p n cng mn hc: Vt liu hc k thut

Cu 1 : Th no l mng tinh th? Trnh by cu truc tinh th in hnh ca cht rn co lin kt

kim loi (kim loi nguyn cht)? ( 4)
Tr li:
a/ Mng tinh th: c hiu l 1 m hnh khng gian m t quy lut hnh hc sp xp cc cht
im th rn trong vt tinh th. Hiu theo cch khc, trong 1 n v tinh th xt trng thi
rn, cc nguyn t (cht im) phn b theo mt quy lut hnh hc nht nh.
Ty thuc vo cc loi vt liu v iu kin bn ngoi nh nhit , p sut, mi n v
tinh th c trng cho loi vt liu o co cc nguyn t sp xp theo mt trt t ring di dng
hnh hc xc nh.
b/cu truc in hnh ca kim loi nguyn cht:
Lp phng tm khi A2: c s l hnh lp phng cnh bng a,cc nguyn t(ion) nm cc
nh v cc trung tm khi. nv= 8 nh.1/8+ 1 gia= 2 nguyn t dng t =

s sp xp l 8 .

mt th tch 68% co 2 loi l hng: + loi 4 mt: co kch thc 0.291 dng t nm trn cnh
ni im gia cc cnh i din ca cc mt bn.
+ loi 8 mt: co kch thc 0.154 dng t nm tm cc mt bn v gia cc cnh
a.
Mng A2 co nhiu l hng nhng kch thc cc l hng nh
Cc kim loi in hnh Fe ; crom ; molipden ; vonfram
Lp phng tm mt A1: khc vi mng A2, thay v nguyn t nm tm khi th nm tm
cc mt bn. nv= 8 nh.1/8+ 6 mt. 1/2= 4 nguyn t dng t =

s sp xp l 12. Mt th

tch 74%
co 2 loi l hng: + loi 4 mt: co kch thc 0.225 dng t nm ng cho khi tnh t nh
+ loi 8 mt: co kch thc 0.414 dng t nm trung tm khi v gia cc cnh
Mng A1 co t l hng hn nhng kch thc ln hn. Chnh iu ny l yu t quyt
nh cho s ha tan di dng xen k.
Cc kim loi in hnh: Fe ; niken ; ng ; nhm ; ch ; bc ; vng;
Lp phng din tm A3: c s l khi lng tr lc gic, cc nguyn t nm trn 12 nh, tm
ca 2 mt y v tm ca 3 khi lng tr tam gic. nv = 12. 1/6 + 2. +3 = 6 nguyn t
Chiu cao c ca ph thuc vo cnh a ca lc gic y m lun bng
thc t

lun thay i; quy c

+ 1.57< <1.64 th mng c coi l xp cht

hay 1,633. trong

nm ngoi th coi l khng xp cht

Mng A3 cng co l hng 4 mt v 8 mt.

Cc kim loi in hnh: Ti ; magie ; km,
Co hnh v
Cu 2.Trnh by hiu bit ca mnh v sai l ch mng tinh th? Cho v d?
Tr li:
Trong thc t khng phi 100% nguyn t u nm ung v tr quy nh, gy nn sai lch c
gi l sai lch mng tinh th hay khuyt tt mng. Tuy s nguyn t nm lch v tr quy nh
chim t l rt thp song co nh hng ln n c tnh: Kh nng bin dng do
Sai lch mng chia thnh: im, ng v mt.
Sai lch im: Kch thc rt nh theo c 3 chiu trong khng gian bao gm:
Nut trng: Nhng v tr thiu nguyn t do dao ng nhit gy ra.
Nguyn t xem k: Cht im nhy khi v tr cn bng, v nm v tr no o trong mng to
nn xen k hay cn gi l sai ch.
Nguyn t l thay th: Trong mng tinh th lun co ln nguyn t khc thng gi l tp cht.
Do kch thc ca kim loi nn v nguyn t tp cht khc nhau nn co s s lch cc b quanh
v tr ca no, to nn khuyt tt im.
Nguyn t l xen k: Nhng nguyn t l nm v tr no o trong mng to nn xen k.
Sai lch ng lch: L dng khuyt tt co kch thc pht trin di theo mt hng nht nh,
bao gm:
Lch bin
Lch xon
Lch hn hp
Co nh hng n bin dng ca kim loi.
Sai lch mt lch: L loi khuyt tt co kch thc pht trin theo 2 chiu, bao gm:
Bin gii ht
Bin gii pha
Khuyt tt xp v xong tinh
V d: Khuyt tt khi uc, nt.
Tim thm v d
Cu 3:
iu
kin xy
ra kt
tinh,ly
v d?

V d gi austenit qu ngui st A1
T700oC,T nh25oC to thnh Peclit(tm)
T650 oC,T75 oC to thnh Xoocbit ti
Cu 4: Trnh by hiu bit v s hnh thnh ht? Cc phng php to ht nh khi uc v ng
dng trong thc t? Cho v d?
Tr li:
1, S hnh thnh ht:
Tin trnh kt tinh: t mi mm to nn mt ht, cc ht pht trin trc to hn, pht trin sau
nh hn kch thc ht chnh lch t do cc mm nh hng ngu nhin ht khng ng
hng vng bin ht vi mng tinh th b x lch.
Hnh dng ht: ph thuc vo phng thc lam ngui:
+ Ngui u theo mi phng ht co dng a cnh hoc cu.
+ Ngui nhanh theo 2 phng (tc 1 mt) ht co dng tm, l, phin nh grafit trong gang
xm.
+ Ngui nhanh theo mt phng no o, ht co dng a, ct hoc hnh tr.
2, Cc phng php to ht nh khi uc:
Ht nh c tnh cao hn tm cch to ht nh.
tng tc ngui: khi tng tc qu ngui T o , tc sinh mm n v tc pht trin di
ca mm v u tng.
Bin tnh:
To mm ngoi lai: 2 loi:
Kim loi co cng kiu mng hoc gn ging nhau: FeSi, FeSiCa(gang), Ti ( thp).
Cho cht to oxit, nitric: Al2O3, AlN khi uc thp
Hp th: Na cho Silumin (AlSi)
Cu hoa grafit: Mg, Ce, h
Tc ng vt l:
Rung, siu m b gy tinh th ht nh.
uc ly tm ht nh.
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 5:Trnh by cu to tinh th ca thi uc? cc khuyt t t khi uc, nguyn nhn v cc khc
phc? Cho v d?
TL: c im t chc kim loi ca thi uc:
Thi uc co 3 lp
1) Lp v :
Gm nhng ht ng trc kch thc nh. Lp v tip xuc vi thnh khun ngui nn to
nhit nhanh, T ln. Mt khc co iu kin to mm k sinh. Kt qu l to thnh cc ht nh
ng trc.
2) Lp 2 :

Gm nhng ht tinh th di, xp song song nhau gi l lp tinh th hnh tr. V khun
nong li co o kim loi nong nn tc ngui chm hn, Nh hn. Phng to nhit vung
goc vi thnh khun. Tinh th pht trin theo phng vung goc vi thnh khun to thnh dng
tr di vung goc thnh khun.
3)Lpli :
Gm nhng ht ng trc, ht ln. Lc ny ton b khun nng. Phn kim loi cn li
to nhit hu nh theo cc phng l nh nhau.Kim loi lng ngui u v chm. T rt
nh,ht ln.
Tuy nhin, cu to ht ca 3 lp c s khc nhau nht nh gia kim loi nguyn cht v hp
kim
Cc khuyt tt khi uc: xy ra r, nt, nhot
Nguyn nhn:
Nt do xm thc hydr theo hng ng sut
vic qun l nhit kim loi hoc khng thit b o qun l nhit trc khi rot.
Cch khc phc :
Nu vt nt, r nh co th hn , p keo.
Khc phc khuyt tt cho khun uc
Khun trc khi uc phi t cho tht k gim ti a lng kh Hydro cn sot li trong thnh
khun
Trit p dng nguyn tc bnh thng nhau y sch khng kh trong lng khun
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 6:cc giai on chuyn bin khi nung nong kim loi qua bin dng do?cho v d?(trang
43 ti liu VLKT)
Tr li:co 2 giai on chnh:
1.Giai on hi phc: nhit thp(<0.10.2T).
Tc dng:gim sai lch mng,gim mt lch v ng sut bn trongtrong khi o t chc t vi
cha thay i,gim in tr chut t,c tnh cha thay i.
2.Kt tinh li:
a.kt tinh li ln 1:
- bn cht kt tinh li:l qu trnh hnh thnh cc ht mi khng co sai lch do bin dng do gy
ra theo 2 c ch ny mm v pht trin mm.
+To mm: nhng vng b x lch mnh nht,bin dng do cng mnh th cng nhiu mm.
+S pht trin mm tip theo l qu trnh t nhin
Sau khi kt tinh li: do tng ln, bn, cng gim i t ngt.
Nhit kt tinh:T=aTc(k),>4050%,thi gian gi nhit l 1h, bin dng cng ln,thi gian
nhit cng di,h s a cng nh.
Vd:Fe(Tc=1539C)-450C;Cu(Tc=1083C)-270C,
T chc t vi v ht:ht mi a cnh,ng trc ht ph thuc
+mc bin dng:bin dng nho 28% ht to thnh rt ln gi l bin dng ti hn(thng
phi trnh)
+Nhit :cng caoht cng to.

