Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

I - TNH CHT NC THIN

THIN NHIN VA CAC YU CU V CHT
LNG NC
1/ TNH CHT CUA NC:
a/ V phng din ly hoc:

Nhit : ph thuc vo ma v loi ngun

- Nc mt: 4 400C, ph thuc vo t0 khng kh v s thay i theo su ngun
nc.
- Nc ngm: C nhit tng i n nh 17 270C
Nhit c xc nh bng nhit k.

c : Biu th lng cc cht l lng (ct, st, bn, cc hp cht hu c) c trong

nc. n v: mg/l.

trong :
- o bng phng php Sneller: nc vo bnh thy tinh cao 30cm, y c ch
tiu chun mu en.
- o bng phng php Diener: bnh thy tinh cao 350mm, y c ch thp en
rng 1mm, trn nn trng, c chiu sng bng 1 bng in 300W.
trong c o bng ct nc ti a m qua n t trn nhn xung ngi ta c
c ch tiu chun hoc du thp.

mu :
Do cc cht gumid, hp cht keo ca st, do nhim bn bi cc loi nc thi hay do
s pht trin ca rong to.
mu c xc nh bng phng php so mu theo thang Platin coban v tnh
bng .

Mi v v :
- Mi: do ngun t nhin to ra nh mi bn, t st, vi sinh vt ph du c di hay xc
sc vtc th do ngun nhn to nh clo, phenol, nc thixc nh bng ngi.
- V: do cc cht ha tan trong nc to ra. Xc nh bng nm. Phn bit lm 5 cp:
rt yu, yu, r, rt r, mnh.
Nguyn Lan Phng

= 29 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

b/ V phng din hoa hoc:

Cn ton phn (mg/l): bao gm tt c cc cht v c v hu c c trong nc, khng k

cc cht kh. Xc nh bng my o nhanh hoc un cho bay hi 1 dung tch nc ngun nht
nh nhit 105 110 0C cho n khi trng lng khng i.

cng ca nc (mgl/l): cng ca nc do hm lng Ca2+ v Mg2+ ha tan trong

nc to ra.
- cng cacbonat do mui Ca(HCO3)2 , Mg(HCO3)2
- cng khng cacbonat do mui SO42-, Cl-, NO3- ca Ca2+, Mg2+
cng c o bng c (1 c tng ng vi 10mg CaO hay 9,19mg MgO
trong 1 lt nc).

pH : c trng bi ion H+ trong nc ( pH = - lg[H+])

pH < 7: nc c tnh acid
pH = 7: nc c tnh trung ha
pH > 7: nc c tnh baz

kim (mg l/l): c trng bi cc mui nh bicacbonat, gumat, cacbonat, hyratphn

bit kim theo tn gi ca mui.

oxy ha (mg O2/l): c trng bi nng cc cht hu c ha tan v 1 s cht v c d

oxy ha.

Hm lng st v mangan:

Cc hp cht Nit: NH3, NO2- , NO3- s c mt ca cc hp cht ny chng t v mc
nhim bn ca nc thi vo ngun nc.

Cc cht c: As, Cu, Pb, Zn

c/ V phng din vi trung:

Vi trng hiu kh (con/l).

Vi trng k kh (clostridia).

Ch s coli (Eschirichia col): biu th c hay khng c vi trng gy bnh ng rut trong
nc.

V d: Nc dng cho sinh hot

- Mi, v 200C: khng
- mu theo thang mu Platin coban: 100
- c, hm lng cn: 5mg/l
- pH: 6,5 8,5
- Hm lng st: 0,3mg/l
- Hm lng mangan: 0,2mg/l
- cng: 120 c
1/ YU CU V CHT LNG NC:
- Nc cp cho sinh hot v n ung phi trong sch, khng c hi, khng cha cc
vi trng gy bnh.
- Yu cu cht lng nc cp cho cc nhu cu sn xut a dng ty thuc vo tnh
cht ca qu trnh sn xut.

