn gi hn vi con ng chnh.
Trong [16] v [17], cc phn m rng a Dynamic Source
Routing (DSR) v Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector
(AODV) c xut nng cao hiu qu nng lng
cc mng qung co hoc bng cch gim tn s ca ng
khm ph. Truyn o [18] l mt trong nhng
k thut nh tuyn theo xc sut, trong c ngun gc t
l lt. N s dng mt chc nng truyn li xc sut
gim bt bn sao d phng d liu cng mt s kin. Cc hop
khong cch n ch v s lng cc bc m
cc gi d liu i c s dng nh cc tham s. Cc
c ch kim sot pht li trnh c s thm
s dng con ng ngn nht trong mt mc nht nh. Cc kh c
nh tuyn nhn thc c xut trong [9]. N s dng cc b
ngp cc thng ip yu cu tm tt c cc tuyn ng c th
gia cc ngun v bn ra, cng nh cc chi ph nng lng
lin quan n cc ng dn. Trong bng nh tuyn ca
nt cm bin, mi xm c lin kt vi mt
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 3
xc sut truyn ti, m c tnh ton da trn
chi ph ca con ng i qua n. Cc chng trnh duy tr
nhiu ng nhng ch mt trong s h s dng ti mt thi im, trong
trnh nhn mnh mt con ng c bit v m rng
i mng. Trong [12], cc a tuyn l
xy dng l mt vn lp trnh tuyn tnh vi mt
Mc tiu ti a ha thi gian cho n khi nt cm bin u tin
chy ra khi nng lng. Cc ngun c gi nh l
truyn gi d liu tc khng i. Trong [19],
a ng nh tuyn c xy dng l mt hn ch
ti u ha vn bng cch s dng mng xc nh
tnh ton. Vic truyn d liu da ch yu vo

ng ti u. Cc con ng thay th duy nht khi c s dng

cc nt trn cc tuyn ng chnh tht bi. Mc d hin ti
cch tip cn n ng l linh hot, n gin v kh nng m rng,
nt c th lm cn kit ngun cung cp nng lng ca h vi tc nhanh hn.
iu ny c th dn n phn vng mng sm.
III. a ROUTING N
Cc nt cm bin c phn phi ngu nhin trong cc cm bin
lnh vc. Mt mng li gm mt nt chm v nhiu
cc nt cm bin khng dy trong mt khu vc c coi l th v.
Gi nh rng tt c cc nt trong mng c gn vi mt
ID duy nht v tt c cc nt c tham gia trong mng
v chuyn tip d liu nht nh. Ccntcmbinl
gi nh l c nh cho cuc i ca mnh, v nhn dng
ca cc nt cm bin c xc nh trc. Ngoi ra,
cc nt cm bin hn ch sc mnh x l,
lu tr v nng lng, trong khi cc nt chm c mnh m
ngun lc thc hin bt k cng vic hay giao tip vi cc
cc nt cm bin. Mt khi cc nt c trin khai, h vn
ti cc a im lm nhim v cm bin. Cc nt cm bin c th
nhn tin nhn t cc nt khc. Cc nt chm l
khi to vi mt gi tr hop "0", trong khi cc nt cm bin khc
l "". Nnglnghiuquthchngangnhtuyn
thut ton xut c s dng la chn cc lng ging
nt, m cc thng ip d liu c c chuyn tip. Mt
nt c chn chuyn tip d liu da trn sn c ca mnh
mc nng lng v cng tn hiu. L tng nht, ln hn
nng lng trong nt v xa hn vo nt t trc
mt, l nhiu kh nng c chn l bc k tip. Cc
cc nt m khng c chn trong qu trnh ny s chuyn n
cc trng thi ng tit kim in. Cc
thng tin lin lc c gi nh l hai chiu v
i xng. Cc giao thc trlivinhiutuynngt
nt ngun bn ra nhanh chng, v chun b
cc ng i c hiu qu cn bng nng lng ca cc nt. N
cng cho php cc nt chn trong cc ng dn n tp hp tt c
cc gi d liu nhn c trong mt khong thi gian ngn v
ch truyn cc gi d liu tng hp cc nt pha thng lu.
Mi nt duy tr mt bng nh tuyn cho hng xm
giao thc hot ng. Bng xm cha mt mc nhp
ca tt c cc nt ln cn la chn thng qua mt
nt c th truyn ti d liu.
A. Multipath Routing
Cc a ng nh tuyn m hnh mng cm bin vo
cp theo khong cch hop t nt chm
mt nt ngun. Mt nt l mc L, nu n l L nhy ngoi
t bn ra chn. Chic bn ra l mt nt mc 0. Tt c cc nt
c th ni chuyn trc tip vi t nht mt nt cp N nhng khng th
ni chuyn trc tip vi bt k cp N-1 nt c nh ngha l mc
N + 1 nt. Nh vy, cc nt mc N c chiu di ng i ca N
nhy tr li vo bn. Cc thut ton nh tuyn a ng l
bao gm hai giai on: Giai on xy dng Multipath
v giai on truyn d liu bng cch s dng hai thng ip

c th l yu cu tuyn ng v tuyn ng nhn tin nhn tr li.