+Thi gian gi nhit:cng diht cng ln.

b.Kt tinh li ln 2:nhit cao,thi gian gi nhit dist nhp ca cc ht nut ht b lm
ht to ln thm.Xu c tnhphi trnh.
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 7: Bin dng nong (khi nim, cc qu trnh xy ra, c im)? Cho v d minh ha?
Khi nim:
Bin dng nong l bin dng do nhit cao hn nhit kt tinh li ca no.
Cc qu trnh xy ra:
Hai qu trnh i lp nhau xy ra ng thi:
- Bin dng do lm x lch mng to nn hoa bn,bin cng,
- Kt tinh li lm mt x lch mng gy ra thi bn,gim cng.
Nu hiu ng thi bn > hoa bn hoc kt thuc bin dng nhit dn ti mm
Ngc li : kt tinh li tip theo bng cch vi vo ct hay vi bt.
Cc c im
u im:
Kim li xp cht, do cao hn, t khi b nt, nng sut cao, gia cng c cc phi ln, tit kim
nng lng.
Nhc im:
Kho ng u,t chc v c tnh, km chnh xc hnh dng, knh thc, oxy hoa,...
Cht lng b mt khng cao: vy oxyt, thot cacbon.
V d minh ha:
To phi ch to trc khy u bng dp nong th tt hn ct t thi thp nguyn.
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 8: Trnh by cc c tnh ca dung dich rn. So snh dd rn xen k v rn thay th.
Cc c tnh ca dung dch rn: V mt cu truc dung dch rn ca hp kim co kiu mng tinh
th vn l kiu mng ca kim loi dung mi. c tnh c bn ny quyt nh cc c trng c l
hoa tnh ca dung dch rn, v c bn vn gi c cc tnh cht c bn ca kim loi ch hay
nn. Nh vy dung dch rn trong hp kim co cc c tnh c th nh sau:
Lin kt vn l lin kt kim loi, do vy dung dch rn vn gi c tnh do ging nh kim loi
nguyn cht
Thnh phn ho hc thay i theo phm vi nht nh m khng lm thay i kiu mng.
Tnh cht bin i nhiu: do, dai, h s nhit in tr gim, in tr bn, cng
tng ln.
Do cc c tnh trn nn dung dch rn l c s ca hp kim kt cu dng trong c kh. Trong
hp kim ny pha c bn l dung dch rn, no chim xp x n 90% co trng hp n 100%.
Dung dch rn thay th
cc dung dch rn thay th, cc nguyn t ca cht tan thng thng c phn b thng k
trong mng dung mi. Mng khng gian xung quanh nguyn t cht tan xut hin nhng sai lch
cc b. Nhng sai lch ny dn ti s thay i tnh cht v s thay i thng s mng trung bnh.
S hnh thnh cc dung dch rn lun lun km theo vic tng in tr v gim h s nhit in

tr. Cc kim loi dng dung dch rn thng km do, lun lun cng hn v bn hn so vi
cc kim loi nguyn cht.
Dung dch rn xen k
Trong kim loi, cc dung dch rn loi ny xut hin khi hp kim hoa cc kim loi chuyn tip
bng cc kim co bn knh nguyn t nh nh H, N, C, B. Nhng x lch mng xut hin khi
to thnh dung dch rn xen k vt qu nhng x lch mng khi to thnh dung dch rn thay
th, do vy cc tnh cht cng thay i mnh hn. Theo mc tng nng ca nguyn t ha
tan trong dung dch rn m in tr, lc khng t, cng v bn tng, nhng do v
dai gim i r rt.
Cu 9: Quan h gia dng gin pha v tnh cht ca hp kim? Cho v d minh ha?
Tr li:
Quan h gia dng gin pha v tnh cht ca hp kim
-Hp kim co t chc 1 pha th tnh cht ca hp kim l tnh cht ca pha o
-Hp kim co t chc bao gm hn hp ca nhiu pha th tnh cht ca hp kim l s tng hp
hay kt hp tnh cht ca cc pha thnh phn ( khng phi l cng n thun) gm cc trng
hp:
+hp kim l dung dch rn + cc pha trung gian
+quan h tnh cht- nng thng thng xc nh bng thc nghim
Quan h tuyn tnh ch ung khi cng c ht v pha phn b u n
Quan h phi tuyn : trong trng hp ht nh i hoc to ln, tnh cht t c s thay i
ty
theo tng trng hp : ht nh i th dai tng = bn
V d: xt hp kim ca St v Carbon gm co t chc 1 pha (Ferit, Austenit, Xementit) v t
chc 2 pha ( Peclit, Ledeburit) tnh cht ca hp kim St v Carbon chnh l bao gm cc t
chc 1 pha v 2 pha ca no ng vi mi pha th no co 1 trng thi nht nh
Cn b sung v ni dung
Cu 10: Cc t m t pha co trong gin trng thi Fe-C
Co 3 t chc m t pha co trong gin :Ferit ,Austenit,Xementit.
Ferit: k hi u(Fe ):l pha tn ti nhi t thng,do cha cacbon khng ng k nn c tnh
ca Ferit chnh l ca st nguyn cht: do, dai mm v km bn. T chc t vi ca Ferit trnh
by hnh sau co dng ht sng, a cnh.
Austenit: K hiu l ,no ch tn ti nhit cao hn 727oC, austenit co vai tr quyt nh
trong bin dng nong v nhit luyn.Vi tnh do cao v rt mm nhit cao nn bin dng
nong thp bao gi cng c thc hin trng thi austenit ng nht ( thng trn di
1000oC). V th co th tin hnh bin dng nong mi hp kim Fe-C vi C<2,14% d nhit
thng th hin cng v tnh dn kh cao. T chc t vi ca austenit co cc ht sng, co th
vi mu m nht .
Xementit: K hiu bng Xe cng thc Fe3C v thnh phn 6,67%C. Xementit l cng v gin,
cng vi ferit no to nn cc t chc khc nhau ca hp kim Fe-C. Ngi ta phn bit bn loi
xemetit:

+ Xementit th nht :c to thnh do gim nng cacbon trong hp kim lng, ch co

hp kim co > 4,3%. Do to thnh nhit cao nn xementit th nht co dng thng, th to i
khi co th thy c bng mt thng.
+ Xementit th hai: c to thnh do gim nng cacbon trong austenit, thng thy rt
r hp kim co >0,8%C n 2,14%C. Do to thnh nhit tng i cao >727oC, nn
xementit th hai lm gim mnh tnh do v dai ca hp kim.
+ Xementit th ba: c to thnh do gim nng cacbon trong ferit, vi s lng t l rt
nh nn thng c b qua.
+ Xementit cng tnh: c to thnh do chuyn bin cng tnh peclit.
Hnh v gin
Cu 11:
V gin trng thi Fe C (gio trnh VLKT trang 58).
Cc t chc hai pha :
+ Peclit
L hn hp cng tch ca F v X to thnh t phn ng cng tch.
Trong P co 88% F v 12% X phn b u
Peclit tm : F v X u dng tm nm xen k nhau.
Peclit ht : X thu gn li thnh dng ht nm phn b u trn nn F, peclit ht co bn,
cng thp, do , dai cao hn i chut.
+ Lburit
L hn hp ca peclit tm trn nn xementit sng.
Lburit cng v gin v t l X cao v ch co trong gang trng.
Hnh v gin
Cu 12: Ti sao khi hm lng cacbon tng ln cng ca thp li tng ln?
Tr li:
nh hng ca hm lng cacbon n c tnh v cng ngh nhit luyn:T gin pha Fe-C ta
thy khi hm lng cacbon tng ln t l Xmentitl pha gin trong t chc cng tng ln tng
ng (c thm 0,10%C s tng thm 1,50% xmentit ) do o lm thay i t chc t vi trng
thi cn bng ( ). Tc l hm lng cacbon cng cao thp cng cng, cng km do dai vcng
gin.
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 13:Nhit luyn l g? Qu trnh nhit luyn c c trng bi nhng thng s no?nh

hng ca chung n qu trnh nhit luyn nh th no?Cho v d?
Tr li:
_ Nhit luyn l qu trnh nung nong kim loi n nhit cn thit,gi nhit trong thi gian
nht nh ri lm ngui trong mi trng thch hp.
_ Nhng thng s c trng cho qu trnh nhit luyn:nhit nung nong(Tn);thi gian gi
nhit(Tgn) v tc lm ngui(Vng).