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 30 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

II - CAC PHNG PHAP VA CAC S CNG NGH LAM SACH

NC
1/ CAC PHNG PHAP X LY NC:
Trn thc t ngi ta thng phi thc hin cc qu trnh x l nh lm trong v kh
mu, kh st, kh trng v cc qu trnh x l c bit khc nh lm mm, lm ngui, kh
mui
Cc qu trnh x l trn c th thc hin theo cc phng php sau:
- Phng php c hc: Song v li chn rc, lng t nhin, lc qua li.
- Phng php l hc: Kh trng bng tia t ngoi, lm ngui nc.
- Phng php ha hc: Keo t bng phn, kh trng bng clor, lm mm nc bng
vi.
2/ CAC DY CHUYN CNG NGH X LY NC:
Tp hp cc cng trnh v thit b thc hin qu trnh x l nc theo mt hoc
mt s phng php gi l dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc. Ty thuc vo cht lng nc
ngun v yu cu cht lng nc cp m c cc dy chuyn cng ngh sn xut khc nhau.
a/ S cng ngh dung hoa cht keo tu, dung b loc chm:
Cl2

Nc ngun

Trm bm cp II

B cha nc sch

B lc chm

MLCN

Hnh 4.1: S cng ngh khng dng ha cht keo tu

p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng nh hn hoc bng 50mg/l, mu

khng ln hn 500coban v cng sut ca trm b khng ln hn mt ngn m3/ng. , qun l
th cng hay c gii.
V nguyn tc khng kh c mu.
b/ S cng ngh dung hoa cht keo tu:

S c bn:
Phn
Cl2
Nc ngun

B
trn

B phn
ng

B
lng

B lc
trng
lc

B cha
nc sch

TB
II

MLCN

Hnh 4.2: S s dng ha cht c bn.

p dng: s trn p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng v mu bt

k vi cc trm c cng sut bt k, thng 20.000 m3/ng vi cc mc c gii ha khc
nhau, c th t ng hon ton.
Nguyn Lan Phng

= 31 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

S cng ngh s dng b trn v b lc tip xc:

Cl2
B trn
ng c
tch kh

Nc ngun

B cha nc
sch

B lc
tip xc

Trm
bm II

MLCN

Hnh 4-3: S s dng b trn ng v b lc tip xc

p dng cho ngun nc c hm lng cn l lng nh hn 150mg/l, mu nh

hn 1500 coban v trm c cng sut bt k.
c/ S cng ngh x ly nc ngm:

Kh st bng lm thong n gin v lc nhanh:

Cl2
Lm
thong
n
gin

Nc ngun

B cha nc
sch

B lc
nhanh

Trm
bm II

MLCN

Hnh 4-5: Kh st bng lm thong n gin v lc nhanh

Phm vi p dung:
- Hm lng st 15 mg/l
- xi ha [0,15(Fe2+).5] mg/l O2
- NH +4 < 1mg/l
- mu 150
- PH sau lm thong 6,8
-

kim cn li trong nc > (1+

Fe 2+
) mgl/l
28

S 2: Gin ma - lng tip xc - lc

Phm vi p dng:
+ CFe 25 mg/l
+ Nc sau lm thong: PH 6,8; Ki 2mgl/l; H2S<0,2mg/l;
NH4 < 1mg/l
+ Trn x l c cng sut bt k
Cl2
Nc ngun

Lm
thong

B lng
tip xc

B lc
trng lc

B cha
nc sch

TB
II

MLCN

Hnh 4-6: Kh st bng lm thong , lng tip xc v lc

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 32 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