Route Request tin nhn c truyn khi mt nt vo
trong mng thc hin qu trnh khm ph hng xm
trong qu trnh khi mng v cn thit lp mt l trnh
ch v Route Reply tin nhn c khi xng
khi nt ngun c a ra l t v to ra mt
mc mi trong bng lng ging a phng.
B. Giai on xy dng Multipath
Cc nt tn bt u giai on xy dng con ng a
to ra mt tp hp ca hng xm m l a ch ca tt c cc nt
m c th truyn d liu t cc ngun. Trong thi gian ny
thng ip yu cu tuyn ng qu trnh trao i gia
cc nt. Mi nt cm bin pht sng yu cu ng
gi mt ln v duy tr bng nh tuyn ca n. Khi no
nt cm bin ph bin mt gi d liu, n ch cn
bit nt lng ging ca mnh chuyn, khng cn phi
duy tr cc thng tin ton b con ng. K t khi con ng c
hnh thnh bt c khi no n c yu cu khng ging nh nh tuyn ch ng
giao thc m n l cn thit lu tr cc nh tuyn
thng tin, n lm gim chi ph ca cc nt cm bin.
Mc d cc giao thc nh tuyn a ng c tnh ton
mt s thng tin ghi li trong bng nh tuyn ca cm bin
nt, chi ph nng lng thp hn v pht tn hiu
nhn c. Hn na, n h tr d liu a
chuyn tip, khng s dng cc con ng c nh. V vy, nng lng
tiu th s c phn phi v tui th ca
mng l ko di.
nh dng ca tuyn ng thng ip yu cu c th hin trong hnh. 1.
ID Source cha cc nt ID ca tin nhn
ni n; trng SeqNumber l mt th t gi. Cc
Lnh vc HopCount l s hop t nt chm
c s dng xc nh cc nt mc khc nhau, cc nt
c th nhn c tn hiu radio ca bn ra c nh ngha l
one-hop / cp 1 nt, E lnhvcngngnergycungcp
mc nng lng ti thiu cn thit cho mt nt c
chn truyn ti d liu, ngng Signal Strength
ch ra khong cch ti thiu cc node c c
nm trong trt t nhn c tt c cc d liu ca truyn ti
m nt v chmIDchobitIDcabnram
chng trnh pht sng cc gi yu cu ng.
Ngun
ID
SeqNumber
HopCount
Nng lng
Threshold
Chm ID
SignalStrength
Threshold
Hnh 1: ng Yu cu nh dng khung tin nhn
Cc hot ng ch yu trong giai on ny c nh tuyn ng
hnh thnh cho mi nt v tha nhn to bng. Cc

nt tn pht sng cc gi yu cu ng khm ph

cc nt mt hop / cp 1 nt, cc nt l
nhn h u tin. YucuthngRoutecsdng
xc nh cc nt mc khc nhau. Sau khi yu cu ng
tin nhn c gi bng nt chm, cc h s m hop bao
nhiu bc nhy i t bn ra chn. S m hop
trng l mt tng mi ln khi mt nt nhn c
thng bo yu cu ng. Khi nhn c mt tuyn ng
yu cu, mt nt t coi mnh cp N nu s lng hop
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 4
l N. Nu mt s nh hn hop (ni, N-1) c nhn sau
t mt yu cu l tuyn ng c s th t ging nhau, nh
dng nh, cc nt cp nht mc ca n
theo hop count mi. Nt hop count nh
thng xuyn s dng t nng lng hn so vi nhng ngi khc.
Bt u
Node nhn c
Route Request
Gi
Increment
Dng HopCount
Lnh vc HopCount <
gi tr hop nt ca
Hy gi
Gi Process
Hch nng lng <
ngng nng lng
Hy gi
Nt RSS <Signal
Strength Threshold
Hy gi
Ca hng detailsin
Bng nh tuyn
Broadcast Route
Yu cu
u
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Hnh 2: Giai on xy dng Multipath
S dng chy hnh ng khi nt nhn cc tuyn ng
yu cu gi tin c th hin trong hnh 2. Sau khi
Lnh vc HopCount c tng n c so snh vi cc
cc nt gi tr hop. Nu trng HopCount l nh hn so vi nt ca