_ Nhng thng s ny nh hng n s thay i t chc t vi, bn, cng, do, dai,
cng vnh,bin dng ca kim loi.
_ V d: Nhit ti cng cao th cng kim loi cng cao.
(thp C45 ti t =740 C -21.8HRC t =900 C -25HRC).
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 14: Chuyn bin ca Austenit khi lm ngui nhanh - chuyn bin Mactenxit (khi ti)?
Tr li:
Khi lm ngui nhanh chuyn bin t Fe sang Fe, m khng co s khuych tn cacbon. L
chuyn bin t Austenit thnh Mactenxit.
Xy ra nhit 250oCtr xung.
Tc ngui nh nht chuyn bin ny xy ra gi l tc ti hn Vth (tc ngui ti hn).
B sung ni dung
Cu 15:Trnh by bn cht v cu truc ca mactenxit?
Tr li:
Bn cht v cu truc ca mactenxit:
A - nh ngha :
Mactenxit l dung dch rn xen k qu bo ha ca cacbon trong Fe co nng cacbon bng
nng ca austenit ban u.
Khi lm ngui rt nhanh cacbon trong austenit khng kp khuch tn to thnh xmentit. Luc
t nhit tng i thp ch co s chuyn mng t Fe sang Fe. Lng cacbon trong hai
t chc ny bng nhau.
B Cu truc ca mactenxit :
- Mactenxit co kiu mng chnh phng tm khi vi hai thong s mng l a v c. T s c/a gi
l chnh phng. Thng thng t s
c/a = 1,001 1,06.
Mactenxit co dng hnh kim, mt u nhn, cc kim ny to vi nhau goc 1200 hay 600 .
Cc nguyn t cacbon chui vo cc l hng trong mng ca Fe .
C Cc tnh cht ca mactenxit :
Do hm lng cacbon qu bo ha nn gy ra x lch mng ln, do vy cng cao v tnh
chng mi mn ln. Hm lng cacbon cng ln cng cng cao
Mactenxit co tnh dn cao ph thuc vo kch thc ht ca no v ng sut bn trong. Ht cng
nh, ng sut cng thp tnh dn cng thp.
Cu 16:Ram l g? trnh by chuyn bin khi nung nng thp ti (khi ram)?
Tr li:
- Ram l phng php nhit luyn nung nng thp ti c t chc Mactenxit qu bo ha v
stenit d chuyn thnh cc t chc n nh hn ph hp vi yu cu t ra.
- Chuyn bin khi ram: Ni chung cc nguyn t hp kim ho tan trong mactenxit u cn tr s
phn ha ca cc pha ny khi ram hay ni c th l lm tng cc nhi t chuyn bin khi ram.
Nh v y dn n cc hi u ng nh sau:

+ Nng cao tinh chu nhi t cao, tinh bn nng, tinh cng nng.
+ Do khuych tn kh khn cacbit to thnh rt phn tn v nh min, lm tng tinh cng v tinh
chng mi mn, c goi l ho cng phn tn. S tng cng khi ram thp hp kim nhi t
thich hp lm cho austenit d -> mactenxit v cacbit tit ra dng phn tn, nh min c goi
l cng th hai.
+ Cng ram hay lm vi c m t nhi t , thp hp kim bao gi cng c cng, bn cao
hn. iu ny cung c nghia cng t cng bn nh nhau, phi ram thp hp kim
nhi t bao hn nn kh b c ng sut bn trong nhiu hn v th thp c th m bo
dai tt.
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 17: Trnh by cc phng php ram thp cacbon? ng dng trong thc t? Cho v d c
th?
Ram l mt phng php nhit luyn cc kim loi v hp kim gm nung nng chi tit ti n
nhit thp hn nhit ti hn (Ac1), sau gi nhit mt thi gian cn thit mactenxit
v austenit d phn ho thnh cc t chc thich hp ri lm ngui.
Ram c phn thnh 3 loi: Ram thp, Ram trung bnh v Ram cao.
Ram thp l phng php nhit luyn gm nung nng thp ti trong khong 150 n 250
C t chc t c l mactenxit ram. Khi Ram thp hu nh cng khng thay i (c thay
i th rt it: t 1-3 HRC).ng dng: p dng cho cac loi dao ct,dao dp chi tit sau khi thm
cacbon.
Ram trung bnh l phng php nung nong thp ti trong khong 300-450 C, t chc t
c l trustit ram. Khi ram trung bnh cng ca thp ti tuy co gim nhng vn cn kh cao,
khong 40-45 HRC, ng sut bn trong gim mnh, gii hn n hi t c gi tr cao nht,
do, dai tng ln.ng dng: p dng cho cc chi tit nh l xo,nhp khun rn,khun dp
nong,cn cng tng i cao v n hi tt
Ram cao l phng php nung nng thp ti trong khong 500-650 C, t chc t c l
xoocbit ram. Khi ram cao cng ca thp ti gim mnh, t khong 15-25 HRC, ng sut
trong b kh b, bn gim i cn do, dai tng ln mnh
ng dung: p dng cho cc chi tit chu ti trong ng v tinh ln nh thanh truyn,bnh rng
trc
Ram mu v t ram
-khi nung nong nhit thp 200-300 C , trn b mt thp xut hin lp oxit mng co mu
c trng:
+Mu vng: 220-240 C
+Mu nu: 255-265 C
+Mu tm: 285-295 C
+Mu xanh:310-330 C
nh hng ca thi gian ram: thi gian gi nhit cng nh hng ti chuyn bin khi ram v co
tc dng nh tng nhit
V d c th: ram bua ch ram thp
Cu 18: Trnh by nh ngha,mc ch, phng php ti thp? ng dng trong thc t, cho v
d?

Tr li: Ti thp l nguyn cng nhit luyn rt thng dng gm nung nong thp ln nhit
xc nh, gi nhit o mt thi gian cn thit v lm ngui nhanh trong mi trng thch
hp.
- Mc ch: Nhm nhn c cng v mi mn cao ca thp.
%C < 0.35%-<= HRC50
%C = 0.40% n 0.65 % - HRC52 n 58
Nhm nng cao bn v sc chu ti ca chi tit my, p dng cho thp co
%C=0.15-0.65: _ ti + ram trung bnh thp n hi (0.55-0.65)%C
_ti + ram cao, thp co c tnh tng howpcj cao nht ( thp 0.3-0.5)%C
- Cc phng php ti:
Phn loi: theo nhit : ti hon ton va ti khng hon ton.
theo phm vi:ti th tch v ti b mt.
theo phng thc v theo mi trng lm ngui, ta co:
1.Ti trong mt mi trng:
Yu cu i vi mi trng:
- Lm ngui nhanh thp t t chc M, khng lm thp b nt hay bin dng.
- R, sn, an ton v bo v mi trng.
Lm ngui nhanh thp trong khong gamma km n nh nht 500-6000C gamma khng kp
phn hoa thnh hn hp F-X.
Lm ngui chm thp ngoi khong nhit trn v o gamma qu ngui co tnh n nh cao
khng s chuyn bin thnh hn hp F- X co cng thp.c bit trong khong chuyn bin
M (300 200oC), ngui chm s lm gim ng sut pha do o t b nt v t cong vnh.Nc l
mi trng ti mnh, an ton, r, d kim nn rt thng dng nhng cng rt d gy ra nt, bin
dng, khng gy chy hay bc mi kho chu, khi nhit nc b ti >400C tc ngui gim,
khi To nc = 50oC, tc ngui thp chm hn c trong du m khng lm gim kh nng b
bin dng v nt (do khng lm gim tc ngui nhit thp) phi lu trnh: bng cch
cp nc lnh mi vo v thi lp nc nong b mt i.
Nc (lnh) l mi trng ti cho thp cacbon (l loi co Vth ln, 400 800oC/s), song khng
thch hp cho chi tit co hnh dng phc tp. Nc c ha tan 10% cc mui (NaCl hoc
NaCO3) hay (NaOH): ngui rt nhanh nhit cao song khng tng kh nng gy nt (v hu
nh khng tng tc ngui nhit thp) so vi nc, c dng ti thp dng c cacbon
(cn cng cao).
Du: lm ngui chm thp c 2 khong nhit do o t gy bin dng, nt nhng kh nng
ti cng li km.Du nong, 60 80oC co kh nng ti tt hn v co long (linh ng) tt
khng bm nhiu vo b mt thp sau khi ti. Nhc im d bc chy, phi co h thng xon co
nc lu thng lm ngui du, bc mi gy nhim hi sc khe.
Ti trong mt mi trng rt ph bin do d p dng c kh hoa t ng hoa, gim nh iu
kin lao ng nng nhc.
2. Ti trong 2 mi trng:
Tn dng c u im ca c nc ln du: nc, nc pha mui, xut qua du( hay khng
kh) cho n khi ngui hn. Nh vy va m bo cng cho thp va t gy bin dng, nt.
Nhc im: kho, i hi kinh nghim, kho c kh hoa ch p dng cho ti n chic thp C
cao.

