3.

,

3.1
3.2 ,
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6



1s

1s

2s

2p

3s

3p

4s
5s

3d

4p

4d

5p

6s

5d
6d

6p

7s

4f
5f

.
.. 31Ga [Ar]3d104s24p1

 :
..



.

.
:


.

,

.

..

 3.1

7 32
.
()
;
()
IUPAC;
()
;

 3.1
() (32),
32.
6 : , Rn Z = 86
7 : Z = 86 + 32 = 118
()
1. = 119
IUPAC ununennium
Uue.
() (Rn): = 86, = 222.
222/86 = 2,58 .
(Lr): = 260, = 103 / = 260/103 = 2,52
= 118 = 119
2,52 .
,

118 2,52 = 297 amu 119 2,52 = 300 amu.

 ,
(C, N, F, O):

(Mn, Fe, Co, Ni):
o n 1 .
(Ce, Pr, Nd):
n 2 .
: ns2np6
s Al ( ne) ns2np6
( p) (+ ne) ns2np6


1.
(1, 2, Al)
=
Ca ([Ar]4s2)

Ca2+ ([Ar]) + 2 e

(Ga3+, In3+, Tl3+)

=
Ga ([Ar]3d104s24p1)

Ga3+ ([Ar]3d10) + 3 e

18 + 2 (In+, Tl+, Sn2+, Pb2+, Sb3+, Bi3+)

= 2
In ([Ar]3d104s24p64d105s25p1) In+ ([Ar]3d104s24p64d105s2) + e
18 e n-1 + 2e n
8


2.

= 8
S ([Ne]3s23p4) + 2 e S2 ([Ar])
:

+, Ca2+, S2 18 e [Ar]


1.


(.. Fe2+, Fe3+)
2.
(Sc3+)
3. ns .

(n 1) d .
4.
+2 +3
Fe ([Ar]3d64s2) Fe2+ ([Ar]3d6) + 2e
Fe ([Ar]3d64s2) Fe3+ ([Ar]3d5) + 3e

Cr3+
Mn2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Co2+
Ni2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Ag+
Cd2+
Hg2+

()
()
()
()
()
()
()

()
10

 3.2

2+
3d.
;

: [Ar]3d1-104s2
2+,
4s
2+: [Ar]3d4
[Ar]3d44s2 [Ar]3d54s1
[Ar] 18 e
18 + 6 = 24 e = 24 = Cr ().
11


=


.
=


.
= ,
,

,
.
=


.

Na2(g)

Na(s)

12






1.
,

2.
,



13



:
1. (n)
2. Zeff =
,
,

.
Zeff = s
s = , .
s: e
(s, p, d, f) e
: Zeff
,
.
14

:
:
n . , Zeff ,

,
..
:
Zeff . , n ,

,
.
15

,
,
eff ,
.

d , eff
s ,
, .
d ,
eff s
.
16

(pm)

:
1
17
8A

 3.3

,
F, S Cl .
:
(.. F Cl) F <
Cl
:
( Cl S) Cl < S
,
F < Cl < S
18

Li+

()


(LiI)

() .
() . , ,
.
(426 pm) .
(213 pm) . 19

Na
[He] 2s22p63s1

Na+
[He] 2s22p6

Cl
[Ne] 3s23p5

Cl
[Ne] 3s23p6

Na+. ,

.
Cl
Cl,


.

+
Li

Li+

Li
F

20

 ..
O2 > O

Fe3+ < Fe2+

21




.
O2, F, Na+, Mg2+ Al3+ 10
, [Ne],
1s22s22p6, .

,

:
O2 > F > Na+ > Mg2+ > Al3+
22

 3.4


: Rb+, Y3+, Br, Kr, Sr2+, Se2
.. ,

( 36 , [Kr]).
,
.
(
) ,
.
,
3+ < Sr2+ < Rb+<

2
39Y
38
37
36Kr < 35Br < 34Se

23


(1):

( )

.
(2), (3)

Ca(g) Ca+(g) + e

I1 = 589,5 kJ/mol

Ca+(g) Ca2+(g) + e

I2 = 1145 kJ/mol

24

(kJ/mol)

1 2
3

,

3 4A.
25
. , 1 .


( kJ/mol)

.
.

1, 2, 3,
;
26

 3
2;
Mg(g) Mg+(g) + e

I1 = 738,1 kJ/mol [Ne]3s1

Mg+(g) Mg2+(g) + e

I2 = 1450 kJ/mol

Mg2+(g) Mg3+(g) + e

[Ne]

I3 = 7730 kJ/mol

2
( 3s), .
, 3
Mg2+
, , [Ne].

.
27

e ,
Zeff
. :
.. :
, Zeff
1
.. :
, Zeff
1 .
: e
( e).
.. 1() < 1(Be) 1() < 1()

28

 3.5

,
Ar, Na, Cl Al .
3 .

.
, ..
Na, Al, Cl, Ar.
.
,
29

Na < Al < Cl < Ar

 ( ..)
:


.
Cl(g) ([Ne]3s23p5) + e Cl(g) [Ne]3s23p6) 1 = 349 kJ/mol
(1)
(2),
(3), .

30

 (1 kJ/mol)
Li
-59,6

Be
>0

B
-26,7

C
-122

N
-7

1

1

O
-141

F
-328

Ne
>0

Cl
-349
Br
-325
I
-295

1 0

31


..;

,
, eff .
.. :
, Zeff
1 ( )
.. :
, Zeff
1 ( ) .
() 1 !
, 2,
!

32

 3.6


,

: () Cl, S () Se, K
() ,

.
, Cl
S.
() , , Se,
,
K.

33

3d
26Fe:

4s

[Ar]3d64s2
4 e

,
, .
, ,
.

3s
17Cl

3p

: [Ne]3s23p6
e

34

 Gouy

,



.


.


.

35


, , ,
.


,

,
,

.


(
)
.
36

 3.7


; Zn, Cl, Cs+, O2, Al
17Cl 13Al
.
2, 10 e, Ne.
T Cs+, 54 e, Xe.
, ns2np6
.
(Zn), [Ar] 3d104s2,
.
37

38




, .. .. ..,

..

, ..
,
..
..,
Na, Mg, Al =
Si =
P, S, Cl =
39






.., Li Mg, Be Al B Si.
:
.
1 2

.. Ca
Ca

(Cl2, Br2,
I2). To F2 !!
40

 1 2

, 2
,

,
2,
.

41

Cl2(g)

I2(s)
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)
( 1)
(
1 )

NaCl.

Cl2(g) + 2 I(aq) 2Cl(aq) + I2(s)

Cl2(g)
I(aq),

2, I

42 2

 3.8


:
()
()
() ( )
()

43

 3.8
(Tl) 3
.
(Se), (
6) .
()

(.., .) Tl > (., .) Se
()
(Tl )
() Tl , Se .
() ,
( e ) 1 (Tl) < 1 (Se).
44