Thuat toan Newton-Raphson & cach tinh can bac hai khéng ding may tinh Gidith: DOi khi giai mot phuong trinh dai s6 phite tap mao d6, ta khOng 6 thé tim duge nghiém bang cdc phuong phap giai tich thong thuéng. Khi dé can d&n nhiing phuong phap wéc doan (estimate) dé c6 thé tim duge mét gid tri gin voi nghiém ctta phwong trinh nhat. Mét trong cde phuong phap nhu thé li phuong phap Newton-Raphson, hay cdn goi la “thuat toan New ton- Raphson” Tuy nhién, véi hoc sinh THCS thi cdc phép tinh giai tich (Dao him, vi phdn) chura hge lai khOng ép dung duge “thuat ton New ton- Raphson”. Vay con cach nao lay cin bée 2 khi khong c6 méy tinh b6 tii trong tay 2. Bai nay xin gidi thiéu so luge cho ca hai d6i tong mudn biet. IL- Véitrinh 49 socip . Khai Can bac 2 cua mot s6 d6i khi con goi la “khai phuong”- chi vé phép tinh nguge voi “binh phuong” Véi a>0 taludneé a? =N <=> W=a Nhimg sé nguyén duong khi khai phuong 1a sé nguyén goi la “sé chinh phuong” Tir lip 6, HS da hoc so qua ly thira va. khdi nigm khai c&n , thém chi d8 thi HG da cé nhimg bai déng dén can bac hai. Nhung khong phai lic ndo ciing c6 may tinh trong tay. Vidu: : tinh A= YIP ‘Néu phin tich 17=16+1 thi A= Visi = 41+ 16, Dén day ta phai tinh gin ding A ~ 4x [1+1/(2x16) ] =4x(1+1/32)=33/8. Vay A ~33/8 = 4,125 . 7% Cn than nén thir Iai 33?= 1089; 82-64 = CRP Nhu vay, viée nhé nhing sé chinh phuong va cin be hai sé gitip ta Khai can cae s6 khong chinh phuong nhanh hon, 7,015 IIL- V6i toan Gidi tich: Ap dung thuat toan Newton-Raphson : NBS Pham Huy Hoat 10 -8- 2011D6i khi gidi m6t phuong trinh dai sé phic tap nao dé, ta khong cé thé tim duge nghiém bing cdc phuong php gidi tich théng thuong. Khi dé cn dén nhimg phuong phap wéc dodn (estimate) dé c6 thé tim duge mét gid tri gan véi nghiém cia phuong trinh nhat. M6t trong cdc phuong phip nh thé ld phuong phép Newton-Raphson, hay cn g9i 1a phép lip New ton- Raphson. NGi dung co ban cia phuong phap nay nhur sau: - Chon 1 gid tri i tay y - Thiét lap day sé ©, ¥1, 4... véi viée thuc hign nhiéu Lin phép lip flan) f f(z) Diya y=In- ac) ml (sa) vei t= ds - tinh lai gid ti 2° =Tn417F" sau mdi lan the hign thuat to phép lap duge thyc hign nhiéu lan thi ia tr] dx cng nhé va gid tri cua bién sé cang gan véi nghigm, tire 14 * »-+1sé gin v6i nghigm hon la © p. vi vay phép lip cang duge thyc hign nhiéu lan thi cing chinh xdc. d6i véi nhing phép tinh khéng di hoi d6 chinh xde qua cao thi két qua thu duge véi Ax =1).01114 c6 thé chap nhan duge. ta hay thir thye hign véi 1 phuong trinh don gian nhw r2—4 =O, bing phuong phap dai s6 dé thay phuong trinh c6 2 nghigm x=2 va x=-2 . Bé tim nghigm véi Newton-Raphson, ta hay chon 1 gid trj bat ki 799, dudi day 1a bing rj ciia thuat toan: [2) Xa F(%n) (Xn) Xue dx 0] x9=6 | fxo=32) | Mxo= 12) [xy =3.33 1 xy =3.33 | f(x1) = 7.09 [0001) = 6.66 [xy = 2.27 [dx = )2 xq = 2.27 |f(x2) = 1.15 | P(x2) = 4.54 |xg = 2.01 | dx = 26 = 4.02 [xy =2.00 (xs) V6i vige chon | gid tri 0 Khéc, ta 66 thé tim duge nghiém cén lai. Tuy nhién khéng phai lic nao thudt toan nay cling hoat dng nhu mong dgi, nhat 1a khi ban chon gid tri “¢kh6ng hop ly. Chang han nhu, trong bai toan trén, néu NBS Pham Huy Hoat 10 -8- 2011ban chon “o="thi sé dan dén dao ham dau tién bing khéng! Hof véi ham fae" a q=1 Ngoai ra, néu hoc dgo ham ta cing cé phuong phap giai gan ding pt f(x) = 0. Dé tinh V9 voi a> 0 Dat x= ia <=> x?-a=0. Ta xét him f(x) = x? - a, ta phai tim nghiém eita f(x) = x? - (0) = 2x Sir dung pp tiép tuyén ta c6 cdc x4p xi lién tiép dugc tinh theo céng thre truy hi 1V,- Bai thye hanh 1,./ Tinh nhanh ? 2. / Ding thuat t in Newton-Raphson tinh nghigm ciia f(x) = x? - 15, NBS Pham Huy Hoat 10 -8- 2011