10

3. Ti phn cp:
u im: khc phc c kho khn v xc nh thi im chuyn mi trng. t cng cao
song co ng sut bn trong nh, bin dng thp nht thm ch co th sa, nn sau khi gi ng
nhit khi thp trng thi gamma qu ngui vn cn do.
Nhc im: nng sut thp ch p dng cho thp co Vth nh v vi tit din nh nh mi
khoan, dao phay
4. Ti ng nhit:
Khc vi ti phn cp ch gi ng nhit lu hn cng trong mi trng lng.
F X nh mn co cng tng i cao do dai tt, ty theo nhit gi ng nhit s
c cc t chc khc nhau. Khng phi ram.Co mi u nhc im ca ti phn cp nhng
cng thp hn dai cao hn nng sut thp.
5. Gia cng lnh:
Ap dng cho thp dng c hp kim %C cao v c hp kim hoa.
6. Ti t ram:
L cch ti vi lm ngui khng trit nhm li dng nhit ca li hay cc phn khc truyn
n nung nong tc ram ngay phn va c ti: c, chm, ti cm ng bng my, trc di
Hi di.
Cu 19: Trnh by nh ngha, mc ch v cc phng php ti thp? ng dng trong thc t,
cho v d?
Tr li:
* nh ngha: l phng php nung thp ln cao qu nhit ti hn A1 t c pha ,gi nhit
ri lm ngui nhanh to thnh Mactenxit hay cc t chc khng n nh khc vi cng cao.
*Mc ch:
-Ti lm tng bn, tng kh nng chu ti ca chi tit. p dng cho mi
loi thp co %C = 0,15 0,65
-Lm tng cng: tng kh nng chng mi mn ca chi tit. p dng
cho thp co %C khc nhau.
*Cc phng php ti thp :
+Ti trong mt mi trng:l phng php sau khi nung n nhit ti v lm ngui trong
mt mi trng
-Cc mi trng ngui nh: dung dch, nc, nc vi du, du nht, khng kh.
-Nguyn tc: Vngui (mi trng ngui)=Vth +(30-50)oC.
-u: n gin, d thc hin.
-khuyt: do ngui nhanh trong vng chuyn bin Mactenxit, ng sut sinh
ra ln tng nguy c ph hy.
-p dng cho cc chi tit co hnh dng n gin lm bng thp hp kim v thp cacbon co
%C thp v trung bnh
+Ti trong mt hai trng
-Mi trng 1 co Vng>Vth v mi trng 2 co Vng cng chm cng tt
-u tin cho ngui mi trng 1, ti gn nhit chuyn bin M th chuyn
sang mi trng (2) ngui ti nhit thng.
-u: khc phc c nhc im ca phng php ti trong mt mi

11

trng v t xy ra cong vnh hoc nt v gim c ng sut nhit

-Khuyt: kho xc nh c nhit ti tA chuyn t mi trng (1)
sang mi trng (2) v kho xc nh c thi im chuyn chi tit sang mi trng th hai .i
hi co kinh nghim, kho c kh hoa, t ng hoa.
-p dng cho thp cacbon cao v nng sut thp
- Kt hp hai mi trng ti nh nc vi du hay ,nc pha mui v du.
+Ti phn cp:
-Mi trng ti l mui nong chy
-Cho cng cao ,ng sut d nh ,t b bin dng,nng sut thp ,p dng cho thp co
Vth nh
+Ti ng nhit:
-Mi trng ti l mui nng chy
-Thi gin gi nhit lu
-Sau ti khng phi ram ,nng sut thp
+Gia cng lnh:
-L phng php lm ngui chi tit sau khi ti xung di oC (-70 oC)
-Lm tng cng ca thp cacbon cao tng tnh chng mi mi
-c p dng cho thp dng c hp kim ,%C cao v c hp kim hoa.
+Ti t ram: L phng php ti khng trit ,s dng nhit ca phn li ram
+Ti b phn: : l phng php ti phn lm vic ca chi tit,gm 2 cch:nung nong b
phn cn ti ,ri lm ngui ton b hay b phn v nung nong ton b ri lm ngui b phn p
dng cho cc dng c :c ,bua
*ng dng trong thc t:Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng phng php ti ti cc chi tit
my moc c kh,dng c ,chi tit lm vic i hi c tnh cao nhm lm tng tnh chu ti ,chu
mi mi v t c cng cao gop phn tng tui th ca chi tit.V d nh ta ra mt loi
dao sc bn m t b mn v bin dng th bt buc ngi ch to ra no phi s dng phng
php ti am bo cht lng sn phm,ti dao ngi ta thng s dng phng php ti trong
mt mi trng(du hoc nc..).
Cu 20:Trnh by hiu bit v phng php ti th tch ? Cc mi trng ti v ng dng trong
thc t cho v d minh ha ?
TL:
1.Phng php ti th tch.
- l phng php lm ngui cc sn phm nhit luyn trong mi trng cht
Cht lng .Vi cc loi mi trng thch hp khc nhau.
* Ti trong mt mi trng v cc mi trng ti thng dng:
- Yu cu chn mi trng ti:
V kh nng lm ngui thp, mi trng ti phi tha yu cu sau:
1-/ Lm ngui nhanh thp trong khong Austenit . Mun vy mi trng ti lm ngui
thp vi tc ln hn tc mi trng ti hn . Khi ny th c t chc Mactenxit, thp tr
nn cng. y l iu kin i vi mi trng ti.
Cc mi trng ti thng dng:

12

1 .Nc l mi trng ti d kim nht, an ton v thng dng, no l mi trng ti

mnh.
a . Nc lnh lm ngui thp kh nhanh c hai khong nhit do vy bo m
cng cao khi ti nhng cng d gy ra nt, bin dng.
-Nc nong (>40oC) lm gim mnh tc ngui nhit cao (t 600 gim xung cn
100oC/s) nn lm gim kh nng ti cng, m khng gim kh nng b bin dng v nt (do
khng gim tc ngui nhit thp).
V vy phi lun lun cung cp nc lnh vo b ti trong luc ti.
Nc lnh l mi trng ti cho thp Cacbon (no co vn tc ti hn ln), song khng
thch hp cho chi tit co hnh dng phc tp.
- Chu : Khi ha tan vo nc mt lng 10% cc mui NaCL, Na2CO3, NaOH, kh
nng ti cng ca thp tng ln (do tng tc ngui nhit cao) song khng tng kh nng
nt (v khng tng tc ngui nhit thp) so vi nc. Dung dch ny c dng ti
thp Cacbon co vn tc ti hn ln.
b .Du l mi trng ti ph bin, co cc tnh cht hu nh ngc li vi nc.
Du lm ngui chm thp c hai khong nhit do o tuy co t gy nt, bin dng
nhng kh nng ti li km.
- Du nong v du ngui co kh nng ti ging nhau,nn ngi ta thng ti trong du nong 60 80oC co tnh long (linh ng) tt.
- Song nhc im ca du l khi qu nong (> 150oC) s b bc chy, nn trong b ti du
thng co ng xon nc lm ngui.
Du l mi trng ti cho thp hp kim (no co vn tc ti hn nh), cc chi tit co hnh
dng phc tp, thp, thp Cacbon mng .
*. Ti trong hai mi trng.
- Cch ti ny li dng c c hai u im ca nc v du.
+ u tin thp ti c lm ngui nhanh trong mi trng ti mnh: nc, nc pha mui, sut
n khi sp xy ra chuyn bin Mactenxit (300 - 400oC).
+ Sau o chuyn sang lm ngui chm trong mi trng ti yu: du hay khng kh cho dn khi
ngui hn.
+ Nh vy va bo m cho thp cng, va t gy bin dng v nt.
- Nhc im v mt cng ngh ca cch ti ny l kho xc nh thi im chuyn mi trng:
+ nu qu sm(khi nhit ca thp cn cao) khng th t cng cao do co chuyn bin
thnh hn hp Ferit + Xmentit v lm ngui chm tip theo.
+ nu qu mun chuyn bin Mactenxit xy ra ngay trong mi trng ti mnh d gy nt, bin
dng.
+Thng xc nh theo kinh nghim .
* Ti phn cp :
- Cch ti ny khc phc c kho khn v xc nh thi gian chuyn mi trng
cch ti trn.
+ u tin thp ti c nhung vo mi trng lng nong chy co nhit cao hn khong 50 100oC, thp b ngui n nhit ny v gi nhit ng u nhit trn tit din (thng
ko di 3 -5 ph).
+ sau o nhc ra lm ngui ngoi khng kh chuyn bin Mactenxit.