gi tr hop, yu cu ng nhn c x l hoc

nu khng gim c tin nhn. Cc nt tng ng l
sau chu trch nhim pht li cc tin nhn yu cu ng
cc nc lng ging. Cc nt m x l cc tuyn ng
tin nhn yu cu phi chu trch nhim to thnh mt ng dn n
ch (tc l) ngun. Khnggingnhccnnglngaware
giao thc nh tuyn, m c gng tm minimumng dn nng lng chi ph [9] [20], giao thc ny cung cp v nng lng
ng dn thay th. Mt c ch c bit l l lt
thng qua trong s hnh thnh con ng nh tuyn. Khi mt
node trung gian nhn c tin nhn yu cu ng, n
khng chuyn tip cc thng ip ti cc nc lng ging
ngay lp tc. Trc khi gi tin nhn ra, mt s
iu lm xong. Cc nt trung gian u tin kim tra
hop gi tr nu n c tm thy l t hn, n bt u kim tra
hch nng lng c sn. Nu nng lng c sn l t hn
nng lng hot ng (v d, hai ln truyn gi
nng lng), m ch ra rng cc nt khng c nhiu nng lng hn
cng vic c tnh truyn nhiu hn, ch n gin l loi b cc nt
yu cu nhn c. Nu nt c nng lng,
sau cc nt o sc mnh ca tn hiu nhn c
(RSS) m l sc mnh ca yu cu thng tuyn.
Nhn o cng tn hiu ny c ch nh bi
cc nt tn hiu v tuyn Strength Indicator (RSSI) gi tr.
RSS da trn chun mc mt tn hiu v tuyn gia
mt ngi gi v ngi nhn lm suy gim vi s gia tng
khong cch. Bahl et al. [21] cho thy vic s dng trung bnh
cng tn hiu nhn c c tnh khong cch. Ni chung,
cng xa nt nhn l t nt gi,
cc yu tn hiu. iu ny ng vi quy m ln
m hnh tuyn truyn khng dy nh cc khng gian trng v
hai m hnh ray [9]. Trong cc m hnh tuyn truyn quy m nh
chng hn nh m hnh Rayleigh [9] v trong thc t [20], cc
cng tn hiu c th thay i ng k bn knh nht nh
cho cc hng khc nhau v nhng tr ngi. Tuy nhin,
ngay c trong nhng trng hp ny, s suy yu ca tn hiu dc theo
hng c th nh tng khong cch vn cn gi.
Giao thc ny khng c nh chn chnh xc
nt xa nht mi thi gian, nhng la chn cc nt c
rt c th l xa t ngi gi. Nhn chung, y
to ra mt thut ton l lt hiu qu hn (gim
s truyn li). Trong m phng cc tn hiu ca chng ti
ngng sc mnh c n nh vo -80 dBm, v gi tr ny
cung cp mt t l tip nhn gi tin tt (PRR) khong 85%,
nhng i vi tn hiu gi tr ngng sc mnh t hn -85 dBm
cc PRR thay i thay trit . iu quan trng cn lu l
-85 DBm l rt gn vi ngng nhy cm ca
CC2420 l khong -90 dBm.
Hnh 3: Sensor Mng Mi trng
.
Trong hnh 3 th hin ban u nt chm nh du "S"
l vi hop count "0" v tt c cc nt khc vi mt

hop count "",ccntchmchngtrnhphtsngcc tuyn ng

thng ip yu cu c nhn bi tt c cc nt trong
khong cch truyn thng ca "S". Cc nt sau khi tip nhn
thng s gia lnh vc hop count "1" v
so snh vi gi tr hop ring cho mnh l "",nu
gi tr cc nt hop c tm thy l mt gi tr thp hn, cc nt
x l thng bo thm v d, n bt u kim tra
nng lng cn li v cng tn hiu nhn c hoc nu
gi tr hop l git ln cc tin nhn. Khibnrachn
bc u pht sng cc tin nhn, cc nt 1, 2, 3 v 4
nhn c thng bo yu cu ng. Gi s rng
nng lng c sn ti 2 v 3 l ln hn 1 v 4, v
cn 2 v 3 l trong cng tn hiu yu cu
ngng, do cc nt 2 v 3 c chn chng trnh pht sng
nhng tin nhn yu cu ng n cc nt ln cn ca h.
Node 5 m nhn c gi tin yu cu trn ng t c hai