S 3: Thng qut gi - lng tip xc - lc

p dng: Trm x l c cng sut va v ln v c hm lng st cao
Cl2
Nc ngun

Thng
qut gi

B lng
tip xc

B lc
trng lc

B cha
nc sch

TB
II

MLCN

Hnh 4-7: Kh st bng thng qut gi , lng tip xc v lc

III KEO TU & CAC CNG TRNH KEO TU

1/ KEO TU:
Cn bn trong nc thin nhin thng l ht ct, st, bn, sinh vt ph du, sn phm
phn hy ca cc cht hu c... Cc ht cn ln c kh nng t lng trong nc, cn cn b
trng thi l lng. Trong k thut x l nc bng cc bin php x l c hc nh lng tnh,
lc ch c th loi b nhng ht c kch thc ln hn 10-4 mm, cn nhng ht cn c d<10-4
mm phi p dng x l bng phng php l ha.
c im c bn ca ht cn b l do kch thc v cng nh nn c b mt tip xc
rt ln trn mt n v th tch, cc ht cn ny d dng hp th, kt bm vi cc cht xung
quanh hoc ln nhau to ra bng cn to hn. Mt khc cc ht cn u mang in tch v
chng c kh nng lin kt vi nhau hoc y nhau bng lc in t. Tuy nhin trong mi
trng nc, do cc loi lc tng tc gia cc ht cn b hn lc y do chuyn ng nhit
Brown nn cc ht cn lun lun tn ti trng thi l lng.
Bng vic ph v trng thi cn bng ng t nhin ca mi trng nc, s to cc
iu kin thun li cc ht cn kt dnh vi nhau thnh cc ht cn ln hn v d x l
hn. Trong cng ngh x l nc l cho theo vo nc cc ha cht lm nhn t keo t cc
ht cn l lng
* Ha cht s dng:
- Phn nhm : Al2(SO4)3.18H2O
- Phn st : FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl3.6H2O
* C ch : Khi cho phn vo nc
- Phn nhm :
Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O = 2Al2+ + 3SO42- + 6H+ + 6OH- = Al(OH)3 + 2H2SO4
Bng kt ta
- Phn st :
Fe2+ + 2H2O = Fe(OH)2 + 2H+
4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3
FeCl3 + 3H2O = Fe3+ + 3Cl- + 3H+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3 + 3HCl
Fe(OH)3 , Al(OH)3 l cc ht keo nh c kh nng hp ph cc ht l lng v c kch
thc b ln b mt ca mnh, ri dnh kt dn ln to thnh nhng bng cn c th gi li
b lng v lc.

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 33 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

2/ CAC CNG TRNH KEO TU:

1- B hoa trn phen.

2- Thung dung dch
3- Thit b nh lng phen
4- B hoa trn phen+nc
5- B phan ng
6- B lng bng cn

Hnh 4-8: S cc cng trnh ca giai on keo t

a/ Cng trnh chun b hoa cht:

- Thng ha trn phn : ha trn s b phn vi nc.
- Thng dung dch (b tiu th) : Pha theo ng nng tnh ton.
- Thit b nh lng phn
b/ B trn:
Mc tiu ca qu trnh trn l a cc phn t ha cht vo trng thi phn tn u
trong mi trng nc trc khi phn ng keo t xy ra, ng thi to iu kin tip xc tt
nht gia chng vi cc thnh phn tham gia phn ng.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh trn ph thuc vo cng v thi gian khuy trn.
Thi gian khuy trn hiu qu c tnh cho n lc ha cht phn tn u vo
nc v hnh thnh cc nhn keo t nhng khng qu lu lm nh hng n cc phn
ng tip theo. Trong thc t thi gian ha trn hiu qu t 3 giy n 2 pht.
Qu trnh trn c thc hin bng cc cng trnh trn, theo nguyn tc cu to v vn
hnh c chia ra:
* Trn thy lc: v bn cht l dng cc vt cn to ra s xo trn trong dng chy
ca hn hp nc v ha cht. Trn thy lc c th thc hin trong:
- ng y ca trm bm nc th
- B trn c vch ngn
- B trn ng
* Trn c kh: dng nng lng ca cnh khuy to ra dng chy ri.
c/ B phan ng:
Hiu qu qu trnh keo t ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t. Vi mi ngun nc c th
sau khi xc nh liu lng v loi phn s dng th hiu qu keo t ch ph thuc vo
cng khuy trn G v thi gian hon thnh phn ng to bng cn T. Thc t 2 i lng
ny c xc nh bng thc nghim.
Qu trnh hnh thnh bng cn thng cn c G = 30 - 70s-1, thi gian phn ng t 15
- 35.

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 34 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

Thng dng cac b phn ng thy lc (ngn phn ng c vch ngn ngang hoc b
phn ng xoy ngn phn ng kt hp vi b lng ng) hay b phn ng c my khuy.