13

- u im ca cch ti ny l vn t cng cao song gy ra ng sut bn trong rt nh,

bin dng l thp nht .
- Hn ch ca ti phn cp l ch p dng c cho cc thp co vn tc ti hn nh (thp
hp kim cao nh thp gio) v vi tit din mng nh mi khoan, li phay.
Ba cch ti k trn u t c t chc Mactenxit .
* Ti ng nhit
- No ch khc ti phn cp ch gi nhit tht lu (hng gi) .
+ Sau khi ti ng nhit khng phi ram.
Ti ng nhit co mi u nhc im ca ti phn cp, ch khc l co cng thp hn v
dai cao hn.
Do nng sut thp, trong thc t t p dng cch ti ny.
V d: Mt s dng c co yu cu v bin dng cho php thp v khng yu cu cng cao,
v gang cn co p dng cch ti ny.
* Gia cng lnh:
- i vi nhiu thp dng c hp kim do lng Cacbon v hp kim cao, nn khi lm
ngui n nhit thng vn cn nhiu Austenit d , lm cho cng t c b hn ch.
- t cng cao nht, ngi ta co th em thp ti tip tc lm ngui (lnh) n nhit
m (-50 hay -70oC) Austenit tip tc chuyn bin thnh Mactenxit. Qu trnh o gi l gia
cng lnh.
V d: Ngi ta p dng gia cng lnh cho cc chi tit my, dng c cn cng tht
cao nh vng bi, vi phun cao p, dao ct kim loi.
* Ti t ram: L cch ti vi lm ngui khng trit , ch trong thi gian ngn t vi n
vi chc giy sau o nhit ca li hay ca cc phn khc truyn n, nung nong, tc tin hnh
ram ngay phn va c ti. Sau o khng phi a i ram tip.
V d :Ti t ram c ng dng rng ri khi ti cm ng cc chi tit ln(bng my, trc
di...), ti c.
Hi di v thiu chun b
Cu 21: Trnh by nhng yu t nh hng n tc ti ti hn v thm ti?
Tr li:
CC YU T NH HNG N TC TI HN
Thnh phn hp kim ca
_ Austenit cng giu cc nguyn t hp kim th ng C cng dch sang phi,Vth cng
nh.
_ Thp 2-3% nguyn t hp kim co Vth100C/s.
_ Thp 5-7% nguyn t hp kim co Vth25C/s.
S ng nht ca
_ Austenit cng ng nht cng d bin thnh Mactenxit (vng giu C bin thnh X , vng
ngho C bin thnh F)
Kch thc ht
_ Ht Austenit cng ln, bin gii ht cng t,cng kho chuyn bin thanh hn hp F-X , lm
gim Vth.
Cc phn t rn cha tan ht vo

14

_ Thuc y chuyn bin thnh hn hp F-X ,lm tng Vth.

CC YU T NH HNG N THM TI
Vth: cng nh, thm ti cng cao
Tc lm ngui: cang nhanh lm tng nhng d gy nt va bin dng.
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 22: Trnh by hiu bit v hoa bn b m t bng phng php ti b m t nh nung nong
bng cm ng i n? ng dng trong thc t, cho v d?
Tr Li
1)nh ngha: l qu trnh nung nong hp kim hoc kim loi da trn nguyn l cm ng in t.
Nung cm ng thng c thc hin bi cc l nung tn s.
2) Nguyn l :
Khi t chi tit trong mt t trng ca dng xoay chiu vi tn s f th trn b mt chi tit s
xut hin dng in cm ng (dng fuco ). Dng in cm ng ny nung nong nhanh chi tit n
nhit ti theo hiu ng Jun-Lenxo.
Chiu su phn b dng in ( chiu dy lp nung nong):
=5030*/(f).
Trong o : l in tr sut, .cm.
l t thm, gaus/cstec.
f l tn s dng in.
3) Chn tn s v thit b
Tn s quyt nh chiu chiu dy lp nung nong do vy quyt nh chiu su lp ti cng. i
vi cc chi tit co lp ti day (4-5 mm) ngi ta dng my pht in tn s cao vi tn s t
2500 n 8000 Hz, cng sut ln hn100kW. Vi chi tit nh cn lp ti mng (1-2 mm) ngi
ta dng in co tn s cao 66.000 n 250.000 Hz co cng sut khon 50-60kW.
Thc t Vit Nam thng dng thit b pht dng cao tn . Vi cc chi tit ln cn chiu su ti
dy th tng thi gian d nhit tng ng.
4) Cu to vng cm ng: Vng cm ng lm bng ng ng co cu to ph hp vi b mt chi
tit cn ti, bn trong co nc lm ngui, khon cch gia vng cm vi b mt chi tit 1.5-5
mm khe h cng nh cng tn cng sut nung nong.
5) Cc phng php ti cm ng
Nung ton b v lm ngui ton b chi tit cn ti nu cng sut ca l cho php. Ch p dng
cho chi tit nh khng p dng chi tit ln.
Nung lin tc v lm ngui lin tc p dng c chi tit co chiu di ln. Vng cm ng co cu
to nung nong phn nh din tch ca vt ti, i k vng cm ng l vng phun nc lm
ngui, thit b ny chuyn ng trn sut chiu di chi tit v ti hon ton b mt ca no.
6) C tnh ca vt liu sau khi ti bng cm in t.
Nhit chuyn bin pha t Ac1, Ac3 nng cao hn do vy nhit ti phi ly cao hn so vi ti
th tch thng thng l 1000-2000oC.
qu nhit cao nn tc chuyn bin pha khi nung rt nhanh, thi gian chuyn ngn ht nh
mn nn sau khi ti ht Mactenxit nh mn.
Sau khi ti cm ng tin hnh ram thp, b mt thp co cng t 50 n 58 HRC chng mi
mon kh tt. Trong li co cng 30 n 40 HRC co gii hn chy v dai cao.

15

Sau khi ti cm ng th b mt sut hin ng sut nn d 800MPa.

7) u nhc im.
u im:
Co nng sut cao v nung nhanh v ch nung mt lp mng b mt chi tit.
Cht lng rt tt: cng ti b mt cao hn ti th tch 1 n 2 HRC, t b oxy hoa v thot
cacbon, t b bin dng hn
D t ng hoa v iu kin lao ng tt hn.
Nhc im:
Chi ph ch to vng cm ng cao.
Khng ph hp vi sn xut n chic.
Kho ch to vng cm ng khi chi tit ti co hnh dng phc tp.
8) ng dng trong thc t v cho v d:
Do vt liu chu c ma st mi mn, va chu ti trng tnh, va p cao rt thch hp i vi
bnh rng , hoc cht trc khuu, dng ti cc dng c c kh chu c mi mn cao nh mi
khoan, da.v.v.v.
Ti nhng b phn my vi nhng chi tit nh, dy lp ti trn b mt vt liu 1.2mm. ng
knh vt liu nh, ti luyn nhng dy co ng knh nh, ti luyn mt trong ca nhng l
khoan, l doa.
Nhng thnh phn kim loi trong vt liu nh: St/ng, nhm, thp hn, thnh phn than
cacbua,..
Ti luyn nhng rng ca ca li ca hp kim cng,Nhng ph kin trong lnh vc ch to
knhNhng dng c ch tc kim hon, ng h,... Cng nghip in t (dy co dy rt nh,
nhng tip im nh v nhng ph kin Hn dao.
Cu 23:Hoa nhit luyn l g? So snh u nhc im ca hai phng php thm cacbon th
rn v th kh?
Tr li:
Hoa nhit luyn l phng php hoa bn b mt co hiu qu hn ti cm ng song co nng sut
thp hn, c dng rng ri trong sn xut
nh ngha: Khc vi nhit luyn lm bin i t chc v tnh cht, khng lm thay i thnh
phn hoa hc, hoa nhit luyn l phng php nhit lm bo ha (khuch tn) vo b mt ca
thp mt hay nhiu nguyn t lm thay i thnh phn hoa hc do o lm bin i t chc v
tnh cht ca lp b mt theo mc ch nh.
So snh u nhc im ca hai phng php thm cacbon th rn v th kh:
Ging nhau:iu ti thp thng qua pha kh
Khc nhau:
thm cacbon th rn
thm cacbon th kh
Cht thm ny ch yu l than g (hay mn
ca) -80 - 95% v lng nh cc mui
cacbnat (Na2CO3, BaCO3...)
Kh CO phi hn 95%
Tri qua nhiu qu trnh

