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    concepts of gas cycle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    7 views19 pages

    Gas Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Mohit Goel
    concepts of gas cycle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 19
    york, wherein the there is no features of a gas turbine as we think of the ‘and & heat additlon (or combustion) process ‘The gas most satisfactory way of producing very large quantibes of power 2 Power generation 4, Marine propulsion the choice of this plant. A gas t self contained, light we x reg into the overall shape of the structure Kis ty, lack of cooling water, needs quick inst industry because of cheaper supply of frsel and lowe 17 ithe following limitations ; (i They are-not self start ii) non-reversibility ; (vw) higher rotor speeds and (e) ¢ — Ss 2. Constant volume combustion gas turbine a ai ek 8 es eters awe fd In between their progress: sory ockangh peer age Pang peer Because of rising il prices, now again, the attention is being paid to closed cycle plants. : () Merits over LC. engines + 1. The mechanical efficiency of « gas turbine (96%) is quite high ax compared with 1C- engine (85%) since the LC. engine has a large number of sliding parte 2A gas turbine does not require » lywhee! as the torque on tow shalt is continuous sed ‘uniform, Whereas a flywheel is a must in case of an LC engine 3. The weight of gas turbine per HLP. developed is less than that of an LC engine. 4. The gus turbine can be driven at a very high speeds (40000 rpm.) whereas this 1s not possible with LC. engines. 5. The work developed by a gab turbine per kg of air is more as compared to an LC ‘engine. This is due to the fact that gases can be expanded upto atmosphere pressure in case of a gas turbine whereas in an LC. engine expansion upto atmesphenx pres- ‘sure 1s not possible. : 6. The components of the gas turbine can be made lighter since the pressures ased mt ‘are very low, say 5 bar compared with LC. engine, say 60 bar. 7. In the gas turbine the ignition and lubrication systems are mach simpler as com pared with LC. engines. 8. Cheaper fuels such as paraffine type, residue ails or powdered coal can be used whereas special grade fueis are employed in petrol engine to check knocking or peaking 9. The exhaust frum gus turbine is less polluting comparatively since ewes air is used for combustion. 39. Because of low specific weight the gas turbines are particularly suitable for use in Demerits of gis turbines L. The thermal efficiency of o simple turbine cycle is low (15 to 20°) as compared with LC. engines (25 to 30%). 2. With wide operating speeds the fuel control is comparatively difficult 3. eng eeea meet enas tt tnompiihereceeaipintin 4. [tis difficult to start a gas turbine as compared to an LC. engine. 5. The gas turbine blades need a special cooling system. 6. One of the main demerits of a gas turbine 1 its very poor thermal efficiency at part Toads, as the quantity of air remains same irrespective of load, and output 1s reduced by reducing the quantity of fuel supplied. i Owing to the use of nickel-chrominum alloy, the manufacture of the blades 1s difficult and costly. 8. For the same output the gas turbine produces five times exhaust gases than LC. engine. 9. Because of prevalence of high temperature (1000 K for K for Ran rr ne coment nate ata GON ghestionsll entails the following advantages over st ” 1. Capital and running cost leas. For the ame output the space required is far less starting is more easy and quick 4. Weight per HLP. is far less 5. Can be in 6. Control ed anywhere as turbine is much easier. 7. Boiler along with accessories not required, Pe 22. Assuming change in Kinetic energy between the various points im the evict be nes exall pared with enthalpy changes and then applying the low equation to each pars < | for anit mass, we have Work input (compressor) =6,(T;-T) Heat supplied (combustion chamber) = ¢,(T,~T;) ‘Work output (turbine) ao %-7) = Network output = Work output ~ input ’ #6, Ty -T))- eT -T) side used, and a suitable mean ‘to assume fixed mean value of , and y for the expansion proses LP. (Low pressure) compression va: - Intérevoling “HP. (High pressure) compression CU. (Combustion chamber>-beating “ T (Turbine expansion Fig 25.4 Ts diagram for the unit. Now, ‘Work input (with intercooling) =6{Ty -T) +6 fT, -Ty 25.3) Work input (without intercooling) #67 -T) 6,7; -T) +6 fT -T) 254 By comparing equation (25.4) with equation (25.3) it can be observed that the work input with intercooling is less than the work input with no intercooling, when c, (T, - Ty) is Jess than ¢{T,’~T,). This is so if it is assumed that isentropic efficiencies of the two compressors, operating separately, are each equal to the isentropic efficiency of the single compressor which would be required if no intereooling were used. Then (7,' ~ T,) < (T;,’ ~ T;) since the pressure lines diverge on the T's diagram from left to the right. ‘From this we may conclude that when the compressor work input is reduced then the work ratio is increased. “ However, the heat supplied in the combustion chamber when intercooling is used in the cycle, is given by, Heat supplied with intercooling ¢,(T, -T,) Also the heat supplied when intereooling is not used, with the same maximum cycle tem- perature T,, is given by Heat supplied without intercooling = c, (T; - T,, 0 supply of advantage to be & Rebeating. The output of « gus turbine can be 's two stages with a reheater between the two ax shown it ‘compressor and the L.P. turbine provides the useful power output. ' shown in Fig. 25.6. The line 4/1’ represents the expansion employed. reheating i Fines diverge wo the right on 1 genase tT 7,) amare ert tna 1) Aiahough network i increased by reheating Ue Best fhe wet etic con be to reduce the thermal efeeney Heat supplied = Gy (Ty Note, and, stand for specific 4 Regeneration. The exhaust gases from » gas ¥ far above the ambient temperature thereby reducing the mass of foel supplied them since their temperature is air coming from the compressor chamber. Fig. 25.7 shows a gas turbine for an unassisted transfer of energy. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger = gives Eo in large gas turbine units for marine propuiswon & on Thermal Efficiency — change heat rected. he 8 asequnnen, there exists on Sesintt at th a ng mesma thermal elie fr« given terns ine emperors vhs the pronure ratio increases, te thermal ficiency sleo increase antl & Necenet ite mam and then i drops off with a further increase in pressure ratio (Fig 26.10), Further, as the mam a Oe i epee incemnn, the peaks ofthe curves fatien out giving « pester range of ratios of pressure opumum efficiency. T (Temp) f Umiting turbine intet temperature Ti Tented Fg 39 Mame * Yann = 0780 23 a5 es ee ee a Oe eae NARIcom Following particulars are worthnating Gas temperatures Biiciency (gas twrbine 550 to 600°C nom : 900 tw 1000°C haber : Above 130°C © more than 60% IP CHAAP | 8 i i 73 3 =615sC 1h -08 756788 0 Pressure ato -——> Fig 5.12 Pig. 25.15. T-s diagrams Tr,)* -Te,)* ,)? ‘The expression shows that the efficiency of the ideal joule cyele wncreases wath the pressure ratio. The absolute limit of pressure is determined by the limiting temperature of the matersal of the turbine at the point at which this temperature is reached by the compression process alone, no further heating of the gas in the combustion chamber would be permsswble and the work of expansion would ideally just balance the work of compression #0 that no excess tort would be ‘available for external use. ; ~ "Now we shall prove that the pressure ratio for maximum work is « /nction of the fsiting ratio. ‘Work output during the cycle © Heat reonivedicyele — Heat raectedievele = me, (T,=T,)~ me, (Ty ~T,) «me, (Ty ~T,)~ me, (T, - T) a % emp, tat) -n (2) turbine the minimum tomperature 7, ‘and the maximum temperature T, sew prancing te ampere of the tmorper dT; th masiman Wnty ae eee tal of turbine would widtand. Consider he specific hat at usta Pressure be constant. Then, Since, 1 Neg? «2 a0) “5, Ving te wont = IPICHAAP we have, work mutputicycle Wek |t}t i Differentiating with respect to ' aw dr, Operation $4 © Operation 4-5 power on a combination of two cycles the open cyele and Ube clawed rie Such, Leyele, Here @ part of the working fluid is comfined wither the pant amd of Closed Cycle Gas Turbine Over Open Cycle Gas 2. Reduced size 4, Improved beat transmission 6. Lesser fluid friction 8. Greater output eater io required. This limits its we to stationary installation A.B = Vaives: C= Comprassor 0» Combustion chamber Ps Fust pump S = Spark plug Ts Turbine ah Exes (From stmosphere) o amcmnere Fig 25.18 Constant volume ouentustice gus tartece Gas turbines find wide applications in the following fields 0 2 Turboyet and turbo-propelier emg-oes 3. Marine field 4 Railway 5. Road transport 6. Blectriec power generative 7. Industry The various fuels used in gan turbines arv enumerated and discussed below 1. Gaseous fuels 2 Liquid fuels 3. Solid fuela 1. Gaseots fuels. Natural yas is the ideal fuel for gas turbines, but this is not availble everywhere Blast furnace and producer pases may also be used for gas turbine power plants 44 2. Liquid fuels. Liquid fuels of petroleum origin such as distillate oils or residhsa! ols are * most commonly used for gas turbine plant. The essential qualities of these fuels mcinde prope volatility, viscosity and calorific value. At the same time it should be free from any consents of roisture and suspended impurities that would lag the small passages of the nozoles anc damage valves and plungers of the fuel pumps Minerals like sodium, vanadium and calcium prove very harmful for the turbine Siadine these build deposita or corrode the blades. The sodium in ash should be fess than 20% =f esx Sanadium content a» otherwise the ratio tends to be critical. The actual sodium content may 6 between 5 ‘0 10 ppm (part per million). Ifthe vanadium is over 2 pyyf-shy sont vat ae fonds to become ertseal It is necessary that the magnessam in ash it at dete thine Vimy cL Lien eee a Wwantity of vanag reapectrecy nttiwm. The content of cakium sod aad sd we be ene 30 FF aod & ppm an is removed from residual oils by mixing with 5% of water and then donate exntribing ng when sodium leaves with water. Magnesium is added to the washed off i» the form of epsom salts, before the oil is sent into the combustor This checks the corrosive action of ramadimn. Residual oils burn with less ease than datilate ole and the intr are often sed to stars Ss mate from cold, after which the residual ole are fad in the combustor. In cod enndions ramet

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