IV LNG
Lng l mt khu x l quan trng trong cng ngh x l nc. L giai on lm sch
s b trc khi a nc vo b lc hon thnh qu trnh lm trong nc. Da trn nguyn
l ri theo trng lc, vic lm lng c th loi b t 90-99% lng cht bn cha trong nc.
Nguyn tc : Nc c chy t t qua b lng, di tc dng ca trng lc bn thn
cac ht cn s ri xung y b.
Theo chuyn ng ca nc ngi ta chia lm 3 loi b lng
- B lng ngang
- B lng ng
- B lng ly tm
Ngoi 3 loi b lng trn hin nay ngi ta cn s dng cyclon thy lc lng s b
nc c c theo chu k (tch ct c kch thc ln) hoc s dng b lng trong c tng
cn l lng : nc chuyn ng t di ln trn vi tc thch hp, trong b dn dn hnh
thnh mt tng cn l lng. Tng cn ny c kh nng hp ph cc ht keo, cn trong nc
lm cho nc trong.
1/ B LNG NGANG:
B lng ngang c dng hnh ch nht, c th lm bng gch hoc btng ct thp.
S dng cho cc trm x l c Q > 300 m3/ng i vi trng hp x l nc c dng
phn v p dng vi cng sut bt k cho trm x l khng dng phn.
(3)
B
phn
ng

(6)

Sang b lc

(2)

(1)

(7)

(4)

(8)

(5)
(9)

Hnh 4-9: Cu to b lng ngang

(1) ng dn nc t b phn ng sang

(2) Mng phn phi nc
(3) Vch phn phi u b
(4) Vng lng
(5) Vng cha cn
(6) Vch ngn thu nc cui b
(7) Mng thu nc
(8) ng dn nc sang b lc
(9) ng x cn.

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 35 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

* Cu to: b ging cha hnh ch nht. Nc chuyn ng trong b theo chiu ngang.
B lng ngang gm 4 b phn chnh :
- B phn phn phi nc vo b
- Vng lng cn
- H thng thu nc lng
- H thng thu x cn B lng ngang thng chia lm nhiu ngn, chiu rng mi ngn
t 3 6m. Chiu di b khng qui nh. Khi b c chiu di qu ln c th cho nc chy
xoay chiu. gim bt din tch b mt xy dng c th xy dng b lng nhiu tng (2,3
tng).
Cc thng s ca b lng ngang.
Vra = 5 10 mm/s
u = 0,12 0,6 mm/s
H = 2 3,5 mm/s
L
10
H
2/ B LNG NG:
B lng ng nc chuyn ng theo phng thng ng t di ln trn, cn cc ht
cn ri ngc chiu vi chiu chuyn ng ca dng nc t trn xung.
B lng ng thng c mt bng hnh vung hoc hnh trn, c s dng cho trm c
cng sut nh (Q 3000 m3/ng). B lng ng thng kt hp vi b phn ng xoy hnh
tr.
B c th xy bng gch hoc btng ct thp. ng trung tm c th l thp cun hn
in hay b tng ct thp.
D
(6)

(5)
h3

(7)
Nc t b
trn ti

Sang b lc nhanh

(4)
H2=H1

(1)

(2)

(3)
h1

40-60o

(8)

(1) Nng phn ng xoy

(2) Vng lng
(3) Vng cha cn
(4) ng nc v
(5) Vi phun
(6) Mng thu
(7) ng nc ra
(8) ng x cn

Hnh 4-10: Cu to b lng ng

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 36 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

Nguyn tc lm vic: Nc chy vo ng trung tm gia b (ngn phn ng) i xung
di vo b lng. Nc chuyn ng theo chiu t di ln trn, cn ri t trn xung y b.
Nc lng trong c thu vo mng vng b tr xung quanh thnh b v a sang b lc.
Cc thng s ca b:
v = 0,5 0,7 mm/s
D 10 m
D
= 1,5 - 2
H
* p dng cho cc trm c Q 1000 m3/ng v x l c dng phn.
3/ B LNG LY TM:
B lng li tm c dng hnh trn, ng knh t 5m tr ln. Thng dng s lng
ngun nc c hm lng cn cao, Co > 2000 mg/l. p dng cho trm c cng sut ln Q
30.000 m3/ng.