dng trc tip cc kh thm nh CO hoc CH4

thm
CO hoc CH4 trong hn hp ch cn 3-5%
n gin nhanh chong ch qua qu trnh

16

Than g (mn ca) chy trong iu

kin thiu oxy s to nn xyt cacbon:
2C + O2 --> 2CO
Kh CO khi gp b mt thp li b phn
tch
2CO --> CO2 + Cnguyn t
Cacbon nguyn t va mi to thnh b
hp th v khuch tn vo thp dng dung
dch rn Austenit vi nng cacbon cao dn:
Cnguyn t + Fe --> Fe (C)0,1-->0,81,2%C
Cc mui b phn hoa v xuc tc nh
sau:
BaCO3 --> BaO + CO2
CO2 + Cthan --> 2CO
b mt thp
2CO -------------> CO2 + Cng. t
Thi gian di (do tn cng v nhit nung nong
c hp than),.
Nng Cacbon b mt thng t ti 1,21,3%C (ng vi gii hn bo ha, ng SE
900oC), co li Cacbit (Xmentit II) lm xu
cht lng.
iu kin lao ng xu (bi than), kho c kh
hoa.

CH4---------> 2H2 + Cng. t

Nng sut cao, thi gian thm tng i ngn.
Cht lng tt, bo m nng C qui nh
trong lp thm.
D c kh hoa, iu kin lao ng tt.

Cu 24: Trnh by hiu bit v c nhi t luy n thp? Cc phng php c nhi t luy n v ng
dng trong thc t, cho v d?
Tr li:
a/ Bn cht:
C nhit luyn l qu trnh tin hnh hai c ch hoa bn cng mt luc: bin dng
do Austenit ri ti ngay tip theo trong mt qu trnh cng ngh duy nht. Kt qu l c
Mactenxit nh mn vi x lch mng cao, nh o t c s kt hp rt cao gia bn,
do v dai m cha co phng php hoa bn no snh kp. Sau c nhit luyn, thp c ram
thp 100-200oC.
So vi nhit luyn ti + ram thp, c nhit luyn cho bn cao hn 200-500 N/mm2
(khong 10-20%) cn do,dai -50-100%(tc gp ri - i).
Theo nhit tin hnh bin dng do v ti chia ra loi nhit cao v thp.
b/ C nhit luyn nhit cao:
Bin dng do thp nhit cao hn AC3 ri ti ngay tip theo cho s kt
tinh li Austenit khng kp xy ra tuy khng trnh c hon ton.
* c im:
Co th p dng cho mi thp k c thp Cacbon.

17

- D tin hnh v nhit cao Austenit do v n nh, khng cn lc p ln v ch cn

bin dng 20-30%.
Hnh 36: Qu trnh c nhit luyn.
- bn kh cao(tuy khng trnh khi kt tinh li b phn), do, dai cao
b
=2200-2400N/mm2, =6-8%, ak=300KJ/m2.
c/ C nhit luyn nhit thp:
Sau khi Austenit hoa trn AC3, lm ngui thp xung 400-600oC l vng
Austenit qu ngui co tnh n nh tng i cao v thp hn nhit kt tinh li, ri bin dng
do v ti ngay.
- Ch p dng c cho thp hp kim l loi co tnh n nh ca Austenit qu ngui rt
cao.
- Kho tin hnh hn v i hi bin dng ln(=50-90%) m nhit thp(400o
600 C) Austenit km do do vy phi cn my cn ln, yu cu cn phi thp phi co tit din
nh kp ngui nhanh n 400-600oC.
- t c bn rt cao do khng th xy ra kt tinh li b phn, song do, dai
thp hn: b=2600-2800N/mm2: =3%; ak=200KJ/m2.
ng chu l c tnh cao ca c nhit luyn vn cn gi li (di truyn) c khi ti tip
theo.
Cu 25. Trnh by cc khuyt tt xy ra khi nhit luyn thp, nguyn nhn v cch khc phc?
Tr li:
1. Bin dng v nt
a, Nguyn nhn
- Nguyn nhn: do ng sut sinh ra khi lm ngui lm thp b bin dng, cong vnh, nt.
b, Khc phc
- Nung nong v lm ngui vi tc hp l.
- Nung nong v lm ngui cc trc di: khi nung treo thng ng trnh cong, khi lm ngui
phi nhung thng ng, phn dy xung nc.
- Nn dng ti phn cp, h nhit trc khi ti, cc chi tit mng phi ti trong khun p;
- Cc chi tit b bin dng co th em nn, p nong hoc ngui.
2. xy ho v thot cacbon
a, Nguyn nhn
- Do trong mi trng nung co cha cc thnh phn gy xy ho Fe v C nh: O2, CO2, hi
nc,
b, Khc phc
- Phi lng d ht b i hoc em thm cacbon.
3. cng khng t
a, cng cao
- Nguyn nhn: khi v thng ho thp hp kim, do tc ngui qu ln.
- Khc phc: li
b, cng thp
- Nguyn nhn:

18

+ Nhit ti cha cao

+ Thi gian gi nhit ngn
+ Lm ngui khng nhanh.
- Khc phc: thot cacbon b mt.
4. Tnh gin cao
- Nguyn nhn: Do nhit ti qu cao, ht thp qu ln.
- Khc phc: em thng ho ri em ti li, tng bin dng.
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 26 : Co my phng php o cng ? Trnh by cc phng php o cng o?
tr li:
Cc phng php o cng:
Phng php m.
Phng php ny ln.
Phng php o xc.
Phng php o cng thng dng theo phng php m. Gm nhng phng php sau:
Phng php o cng Brinell
Nguyn l ca phng php l mt n mt vin bi bng thp ti cng, ln b mt mu, di
tc dng ca ti trng, trn b mt mu co vt lm hnh chm cu. Nu gi ti trng tc ng l
P(N), din tch vt lm l S(mm2), th s o Brinell c tnh bng biu thc:
HB = 0.1P/S (N / mm2)
iu kin o cng Brinell:
- Chiu dy mu th nghim khng nh hn 10 ln chiu su ca vt lm, xc nh theo cng
thc:
t (10.P) / (.D.HB)
(mm)
t - chiu di mu th (mm)
P - ti trng tc dng (kg)D - ng knh vin bi (mm)
HB - cng d on.
B mt mu th phi sch, phng, khng co khuyn tt. Nu b mt l cong, phi gia coongcho
v trid cn o thnh mt phng. Chiu rng, di ca vng cn o phi ln hn 2D. Khong cch
gia 2 vt o cng phi ln hn 2D.
Ch cho php o cc vt liu co cng nh hn 450 HB trnh bin dng cho vin bi. Luc
ny cng ca vin bi theo thang Vicker khng nh hn 850 HV.
Thi gian tc ng ti trng cng co nh hng ng k n kt qu o.
Phng php o cng Rockwell.
Phng php ny c tin hnh bng cch n mi m kim cng (hoc hp kim cng) hnh
cn, co goc nh l 120o, hoc vin bi thp, co ng knh 1/16 (1,588mm) ln b mt vt liu.
S o cng Rockwell c xc nh bng hiu s chiu su, khi tc dng ti trng s b 4.2).
Po = 100N v ti trng chnh P1.
Ngi ta qui c khi mi m xung 0,002 mm th cng gim i mt n v.
V gi tr h ny co theer o c trc tip, nn ngi ta dng dng ng h so, chia vch theo
cc thang qui c, ta d dng c c ngay sau khi b ti trng.

