IGCSE Edexcel equations you need to be familiar with Section 1 Diffusion of gases: formation of ammonium chloride from ammonia and hydrogen chloride gas HCI (g) + NH (g) ——> NHACI(s) Electrolysis of molten lead bromide PbBra() —> Pb(s) + Br() Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solution (=brine) BH (aq) + 2Cr (aq) — Cla (6) Fa (a) Electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid 40H (aa) + 4H (aq) > Op (a) + 240 () + 2H (@) Section 2 ‘Alkali metals in water 2Na (s) + 2H,0 (g) —> 2NaOH (aq) + He (a) You can replace Na in the equation above with Li, K, Rb or even Cs. Displacement of chloride fons by fluorine F, (aq) * 2NaCI(aq) > Ch (aq) + 2NaF (aq) You can replace Cl by Br or I (iodine). Displacement of bromide fons by chlorine Ch (aq) + 2NaBr (aq) > Bre (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) You can replace Br by I (iodine). Displacement of iodide ions by bromine Bro(aq) * 2Nal(aq) => (aq) + 2NaBr(aq) ‘Oxidation of copper 2Cu(s) + 2 () —* 2Cu0(s) Laboratory preparation of oxygen using hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide as catalyst Tdi) > TOM > Ow) Burning of magnesium 2Mg (S)_+ G2 (a) = 2Mg0 (8) Burning of carbon G(s) +0, (g) > CO, (s} ‘Oxidation of sulphur S (5) + Or (g) = SOr (a) Preparation of carbon dioxide using an acid and a metal carbonate (CaCO, (s) + 2HCI (aq) > CaCl (aq) + 2H,0 (1) + COz(9) ‘Combustion of hydrogen 2H, (g) + Or (g) > 2420 (I) Testing for waler/hydration of anhydrous copper sulphate CuSO. (s) + 5120 (l) > CuSO, 5H,O Magnesium and hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen Mg (s) + 2HCI (aq) MgCh (aq) +H, (a) Replace magnesium by any other group 2 metal or Cu or Zn ‘Some displacement reactions involving metals and metal salt solutions Mg (s) + CuSO, (aq) MgSO, (aq) * Cu (s) Fe (s) + CuSO. (aq) -» FeSO, (aq) + Cu (s) Testing for sulphate ion to form a white precipitate (s) (this is also an equation for the preparation of an insoluble salt) ‘CuSO, (aq) + BaNOs), (aq) > CulNOs)(aq) + BaSO, (s) Testing for chloride ion to form a white precipitate (s) (this is also an equation for the preparation of an insoluble salt) ‘CuCl, faq) + ZAGNO; (aq) => Cu(NO;)(aa) * 2AgCI(s) Thermal decomposition of a metal carbonate GuGOz(@) = COTS) * COL) IGCSE Edexcel balanced symbol equations you should know 1Section 3 ‘Complete combustion of methane CH. + 20, —» CO, * 2H,0 Incomplete combustion of methane | 2CH, + 30, —> 2CO + 4H,O Methane reacting with chlorine in UV_[GH, + Gh —> CHCl + HCl (substitution} Ethene reacting with bromine GH. + Bh —> GH.Br (addition) Hydration of ethane to form ethanol _| GH, +_H;O —> G.Hs0H Fermentation CoH 205 (aq) ——> _2C2HsOH (ag) + 2002 (g) Section 4 ‘Acid reacting with a metal to form H,SO. (aq) + Mg (8) ——> MgSO. (aq) + H2(g) hydrogen and a salt Mg can be replaced by Zn, Cu or a group 2 metal ‘Acid reacting with a metal oxide to |2HCI(aq) + MgO (s) —— MgCh (aa) + HO ( produce a salt and water ‘Acid reacting with a metal hydroxide to |HCI(aq) + NaOH (aq) ——> NaCl(aq) + HOC) form a salt and water ‘Acid reacting with a metal carbonate to form a salt, water and carbon dioxide 2HCI (aq) + CaCO, (s) —> CaCl, (aq) + HO) + COz(@) Dissociation of hydrogen chloride in water HCI (aq) > ~ Cu(NOs)2(aq) + PbCh(s) Reversible reaction dehydration and hydration of copper sulphate (CuSO,.5H,0 (s) <> CuSO, (s) + 5H.0 (I) ‘Ammonium chloride reversible reaction NHeCl(s) <* HCI (g) + NHs (9) Section 5 Carbon burning to make carbon dioxide; this is important because it provides the heat for the reduction. C(s) + O2(g) —* COz(g) ‘Carbon dioxide reacting with carbon (al the top of the furnace there is little oxygen) to form carbon monoxide Cis) + Cla) —> 2601) Carbon monoxide reduces the iron oxide (this is the main reaction Fe,03 (8) + 3CO(g}—> 2Fe (s) * 3CO; (a) Calcium carbonate decomposing (CaCO; (s)— _CaO(s) + CO: (g) (waste gas] Calcium oxide reacting with silicon dioxide to form slag CaO (s)* SiOz (s) — _CaSiO; (s) Electrolysis of molten aluminium oxide 2A;0; —> 4Al(s)* 302 (9) Example of cracking e.g. cracking hexane CoH —> Css + 4H2 Cracking decane CH ——> GcHa + CaHe + GH Haber process. ‘3H2(g)_ + Nz (g) = 2NH3(g Making ammonium sulphate and 2NHy + FSO, — (NFis)sS0 ammonium nitrate (fertilizers) NHs(g)_+ HNOs (aq) —-> _NH,NOs (s) ‘Burning of sulphur: $+ 0, —=S0; Roasting/burning sulphur dioxide in| 250, + 0 <-> 2505 IGCSE Edexcel balanced symbol equations you should know 2‘oxygen to make sulphur tioxide Dissolving of the sulfur trioxide in 30; + H:S0, —> H,8:0; concentrated sulphuric acid to form oleum. ‘Oloum reacts with water to from HS:0; + HO —> _2H:SO. sulphuric acid IGCSE Edexcel balanced symbol equations you should know