(4)
1. ng dn vo

(2)
(5)

2. Mng thu nc
3. Cnh gt bn bng cao su
4. H thng co bn
5. ng dn nc sang b lc
6. ng x cn

Nc t b
trn ti
(1)

(6)

Hnh 4-11: S cu to b lng ly tm

* Nguyn tc lm vic: Nc cn x l theo ng trung tm vo ngn phn phi, phn phi

u vo vng lng. Nc t vng lng chuyn ng t trong ra ngoi v t di ln trn. Cn
c lng xung y. Nc trong th c thu vo mng vng vo mng tp trung theo ng
ng sang b lc.
thu bn c thit b gt cn gm dm chuyn ng theo ray vng trn. Dm treo gin
co thp c cc cnh gt pha di. Nh nhng cnh gt ny, cn lng y c gt vo
phu v x ra ngoi theo ng x cn.
Cc thng s ca b.
D 50 m
H = 1,5 2,5 thnh
H = 3 5 trung tm
Hiu sut lng thp 40 80%

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 37 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

V LOC
L giai on cui cng ca qu trnh lm trong thc hin trong cc b lc bng cch
cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc thng l ct thch anh dy 0,7 1,3m; c ht 0,5 1mm
hoc than gy p vn hoc ng t ra xit. gi cho ct khi i theo nc vo cc ng
thu nc, di lp ct ngi ta 1 lp bng cui hoc dm.
* Phn loi :
- Theo tc lc
+ B lc chm : tc lc 0,1 0,3 m3/h
u im : nc trong, thi gian cng tc lu, 1 2 thng mi ra 1ln
Nhc im : Tc lc chm, kch thc b ln, gi thnh xy dng cao,
qun l vt v.
* p dng cho cc trm c cng sut nh.
+ B lc nhanh : Tc lc nhanh 6 10 m3/h. Cc ht cn c gi li nh lc dnh
ca n vi cc ht ct.
u im : Kch thc b nh, gi thnh xy dng r.
Nhc im : Chng bn, phi ty ra lun (1 ngy m phi ra 1 3 ln).
Ra b thng c c gii ha, bm nc cho chy ngc chiu vi vn tc
gp 7 10 ln khi lc vi cng ra 10 15 m2 din tch.
Hbv

Hr

3
1
4
HL

Hd

5
6
11

13
12

10

8
7

Hnh 4-12: S cu to ca b lc nhanh trng lc

1. ng dn nc vo b lc;
3. Mng phn phi ph;
5.Vt liu ;
7.ng dn nc sang b cha nc sch.
8. ng ng cp nc ra b lc;
10. Van x nc lc u.;
12. Hm thu nc;

2. Mng dn nc
4. Vt liu lc
6. Tm an c khe l vt liu lc
9. ng ra nc x lc.
11. Ca qun l.
13.ng cp gi ra lc

- Phn loi theo p lc :

+ B lc h trng lc
+ B lc p lc
Nguyn Lan Phng

= 38 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

- Phn loi theo chiu dng nc :
+ B lc xui
+ B lc ngc
+ B lc 2 chiu
- Phn loi theo s lng vt liu lc:
+ 1 lp
+ 2 lp
+ nhiu lp
- Phn loi theo ln ht vt liu lc:
+ B lc ht b
+ B lc ht trung
+ B lc ht th
- Phn loi theo nguyn tc:
+ Lc li
+ Lc qua vt liu xp
+ Lc qua vt liu ht

VI KH TRUNG
Sau khi qua b lng, b lc phn ln vi trng trong nc a b gi li (90%) v b
tiu dit. Tuy nhin m bo hon ton v sinh phi kh trng nc.
* Cc cch kh trng:
1. Nhit : un nc nhit 750C trong nc
2. Dng tia t ngoi : Dng loi n pht ra tia t ngoi dit trng. Phng php
ny n gin nhng thit b t tin, hay hng v tn in (10 30Kw/1000m3).
3. Dng zn : a zn vo nc

to [O]

dit trng

4. Dng sng siu m : Dng thit b pht ra song siu m tn s 500KHz

Vi trng b tiu dit.
5. Phng php clo ha : S dng clor hoc hp cht ca clor nh clorua vi, zaven
NaOCl.
- a clorua vi vo nc :
2CaOCl2
Ca(OCl)2 + CaCl2
Ca(OCl)2 + CO2 + H2O
CaCO3 + 2HOCl acid hypoclorit (oxh mnh)
- a clor vo nc :
Cl2 + H2O
HOCl + HCl
HOCl
H+ + Oclion hypoclorit (oxh rt mnh)
Clor hay clorua vi thng a vo ng ng dn nc t b lc sang b cha nc
ngm vi liu lng 0,5 1 mg/l, lng clor tha khng c vt qu 0,3 0,5 mg/l.
phn ng hon ton xy ra, thi gian tip xc gia dung dch clo v nc ln 30
pht.
in phn mui n NaCl to ra Cl2, Cl2 ha vo dung dch NaOH to thnh nc
zaven i vo kh trng.
NaCl + H2O
2H+ + Cl- + NaOCl
Na+ + Cl-