19

Tu theo dng mi m v ti trng, cng Rckell chia lm 3 thang:

cng Rockwell C - mi kim cng, ti trng 1500N-HRC.
cng Rockwell A - mi kim cng, ti trng 600N-HRA.
cng Rockwell B - mi bi 1,588mm, ti trng 1000N-HRB gi tr cng c tnh theo
cng thc:
HR = k (h / 0,002)
k - hng s, khi dng mi bi k =130; mi kim cng k=100.
h - chiu su vt lm do ti trng chnh tc dng (mm).
Khong cch gia hai vt o, hoc gia vt o vi cnh mu khng nh hn 1,5 mm khi dng
mi kim cng v 4mm khi dng bi. Mi mu o 3 ln, khng k ln u, ri ly trung bnh
cng.
Phng php o Rockwell cho php o cc mu co cng cao hn 450 HB, hoc cc mu
mng, nh hn 1,2mm. No cho php thay i ti trng trong mt phm vi rng m vn khng
lm thay i gi tr o c ca cng, v no bo m qui lut ng dng ca mi m. Ngoi
ra, thi gian o li rt nhanh (t 6 10 giy).
Trong p2 o Rockwell cn chu cc yu t gy kt qu o sai nh:
Gi tr ca cc vch chia khng tng ng vi s dch chuyn ca mi kim m.
Hnh dng mi m khng ung, mi b t ra > 1200 .
Do ngi s dng cha thnh tho.
P2 o cng Vicker
P2 Vicker v nguyn l o ging nh Brinell nhng thay mi bi bng mi kim cng, hnh thp,
co goc gia 2 mt bn l 1360.
Ti trng s dng P= 501500N, ph thuc chiu dy mu o. o theo p2 Vicker co th p dng
cho chi tit rt cng hoc rt mm, v s o cng khng ph thuc ti trng.
Gi ti trng l P, din tch b mt trn vt lm l S, ta co:
HV= P/S
P: co th o bng N (hay kG)
S: mm2.
thun tin, ngi ta co th tnh S thng qua ng cho d v = 1360.
HV= P/S = 2Psin(/2) / d2 = 1,854P/d2.
ng cho d c o bng knh hin vi my, ngi ta cng lp sn cc bng ga tr Vicker vi
P v d tng ng.
Phng php o Vicker thng dng o cng cc vt mng, cc lp thm
Khng di nh vy u, cn co hnh v
Cu 27: Thp xy dng l g? c im chung v phn loi? Trnh by m t vi nhom thp xy
dng v cho v d v ng dng ca no trong thc t ?
Tr li cu hi s 27 mn vt liu:
_ Thp xy dng l loi thp cacbon cn nong cht lng thng. l loi thp mm, do, d hn.
_c im chung :
+V c tnh : bn, do, dai.
+v tnh cng ngh : tnh hn tt, d un, d ct.

20

+ thnh phn hoa hc: hm lng cacbon C 0.22%, v cc thnh phn nguyn t hoa hoc
khc.
_Phn loi:
+ Theo thnh phn hoa hc v bn co 2 loi: Cacbon thng dng v thp hp kim thp
bn cao.
+ Theo cng dng: thp cng dng chung , thp cng dng ring..
_ Cc nhom thp nh:
+ nhom thp thng dng: bn binh thng, r, a dng cc bn thnh phn cn nong (ng,
thanh, tm, si, dy.).
Vi du: Thp CT38
Thnh phn hoa hc: %C 0.14-0.22, %Si 0.12-0.30, %Mn 0.4-0.65, %P 0.04, %S
0.045. c dung ph bin, dng cho cc kt cu khng i hi bn cao, co tinh hn tt.
Nh dng trong cc x ngang, ng, tm che,ct
Thp CT51
Thnh phn hoa hc: %C 0.28 - 0.37, %Si 0.15 - 0.35, %Mn 0.50 - 0.80, %P 0.04, %S 0.045.
Dng trong kt cu chiu lc cao,nhng tnh hn km.
Dng lm li cy, dng c gia cng g bng tay, bnh lng
Thp dng trong ng tu :theo tiu chun ca Nga : Thp CT4, CT5
+ nhom thp hp kim thp bn cao.Co bn cao,nhng tinh hn km, d b ph hy gin
nhit thp.
Vi d: Theo TCVN co nh: 14Mn, 09Mn2..
Theo tiu chun JIS ca nht nh: SPA-H (dng tm cng nong) , SPA-C (tm can
ngui)..
Thng c dng trong lm ng ng, cu.
+ Thp lm ct btng co kh nng chu ko,un v ti trng ng cho cu kin.
V d: Theo TCVN co 4 cp: C I, C II, C III, C IV.
C I thp trn trn nh: CT38, cp C II thp co t nh: CT51, cp C III , C IV nh
35MnSi, 18Mn2Si..
+ Cc loi thp khc:
V d nh: y thp, ng ray xe la
Di qu....
Cu 28: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit tn lp ghi k hi u v t li u: CT38. Trnh by hiu
bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny ca cc
quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Tr li:
Tiu chun VN (1765-1975) thp cabon thng loi A l loi thp ch qui dnh c tnh k hiu
CT con s i km ch bn gii hn: CT38 co bn ti thiu 380N/mm2.
bn ln nht : 490N/mm2 ; C%=0.14-0.22 ; Mn%=0.3=0.65 ; S%<= 0.05 ; P%<= 0.04;
Thng dng dng cn mng (tm, cy, thanh, thp hnh) ch yu trong xy dng.
TCVN:CT38
TC Nga:CT3
Cha ni dung...

21

Cu 29: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit ng ng ghi k hi u v t li u: 09Mn2. Trnh

by hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny
ca cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Tr li:
y l thp xy dng thuc loi thp hp kim thp co bn cao.
C tnh: c bn cao hn (0,2 > 300320 MPa) .
thp hp kim thp c bn cao c goi nh vy v n ch cha mt lng rt it cacbon.
Hp kim : it lm hi tinh hn nh Mn, Si, Cr, Cu.
Nhc im ca thp hp kim c bn cao: tonhs hn km hn, d b ph hy gion nhit
thp.
09Mn2: u tin l con s ch phn vn ca hm lng cacbon, tip theo l tn thnh phn hp
kim, con s ng sau ch ch s phn trm ca chat ng trc n.
Thnh phn 09Mn2: 0,09%C , 2%Mn.
TCVN: 09Mn2
OCT: 14 , 15XCH
JIS: SH590P, SP 590S, SPA-H,SPA-C
ASTM: A441, A572, A618
Cha ni dung...

Cu 30: Thp ch to my l g? Nhng yu cu chung i vi thp ch to my? Trnh by m t

vi nhom thp ch to my v cho v d v ng dng ca no trong thc t?
tr li:
thp ch to my l thp c ng dng gia cng cc chi tit ma.
Cc yu cu chung:
- C tnh: bn cao(gii hn chy), dai va p ln, chu mi mn, gii hn mi cao.
-Tnh cng ngh : D bin dng nong(rn), d ct gt, co th nhit luyn tng bn.
-Tnh kinh t: c s dung rng ri, gi thnh thp.
-Thnh phn hoa hc: C v cc hp kim chnh nh: Cr, Mn, Si hp kim ph: Ti, Zr, Nb, Mo.....
Cc mc thp: S45C, S55C, SK4, SK5, SKD 11, SKD 61, 40X.....
ng dng: ch to bnh rng, trc ng c, trc vt.....
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 31: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit trc ng c i n ghi k hi u v t li u: C45. Trnh
by hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u
ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny
ca cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Tr li: -C45 L thp kt cu co lng cacbon trung bnh 0.45 % C
TCVN TOCT GB
UNS
AISI/SAE JIS
AFNOR DIN
BS
C45
45
45
G10450 1045
S45C
X45
C45
06A45

22

Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 32: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit trc h p s ghi k hi u v t li u: 12CrNi3A. Trnh
by hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny
ca cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Tr li:
Thp thm Cacbon
Thnh phn hoa hc: Cacbon: 0,09 ~ 0,16; Crom: 0,6 ~ 0,9; Niken: 2,75 ~ 3,15 Mangan : 0,3 ~
0,6
K hiu tng ng
AISI
Php
Italia
(AFNOR)
(UNI)
304
Z 6 CN 18- X 5 CrNi 18
09
10
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu33: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit trc h p s ghi k hi u v t li u: 40Cr. Trnh by

hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny ca
cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Tr li: +.Thp 40cr l thp hp kim hoa tt c s dng rt ph bin, dung ch to cc chi
tit chu ti trng tnh v va p tng i cao m b mt co th b mi mn nh trc,bnh
rng. co c tnh cao nht,thp phi qua nhit luyn hoa tt(ti +ram cao).
+nhit ti:830-850
+nhit ram:250-350
+ cng :48-53HRC
+.V thnh phn hoa hc ca thp 40cr l: %C:0.36-0.44; %Cr:0.80-1.10; %Mn:<0.8; %Si:<0.4;
%Ni:0.3
TCVN
OCT
GB
JIS
DIN
+.Bng cc mc
12CrNi3A
12XH9
12CrNi3A
SUS309
X5CrNi18
thp :
SOS316
10
Tn thp TCVN OCT JIS
GB
DIN
UNS(m) AFNOR(php) BS
Thp
40Cr
40X
SCr440 40Cr
42C4
G51400
42C4
530A40
40Cr
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu33: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit trc h p s ghi k hi u v t li u: 40Cr. Trnh by
hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng cho v t li u ny ca
cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.