S
5
3
4
6
7
8
13
20
19
9
17
21
10
12
18
15
14

11
21
22
23

16
1

IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8

_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 5
nt 2 v nt 3 s gia v kim tra gi tr hop
c tm thy l t, v n p ng c c hai
mc nng lng sn c v mc RSSI, n chp nhn hai
ng dn t c hai nt 2 v nt 3. tuyn ng
cc gi tin n nt 5 chng ti c hai con ng SA-5 v S-3-5,
m c th c la chn theo nhu cu. Vic xy dng con ng
giai on tip tc cho n ch l t. Sdng
c ch trn, nhiu ng i n ch l
c xy dng s dng nng lng mt s nt tc. An v nng lng
nt l nt chn lc t nhin trong
hng xm ca ngi gi v thng l mt vi s ln nht
nng lng c sn. Cc nt cn li m khng
chn trong qu trnh di chuyn ny ng nh nc
tit kim in. Cc node ch, khi nhn c mt
mi thng bo yu cu ng, s tr li vi mt l trnh tr li
tin nhn. Cc tiu ca gi ny cha cng
cc lnh vc nh nhng ngi ca cc gi tin yu cu, cng nh mt
trng hop count d kin ch s d kin
ca hoa bia cn thit cho cc gi tin i du lch t c mc tiu
nt (trong trng hp ny, bn ra). Khng ging nh cc chng trnh pht sng
tin nhn, cc tuyn ng gi tin tr li khng da vo nhng trn l
tm thy con ng tr li ca mnh tr v ngun; n ch s dng
nt thng qua n nhn c tin nhn qung b.
Hnh 4: ng dn Xy dng Mi trng
Nh th hin trong hnh 4, hy xem xt nt 20 l im n
nt (ngun), khi nhn c mt tin nhn yu cu nh tuyn n
so snh cc trng Ngun ID t cc tin nhn yu cu
vi ID ca mnh, v c hai u c tm thy c ging n
tr li ca tr li vi con ng tin nhn tr li. Cc tuyn ng
tr li tin nhn i qua nhng con ng m qua
nt nhn c yu cu ng v to ra mt mc trong
bng lng ging ca mi nt.
Sau khi thit lp cc ng dn gia cc nt mng,
cc ng dn c lu tr trong mt bng nh tuyn nh th hin trong Bng 1

cho php cc truy vn trong tng lai. Cc bng nh tuyn ny c hnh thnh trong
cc nt m c yu cu cp nng lng v
yu cu nhn c ngng cng tn hiu. Cc tuyn
bng c s dng lu tr thng tin v nhiu
ng i c th c s dng hng thng ip d liu v xc minh
gi tr ca tng ghi bn. Cc a ch hop tip theo
lnh vc trong bng nh tuyn th hin bao gm a ch ca tt c cc
cc nt c th c s dng nh tuyn cc gi n bn ra chn.
Bng 1 Routing Table
Fields
Miu t
im n
im n a ch
Trnh t
S
S th t ca cc trang trc
thng ip
Hop tip theo
a ch nt tip theo
Hop Count
m n ch Hop
Cuc i
Hiu lc ca cc tuyn ng
C. D liu pha Transmission
Sau nhiu ng c pht hin, cc nt ngun
bt u truyn cc gi d liu vi cc gi giao trn
mi con ng. Thng ip d liu mang d liu v s kin
cc lnh vc iu khin khc [22]. Ti cc bn ra, n cp nht cc ng dn trong
bng nh tuyn ca n mi ln nhn D LIU n. Cc
nh dng gi nh sau: <Seq_Number, Source ID,
Chm ID, Data_Len, Payload>. Cc lnh vc Seq_Number l mt
s th t ca gi tin. ID Source v chm
Lnh vc ID tng ng l nt ngun ca gi tin,
v nt chm m yu cu cc gi d liu. Cc
Lnh vc Data_Len biu th chiu di gi tin, v
Trng Payload c s dng thc hin cc d liu. Cccpnht
gi tr gip cc nt chm theo di tnh trng ca
nhiu con ng ang c s dng. Tc d liu ban u
bi tp cho cc ng dn c th khng c ti u cho cc
thi gian kt ni. Cc nt c bn ra li
phn phi cc tc d liu trn ng i ti u ha vic s dng
cc ngun ti nguyn mng thnh thong. pht hin mt
tht bi con ng, bn ra cng theo di s chm tr lin n
cc gi d liu trn mi con ng. Khi s tr hon l trn mt
ngng xc nh trc, bn ra chn gi nh rng con ng
l b hng. Nu s lng ng i lm vic hin ti l bng nhau
hoc thp hn hai, bn ra s gi mt thng ip thit lp li
cc ngun thng qua con ng ti u cho bit rng
tn bt u ti khi ng giai on con ng tm kim. Nu khng,
bn ra iu chnh li vic phn b t l d liu qua khc
tuyn chc nng (tc l) node cm bin s dng con ng khc nhau
mi thi gian ko di tui th ca h thng mng da

trn cc thng tin sn c trong bng nh tuyn. iu ny

c ch c th trnh c nhng giai on tm kim con ng c
gi thng xuyn. D liu c lu tr trong chnh ngi gi n mt
ACK c nhn t ngi nhn. Nu khng c ACK c nhn
trong mt khong thi gian ch, mt bo co li c to ra v
cc d liu s c gi tr li ngun gc ca vic ny
d liu truyn li
V d, trong hnh 4, 20 nt l ngun
node c hai con ng 15 v 19. Node 20 ph bin u tin
cc gi d liu n nt 19. Nu nt 19 tr li vi mt ACK
gi, sau nt 20 cp nht bng lng ging.
Ngc li, nu node 19 khng tr li vi mt gi tin ACK,
n c ly ra t bng lng ging, v nng lng ca n c th
chy ra ngoi, hoc ng dn c th b ph v v do , cc gi d liu
khng th chuyn qua nt ny. Mi nt thc hin
chuyn ng tng t nh nt 20 cho n khi t n gi d liu
cc nt chm. Cc gi d liu hn t cng mt ngun
1
S
5
3
4
6
7
8
13
20
19
9
17
2
16
21
10
12
18
15
14
11
21
22
23
Cc nt khng c chn
Cc nt la chn
Node ch
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 6
c th c chuyn tip n bn ra qua nhiu con ng. Cc i