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 39 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

VII KH TRUNG ST TRONG

TRONG NC
1/ KH ST BNG LAM THOANG:
- St trong nc ngm thng dng Fe(OH)2. Mun kh st ngi ta cho nc tip
xc vi khng kh oxy ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+
- Dng dn ma (thp tip xc) : Nc t ging khoan bm ln cao cho chy vo
mng rng ca hoc ng chm l to ma. Theo chiu ma ri t cc tm chn, khi nc ri
t cc tm vn trc tip vo nc v qu trnh oxy ha c thc hin.
- Thng qut gi : khng kh vo nh qut gi, thng lm thong nhn to. ng dng
cho trm c cng sut b.
- Nu CFe 9 mg/l : thc hin phun ma (lm thong) trc tip trn b lc.
2/ KH ST BNG LAM THOANG N GIAN & LOC:
Cho nc trn qua ming ng t cao hn b lc chng 0,5m.
p dng CFe 9 mg/l , Ph > 6,8 , Fe3+ /FeTP 30%
Trng hp pH thp phi a vi vo kim ha
0,30,4m
0,3 0,4m

Hnh 4-13: Kh st bng lm thong v lc.

2/ KH ST DUNG HOA CHT:

a/ Kh st bng cht oxy hoa manh:
Cc cht oxi ho mnh thng s dng kh st l: Cl2, KMnO4, O3Khi cho cc
cht oxi ho mnh vo nc, phn ng din ra:
2Fe2+ + Cl2 + 6H2O = 2Fe(OH)3 + Cl- + 6H+
3Fe2+ + KMnO4 + 7H2O = 3Fe(OH)3 + MnO2 + K+ + 5H+
Trong phn ng, oxi ho 1mg Fe2+ cn 0,64 mgCl2 hoc 0,94mg KMnO4 v ng
thi kim ca nc gim i 0,018mgl/l.
So snh vi phng php kh st bng lm thong, dng cht oxi ho mnh phn ng
xy ra nhanh hn, pH mi trng thp hn (pH<6). Trong nc c tn ti cc hp cht nh:
H2S, NH3 th chng s gy nh hng n qu trnh kh st.

Nguyn Lan Phng

= 40 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

b/ Kh st bng vi:
Kh st bng vi thng kt hp vi qu trnh lm n nh nc hoc lm mm nc.
Qu trnh kh st bng vi xy ra theo 2 trng hp:
- Trng hp nc c oxi ha tan:
4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O + 4Ca(OH)2 4Fe(OH)3 + 4Ca(HCO3)2
- Trng hp nc khng c oxi ha tan:
Fe(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 FeCO3 + CaCO3 + H2O
c/ Cac phng phap kh st khac:

Kh st bng trao i cation:

Cho nc i qua lp vt liu lc c kh bng trao i in. Cc ion H+ v Na+ c trong
thnh phn vt liu lc s trao i vi ion Fe2+ c trong nc, kt qu Fe2+ c gi li trong
lp vt liu lc.
2[K]Na + Fe(HCO3)2 [K]2Fe + 2NaHCO3
2[K]H + Fe(HCO3)2 [K]2Fe + H2CO3
Cation c ti sinh bng HCl, NaCl
HCl + [K]2Fe [K]H + FeCl2
NaCl + [K]2Fe [K]Na + FeCl2
Phng php ny em li hiu qu kh st cao, thng s dng cho ngun nc c
cha Fe2+ dng ha tan. Dng kt hp vi lm mm nc. Chi ph cho kh Fe2+ bng trao
i cation gi kh t.

Kh st bng in phn: Dng cc m bng st, nhm, cc dng bng ng, bch kim
hay ng m kn.

Kh st bng phng php vi sinh vt: Cy cc mm khun st trong lp ct lc ca b
lc.