ca mng c th c gia hn nu cc nt cm bin lun

s dng mt con ng khc gi cc gi d liu.
D. D liu Aggregation
tit kim nng lng nhiu hn ca ton b mng li, chng ti cng
thm cc c ch hp d liu vo a
nh tuyn. Tt c cc nt s tng hp d liu ngoi tr cc nt
cm nhn rng s kin ny (nt ngun) v to ra cc
d liu. Khi mt nt nhn gi d liu t khc nhau ca n
hch cp thp hn, n s sp xp li cc gi tin (s) do
Chm trng ID ca gi tin. Sau , tp hp cc nt
gi (s) bng cch sp nhp trng Payload ca h v sa i
cc lnh vc khc. Do , cc nt khng cn phi thc hin nhiu
hnh ng tnh ton cho d liu tp hp. Cui cng, ch c mt
gi d liu c chuyn n nt chm.
IV. PHN TCH HIU QU
Chng ti m phng nng lng hiu qu thch ng a ng nh tuyn
trn GloMoSim [23], mt s kin ri rc m phng kh nng m rng
pht trin bi UCLA. Phn mm ny cung cp mt cao
trung thc m phng cho truyn thng khng dy vi
tuyn truyn chi tit, i pht thanh v cc lp MAC. Chng ti so snh
nng lng nh tuyn hiu qu vi hai mng cm bin ph bin
giao thc nh tuyn - hng khuch tn v ngp lt
bench mark n.
A. m hnh m phng
Th vin GloMoSim [23] c s dng cho giao thc
pht trin trong cc mng cm bin. Th vin l mt kh nng m rng
mi trng m phng cho cc h thng mng khng dy
bng cch s dng ngn ng ri rc m phng s kin song song
Parsec. Cc chc nng phi hp phn phi (DCF) ca
IEEE 802.11 c s dng nh l cc lp MAC trong ca chng ti
th nghim. N s dng Request-To-Gi (RTS) v ClearTo-Gi (CTS) cc gi iu khin cung cp tu sn bay o
cm cho cc gi d liu unicast vt qua nhng ni
thit b u cui vn tim n bit. Mi truyn d liu
Tip theo l ACK. Cc nt cm bin khong 100 ngi l
phn b u trn mt din tch 1000 m 1000m.
Ban u, 10 Joules nng lng c gn cho mi nt
v sau chng ti tim mng vi 1.000 ngu nhin
cc gi d liu c to ra. Cc gi tr ca cc thng s c s dng cho
m phng c trnh by trong Bng 2. Qu trnh ny
thc hin cho mc nng lng khc nhau cng c. Cc ngun v
ch ca gi c chn ngu nhin v
kch thc ca gi tin c rt ra t mt phn b u
gia 1 v 100 n v. Khong cch truyn thng hiu qu l 250
mt. Cc m hnh hao ng log-xa c s dng v
hao ng s m c thit lp n 4,0. Gi d liu
to ra trong khong thi gian 1 giy. Tt c nhng th nghim c
lp i lp li nhiu ln vi ht ging ngu nhin khc nhau v
khc nhau topo nt ngu nhin. Khi mt gi tin n,
cc thut ton s c vin dn tnh ton cc ng dn. Nu cc
thut ton khng th tr v mt gii php hay cc mc nng lng ca
cc nt khng th p ng cc yu cu t ra bi

kch thc gi, gi ny s b t chi. Cc m phng

chy cho 750 giy do mi giao thc c
thi gian khm ph cc tuyn ng t chm vo ngun v
sn xut s lng ln ca lu lng truy cp d liu.
Bng 2 Gi nh thng s
Thng s
Gi tr
Phm vi truyn thng
250 m
M phng Time
> 700 s
Topology Kch
1000m x 1000m
S cm bin
100
S chm
1
Loi hnh giao thng
Tc bit khng i
Tc gi
5 gi / s
Kch thc gi
512 byte
Phm vi pht thanh
350m
Lp MAC
IEEE 802.11
Bng thng
2Mb / s
Truyn ti in nng
660mW
Nhn in
395mW
in nng nhn ri
35mW
Node Placement
ng dng
Nng lng ban u trong cc loi pin
10 Joules
Signal Strength Threshold
-80 DBm
Ngng nng lng
0.001mJ
nh gi cc giao thc sau ba
cc s liu c la chn. Mi s liu c nh gi l mt
hm ca kch thc topo, s nt
trin khai, v vic ti d liu ca mng.
B. Hiu sut Metrics
Tiu th nng lng Node (
mt
E
): Cc nt nng lng

tiu th nng lng trung bnh cc bin php tiu tan bi

nt truyn mt gi d liu t
ngun n bn ra chn. Cc s liu tng t c s dng trong [5]
xc nh mc hiu qu nng lng ca WSNs. N l
tnh nh sau:
(
)
1
1
,
,
M
ti
S
j
i init
i res
mt
M
j
e
e
E
dataN
=
=
=

ni M l s nt, e
i, init
v e
i, res
l
tng ng cc mc nng lng ban u v cn li ca nt
i , S l s lng cc nt chm v dataN
j
l s
cc gi d liu nhn c bi sink j .
T l giao hng d liu (R): S liu ny cho t l
gia s lng cc gi d liu c gi bi cc
ngun v s lng cc gi d liu c nhn
bn ra.
Chuyn thnh cng d liu
T l giao hng d liu = ---------------------------------D liu cn thit
S liu ny cho thy c hai t l tn tht ca nh tuyn
giao thc v n lc cn thit nhn d liu. Trong
kch bn l tng t l phi bng 1. Nu t l ny
gim ng k di mc t l l tng, sau n c th l
mt du hiu cho thy mt s li trong thit k giao thc.

Tuy nhin, nu t l ny l cao hn so vi t l l tng, sau n

l mt du hiu cho thy b tn nhn c mt gi d liu hn
hn mt ln. N khng phi l mong mun v nhn
cc gi d liu trng lp tiu th ca mng c gi tr
ngun lc. S tng i ca cc bn sao nhn c
bn ra cng rt quan trng bi v da trn con s
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 7
bn ra, c th c th c mt hnh ng thch hp gim
d phng
S chm tr trung bnh: N c nh ngha l thi gian trung bnh gia
lc ny mt gi d liu c gi bi mt ngun d liu v cc
lc ny tn nhn cc gi d liu. S liu ny
xc nh s ti mt ca cc gi d liu.
C. Kt qu m phng
Di ch nng lng, n l rt quan trng cho cc nt cm bin
gim thiu tiu th nng lng trong thng tin v tuyn.
T kt qu th hin trong hnh 5, ta quan st thy rng c
l mt tiu th nng lng thp ca nt thch nghi ca chng ti
a ng nh tuyn trn cc chng trnh khc. L lt l
cc giao thc tn km nht v s lng hoa bia
c xu hng tng khi mt nt tng. Cc
khuch tn o c c ci thin hn na. Hnh 5
cho thy mt s gia tng nng lng tuyn tnh nh mng tr nn
dy c hn, nh cc nt cm bin nhiu hn tham gia vi cho c hai
khuch tn o v thut ton a.
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
50
100
150
200
250
300
S Nodes
L lt
Diffusion o
Multipath Routing
Hnh 5: Node trung bnh tiu th nng lng
L do m mc tiu th nng lng ca o din
thut ton khuch tn tng nhanh hn so vi a
thut ton nh tuyn l v s lng cm bin
tham gia khm ph tuyn l t. Cc
ci thin a ng nh tuyn khc nhau, t 10% n

30% khi so vi khuch tn o. Nh vy

Kt qu thc nghim chng minh rng nng lng
hiu qu ca a tuyn l n nh v c t
tc ng ca vic tng kch thc mng, trong khi
thc hin cc n khc gim vi ln hn
kch thc mng.
Hnh 5 cho thy t l giao hng ca tt c ba tuyn
giao thc. loi b cc gi tin b mt, chng ti s dng mt t l 5
cc gi tin / giy. N c tm thy rng t l giao hng ca tt c cc
cc giao thc tng khi tng mt node.
Khi mt nt l cao, c cc nt hn
c sn chuyn tip d liu, v iu ny lm tng
t l giao hng. L lt cung cp t gi giao gi,
theo sau l lt l o khuch tn; n khng thch ng
cng hnh vi ca n vo mng quy m tng. Nng lng
giao thc nh tuyn a hiu qu c duy tr
T l sinh lin tc trong sut kch bn m phng
v ng c la chn da trn nng lng
sn c.
0
0.2
0,4
0.6
0.8
1
50
100
150
200
250
300
S Nodes
De
l
ti
v
e
r
y
Ra
t
ti
o
L lt
Diffusion o
Multipath Routing
Hnh 6: T l giao hng
y l mt kt qu ca s tc ng ca qu trnh s dng n
to ra mt con ng nh tuyn. Di ch nng lng, n l rt quan trng
cho cc nt cm bin gim thiu tiu th nng lng trong
thng tin lin lc v tuyn ko di tui th ca cc cm bin
mng. T kt qu th hin trong hnh 6, chng ta suy ra