Kh st ngay trong lng t: Da trn nguyn tc, cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ gn trn khong vt
ca tng t cha nc c khnng trao i ion vi cc ion Fe2+ ca nc ngm.

VIII KH MANGAN
Mangan thng tn ti song song vi st dng in Mn2+ trong nc ngm v dng
keo hu c trong nc mt. Do vic kh mangan thng c tin hnh ng thi vi kh
st.
Mangan dng ha tan Mn2+ khi b xi ha chuyn dn thnh Mn3+ v Mn4+ dng
hyroxit kt ta:
2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 + 6H2O 2Mn(OH)4 + 4H+ + 4HCO 3
Qu trnh kh mangan ph thuc vo pH ca nc. Thc nghim cho thy nu PH <8
v khng c cht kt xc tc th qu trnh oxi ha Mn2+ rt chm. PH ti u: 8,5 9,0.
Tng t nh vi st, qui trnh kh mangan c bn cng bao gm cc khu lm
thong, lng, lc. Trong qu trnh lc, ht lc c ph dn 1 lp Mn(OH)4 din tch m, lp
mn(OH)4 c tc dng nh cht xc tc hp th cc ion Mn2+ v i ha n theo phng trnh
Mn(OH)4 + Mn(OH)2 2Mn(OH)3
Nguyn Lan Phng

= 41 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

4Mn(OH)3 + O2 + H2O 4Mn(OH)4
Lp ph Mn(OH)4 li tham gia vo phn ng mi c nh vy to ra 1 chu trnh phn
ng lin tc. Nh vy hiu qu kh mangan li ph thuc vo lp ph Mn(OH)4 do chnh qu
tnh kh to ra trn b mt ht ct lc.
Trong thc t a b lc vo ch hot ng n nh, cn pha thm nc dung
dch KMnO4 vi liu ln 1-3mg/l vi ngy u hoc nng PH ln trn 9.
Cng ngh kh Mangan:
1/ KH MANGAN BNG LAM THOANG:
-S 1: lm thong t nhin hoc lm thong cng bc, lng tip xc, lc 1 lp vt
liu lc.
p dng: hm lng mangan trong nc nh v tn ti di dng Mn2+ ha tan. Vt
liu lc dng ct thch anh dy 1,2 1,5m.
-S 2: lm thong t nhin hoc cng bc - lng tip xc lc 1 hay 2 lp vt liu
lc.
Mt lp vt liu l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l lp vt liu lc.
Mt lp vt liu lc l ct en dy 1,5m; hoc 2 lp vt liu lc l than Angtraxit v
ct dy 1,5m.
p dng: hm lng Mangan trong nc ngun cao.
- S 3: Lm thong cng bc - lng tip xc - lc 2 bc.
Kh st c thc hin lm thong - lng tip xc - lc. Sau nng PH ln 8 lm
thong - lc b lc bc 2 kh Mangan.
Phng php ny tn km nhng em li hiu qu x l n nh.
2/ PHNG PHAP DUNG HOA CHT:
S dng cc cht c tnh xi ha mnh nh Clo, ozn, Kali permanganat.
Clo xi ha Mn2+ PH = 7 trong t = 60 90 pht
ClO2 v zn xi ha Mn2+ cn 1,35 ClO2 hay 1,45mg O3
KMnO4 xi ha Mn2+ mi dng tn ti k c keo hu c to thnh Mn(OH)4
3/ PHNG PHAP SINH HOC:
Cy 1 loi vi sinh vt c kh nng hp th mangan trong qu trnh sinh trng ln b
mt vt liu lc. xc vi sinh vt s to thnh lp mng oxit mangan trn b mt ht vt liu lc
c tc dng xc tc qu trnh kh Mangan.
2Mn(HCO3)2 + O2 + 6H2O

Mn(OH)4 + 4H+ + 4HCO3-

IX KH H2S BNG LAM THOANG

pH 5 : to H2S
pH = 5 10 : to H2S, HS-, S2Nguyn Lan Phng

= 42 =

HBKN

Giao trnh CP THOAT NC

pH > 10 : HS-, S2Lm thong pH 5
Kh H2S cn li sau qu trnh lm thong bng clor
H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O
-

HS + 4Cl2 + 4H2O

Nguyn Lan Phng

H2SO4 + 8HCl
SO42- + 8Cl- + 9H+

= 43 =

HBKN