rng nng lng a hiu qu nh tuyn c xu hng gim

s lng hoa bia trong cc tuyn ng, do lm gim nng lng
tiu th truyn.
Hnh 7 th hin s cn bng ti kh nng
ba chng trnh nh tuyn. D liu chuyn trung bnh l
o l s trung bnh ca cc s kin chuyn tip d liu
bi mt giao d liu cho tt c cc s kin ring bit gi n
bn
0
1
2
3
4
50
100
150
200
250
300
S Nodes
Mt
v
g
.N
o
.o
f
fo
r
w
mt
r
d
e
d
d
mt
ta
/N
o
d
e
L lt
Diffusion o
Multipath Routing
Hnh 7: Load Balancing Capability
S liu ny phn nh hiu qu nng lng di hn v
tim nng kh nng chu li mng. Nh th hin trong hnh 7,
kh nng cn bng ti ca a tuyn tng
hai ln so vi cc giao thc nh tuyn khc trong hu ht cc mt
kch bn.
Chng ti cng nghin cu cc end-to-end chm tr thc hin cc

giao thc nh tuyn. C hai tuyn ng sn c s chm tr v

tuyn truyn chm tr ca cc gi d liu ng gp vo cc d liu
tr. S chm tr gi tin trung bnh di ba
n c v trn hnh 8. chm tr khc l khng c
nhiu hn khong 1,3 giy cho 250m
phm vi truyn dn. S chm tr thm ny pht trin chm
vi s gia tng dn s nt. Nhn chung, cc
Kt qu cho thy nng lng hiu qu a giao thc nh tuyn ca
kh nng duy tr hiu sut ng dng ngay c i ln
mt node. Nhiu n lc khc tit kim nng lng
cho thy hiu sut phn phi gi d thng
gim l kt qu tit kim nng lng tng. Ca chng ti
Kt qu cho thy rng thut ton nng lng hiu qu c th lm gim
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 8
cc chi ph nng lng ca truyn thng vi mc ti thiu
cn bng cht lng dch v. i vi tt c cc iu kin giao thng
a ng nh tuyn trin lm t hn hai phn ba cc d liu
tr ca l lt, iu ny l do thc t rng cc tuyn ng
la chn c nhiu ti u ha bng cch chn ngn nht
multipaths chng li nhng con ng di hn.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
50
100
150
200
250
300
S Nodes
D
el
mt
y(
se
c)
L lt
Diffusion o
Multipath Routing
Hnh 8: Trung bnh gi tin d liu giao hng chm tr
V. KT LUN
Hn ch ti nguyn nng lng l mi quan tm u tin trong

mng cm bin. Phn phi ti cho nt

tc ng ng k tui th ca h thng. Ccadaptive
giao thc nh tuyn a ng c kh nng tm kim nhiu
con ng v mc tiu phn b t l lu lng truy cp n tng con ng
ti u. Kt qu m phng cho thy rng chng ti xut
n c hiu qu nng lng cao hn nt, hn
khuch tn o, v l lt. Cc gii hn trong ca chng ti
Chng trnh ny l cc gi tr RSSI c s dng, khng phi l
khng i trong sut thi gian m phng, hn na
fading v nhiu gy ra bi mi trng khng dy
khng c a vo xem xt iu ny t ra mt gii hn v
xc nh hiu sut mng trong th gii thc
kch bn. C mt s cng trnh trong tng lai chng ti mun
tp trung vo. u tin, lm th no m bo vic cung cp cc gi tin
di tnh hung m cc phm vi truyn dn khng ng nht
tn ti. Th hai ci thin cc thut ton bao gm cc
tch hp cc tp hp d liu v cui cng s h tr ca
nt vi tnh di ng hn ch. Mt gii php ti u ny
Vn c bit cho cc mng cm bin in thoi di ng vn cn mt l
cu hi m.
THAM KHO
[1] A. Mainwaring, D. Culler, J. Polastre, R. Szewczyk,
v J. Anderson, "mng cm bin khng dy cho
gim st mi trng sng ", trong Proc. ca ACM First
Hi tho quc t v cm bin khng dy
Mng v cc ng dng (WSNA-02) , 2002
[2] Y. Gsottberger, X. Shi, G. Stromberg, TF Sturm,
v W. Weber, "Nhng chi ph thp khng dy
Sensors vo cm ph thng v mi trng chi ".
Trong proc. Ca EWSN , 2004
[3] KA Delin. Web Sensor Nam Cc. "Pht trin mt
thng minh, nn tng c lp nh v
sinh hc khi sc trong mi trng ng lnh ". Trong
34 m lch and Planetary Science Conf. (LPSC 03) .
2003
[4] FL LEWIS, "Wireless Sensor Networks", DJ
Cook v SK Das, bin tp vin, mi trng thng minh:
Cng ngh, Ngh nh th, v cc ng dng , John
Wiley, New York, 2004.
[5] C. Intanagonwiwat, R. Govindan, v D. Estrin,
"Khuch tn o: Mt kh nng m rng v mnh m
m hnh truyn thng cho cc mng cm bin, "trong
Proc. ACM MobiCom'00 , Boston, MA, USA,
Thng 8 nm 2000, pp. 56-67
[6] Akyildiz, I., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y. e
Cayirci, E. "Cuc iu tra v Sensor Networks", IEEE
Tp ch Truyn thng, pp. 102-114, 2002
[7] S. Tilak, NB Abu-Ghazaleh v W. Heinzelman,
"A Phn loi Wireless Micro-Sensor mng
M hnh ", my tnh di ng v truyn thng
Xem xt , Vol. 6, s 2, tr. 28-36, 2002.
[8] Y. Xu, J. Heidemann, v D. Estrin, "Geography-

bo tn nng lng thng bo cho ad-hoc tuyn ", trong

Proc. ACM / IEEE MobiCom'01 , Rome, Italy, thng by
. 2001, trang 70-84.
[9] R. Shah v J. Rabaey, "Nng lng nh tuyn nhn thc cho thp
ad hoc cc mng cm bin nng lng ", trong Proc. ca IEEE
WCNC'02 , Orlando, FL, thng 3 nm 2002, pp. 350-355.
[10] K. Wu v J. Harms, "theo yu cu nh tuyn a ng
cho cc mng ad hoc ", trong Proc. ca chu u c nhn
v Mobile CommunicationsConference (EPMCC) ,
Vienna, o, thng 2 nm 2001.
[11] D. Ganesan, R. Govindan, S. Shenker, v D. Estrin,
"Highly-n hi, tit kim nng lng a ng nh tuyn
trong cc mng cm bin khng dy ", trong Proc. ca ACM
MobiHoc'01 , Long Beach, CA, USA, thng 10 nm 2001.
[12] J. Chang v L. Tassiulas, "Bo tn Nng lng
nh tuyn trong mng adhoc khng dy ", trong Proc. ca
IEEE INFOCOM'00 , Tel-Aviv, Israel, thng 3 nm 2000,
pp. 22-31.
[13] Q. Li v J. Aslam v D. Rus, "Hierarchical
Power- thc nh tuyn trong Sensor Networks ", Trong
K yu Hi tho DIMACS trn Pervasive
Mng, May, 2001.
[14] S. Dulman, T. Nieberg, J. Wu, P. Havinga, "thng mioff gia traffi trn cao v ng tin cy trong
a ng nh tuyn cho Wireless Sensor Networks ",
WCNC Hi tho, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA,
Thng 3 nm 2003.
[15] Jian Wu, Stefan Dulman, v Paul Havinga "
ng tin cy
Tch
Multipath
Routing
v
Sensor Wireless Networks "Proceedings of Building
Mng cm bin thng minh (BISON 04), Trung Quc
2004
[16] A. Nasipuri v S. Das, "nhu cu On-a
nh tuyn cho cc mng ad hoc di ng ", trong Proc. ca
Quc t
Hi ngh
trn
My tnh
Truyn thng v Mng (IC3N) , Boston, MA,
M, thng 10 nm 1999.
[17] M. Marina v S. Das, "nhu cu On-a
vector khong cch nh tuyn trong cc mng ad hoc ", trong Proc.
Hi ngh quc t ln th IX cho mng
Giao thc (ICNP) , Riverside, CA, USA, Thng 11 nm 2001.
[18] C. Barrett, S. Eidenbenz, L. Kroc, M. Marathe, v
J. Smith, "mng li cm bin xc sut Parametric
nh tuyn, "trong Proc. ACM WSNA'03 , San Diego, CA,
Thng 9 nm 2003, pp. 122-131.

IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8

_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Trang 9
[19] S. Mao, S. Panwar, v Y. Hou, "V giao thng ti u
phn vng cho giao thng vn ti a ", trong Proc. ca
IEEE INFOCOM'05 , Miami, FL, March 2005, pp.
2325-2336.
[20] C. Ying, Q. Lu, Y. Liu v M. Shi ", Routing
Tng quan cc giao thc v cc vn thit k cho T
T chc mng ", trong Proc. Ca quc t
Hi ngh v Cng ngh thng tin (WCC ICCT), Tp 2, tr. 1298-1303, 2000
[21] Bahl, P., Padmanabhan, VN "RADAR: An InXy dng RF-Based ti V tr v theo di
H thng "., Trong Proc. ca IEEE Infocom 2000, Tel-Aviv,
Israel, pp 775-784, thng 3 nm 2000
[22] Y. Lu, "a ng nh tuyn khng dy cho thut ton
mng cm bin, "Lun vn Thc s, i hc
British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, Thng 12 nm 2005.
[23] M. Takai, L. Bajaj, R, Ahuja, R. Bagrodia v M.
Gerla. "GloMoSim: Mt Scalable Network Simulation
Mi trng ", bo co k thut 990.027 , UCLA,
V Khoa hc my tnh, nm 1999.
IAENG quc t Tp ch Khoa hc my tnh, 34: 1, IJCS_34_1_8
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________
(Advance n phm trc tuyn: ngy 15 thng 8 nm 2007)
Vn bn Ting Anh gc:

multipath routing and delivery.

ng gp bn dch hay hn