23

Tr li: +.Thp 40cr l thp hp kim hoa tt c s dng rt ph bin, dung ch to cc chi
tit chu ti trng tnh v va p tng i cao m b mt co th b mi mn nh trc,bnh
rng. co c tnh cao nht,thp phi qua nhit luyn hoa tt(ti +ram cao).
+nhit ti:830-850
+nhit ram:250-350
+ cng :48-53HRC
+.V thnh phn hoa hc ca thp 40cr l: %C:0.36-0.44; %Cr:0.80-1.10; %Mn:<0.8; %Si:<0.4;
%Ni:0.3
+.Bng cc mc thp :
Tn thp TCVN OCT JIS
GB
DIN
UNS(m) AFNOR(php) BS
Thp
40Cr
40X
SCr440 40Cr
42C4
G51400
42C4
530A40
40Cr
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t

Cu 34: t im , iu kin lm vic v cc yu cu c bn ca thp n hi. cho v d, nu t

im v ng dng ca mt vi mc thp dng trong thc t:
Tr li :
c im thp n hi :
y l loi thp co thnh phn C nm trong khong 0.5-0.7% sau t v ram trung bnh co
gii hn n hi cao. Thp ny chuyn dng ch to cc chi tit n hi: l xo nhpnn c
gi l thp n hi.
Thnh phn hoa hc
Cacbon: khang thnh phn cacbon hp l ca loi thp ny l 0.5-0.7%(thng gp 0.550.65%)
Nguyn t hp kim: cc nguyn t Mn,Si cho cho vo thp n hi vi mc ch nng cao
tnh n hi.Cc nguyn t khc nh Cr, Ni, c cho vo vi mc ch n nh tnh ng hi.
iu kin lm vic v yu cu i vi thp n hi :
iu kin lm vic: chu ti trng v va p cao khng cho thp b bin dng do
Yu cu i vi thp :
-Gii hn n hi cao: t l ng sut n h/ng sut bn cn gn tin ti 1cng tt. thng l:
0.85-0.95
- cng kh cao: Thch hp HRC 35-45 hay HB 350-450; do, dai thp khng b
bin dng trong qu trnh lm vic xong khng qu thp d b ph hy dn
-Gii hn i cao: thch ng vi iu kin ti trng thay i theo chu k.
V d v cc mc thp n hi trong thc t :
Cc mc thp cacbon bao gm : C65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 65Mn, 70Mn (TCVN) c c trng
bi bn tch thot khng cao, c bit khi nung nong. Chung khng co li lm vic nhit
trn 1000C. Do thm ti thp nn cc thp ny c dng cc l xo tit din khng ln
lm.
Cc thp l xo, nhp hp kim thuc v lp peclt. Cc nguyn t hp kim c bn trong chung l
Si ( 1-3%), Mn (~1%). Trong cc chi tit co cng dng quan trong hn th thp c hp kim

24

hoa them Cr (~1%) v Ni (<1,7%) cc nguyn t hp kim yu cu phi co nh hng t ti gii

hn n hi l tnh cht ch yu ca h thp ny. Quan trong hn l hp kim hoa nng cao
thm ti, bn tch thot ng sut v gi hn mi. Do o hp kim c s dng cho nhng
phn t n hi kch thc ln v m bo cho chung lm vic lu hn v tin cy cao hn.
Cc mc thp Silic 50Si2, 60Si2, 70Si3A c dng lm l xo hay nhp co chiu dy 18 mm.
Chung co c im chng s ln ln ca ht khi ti, nhng li co xu hng d thot cacbon khi
nung, y l mt dng khuyt tt mt rt nguy him v gim bn mi. Mc thp Si-Mn
60SiMnA hn ch c nhc im ny v c dng ch to cc l xo co chiu dy nh
hn 14 mm.
Cc mc thp 50CrVA, 50CrMnVA co nhit ram cao hn dng thp Si v Si-Mn khong
5200C, co kh nng chu nhit cao hn, dai cao hn, t nhy cm vi nht ct. Chung c
dng lm nhp cc t nh, l xo xupp v cc l xo co cng dng quan trng khc v nhit
lm vic khong 3000C.
Cu 35: Trnh by hiu bit v thp ln ( c im, iu ki n lm vi c, cc yu cu v phng
php nhi t luy n vi loi thp ny)? Cho v d v ng dng ca m t vi mc thp ln thng
dng trong thc t?
TR LI: -c im: + thnh phn hoa ho hc: 1%C + ti + ram thp.
+ ti thu cho ng u: Cr+= 0,5% n 1,5% , i khi co Mn v Si (mi th 1%)
+ trnh im mm v nng cao bn mi tip xuc: gim P,S,kh.
+cc cacbit nh mn v phn b u.
-iu kin lm vic: chu mi mn im, trng lng ca trc gy ra.
-yu cu:
+ cng v tnh chng mi mn cao( HRC 64)
+c tnh phi tht ng nht ( tc khng co im mm trnh mi mn im gy nn
R, phi ti thu)
+ bn mi tip xuc cao.
-phng php nhit luyn:
+ cu hoa thp ln phi co t chc peclit ht v cacbit d nh mn vi cng HP (187 n
205) m bo tnh gia cng ct0tt.
+ti + ram thp ( ti trong du 850 c n 860c ). Co th gia cng lnh kh
0
austenit d mt cch trit sau khi ti,luc o co th t ti HRC 65 vi chng mi mn
cao nht.cng co th dng thp thp cacbon cho cc ln.
**cc mc thp ln thng dng trong thc t l:
TCVN: OL100Cr1,5 L loi co 1,00%C , 1,5%Cr.
0OCT : IIIXxx,xx ch lng Cr phn nghn:IIIX6,IIIX9,IIIX15,IIIX15C0.
AISI/SAE : 5195,50100,51100,52100 (P,S cc thp).
JIS:SUJx, trong o x la s th t (1 n 5).
Thp khng g: (> 13%cCr) nhng vi lng cacbon cao (~ 1,00%), nh 0OCT dng mc
95X18,ASTM dng 440C v 440MOD.
Vd: ln, trc cc ngui, bn ren,taro,dng c o.

25

Cu 36: Thp dng c l g? Nhng yu cu chung v phn loi? Trnh by m t vi nhom thp
dng c v cho v d v ng dng ca no trong thc t?
Tr li: Thp dng c l loi thp dng ch to cc loi dng c ct gt, dng c bin dng v
dng c o
Yu cu
Tnh cht c bn ca dng c l tc ng lc vo phi nn thp dng c co yu cu c bn l co
cng cao, tnh chng mi mn cao.
cng cao phi m bo cao hn hn cng ca phi. Tu tng loi phi, sn phm m co
yu cu khc nhau v cng ti thiu.
Tnh chng mi mn cao m bo dng c c lm vic lu di, gia cng khi lng cng
vic ln m khng b h hng, hoc lm mt cp chnh xc.
dai va p l yu t quan tm th yu: Nhm m bo cho dng c trnh b gy v khi lm
vic.
Tnh chu nhit: Do cc dng c lm vic vi ma st ln, sinh nhiu nhit trong qu trnh lm
vic
Phn loi: chia lm 3 nhom ln
Dng c ct(dao)
Dng c bin dng
Dng c o
Thp lm dng c ct:
cng cao: cao HRC 60
Chu mi st, co tnh chng mi mn cao.
Chu nhit cao.
ng dng trong thc t: dao tin, dao phay, khun dp,trc cn, thc cp, palme, dng.
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 37: Trn bn v ch to ca m t chi tit dao ti n ghi k hi u v t li u: 80W18Cr4V (P18;
T1; SKH2). Trnh by hiu bit ca mnh v loi v t li u ny v cho bit k hi u tng ng
cho v t li u ny ca cc quc gia: Nga; Trung Quc; M; Nh t v c.
Gii
Hiu bit v vt liu
Vt liu ny thuc nhom thp gio co nng sut ct bnh thng: tnh cng nong n 615-620 o C
Cng dng:Lm cc dng c ct
Thnh
phn
cc
nguyn
T,
%
Mc thp
C
Cr
W
V
Mo
Co
80W18Cr4V
0.8
4
18
1
K hiu tng ng
Nga
M
Nht

P18
T1
SKH2

26

c
Trung Quc
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 38: iu kin lm vic v yu cu ca thp dng c ol
Cc loi dng c o s dng trong c kh :panme,thc kp,thc o di , goc d b
mn ,b bin dng , lm sai lch kt qu o. m bo chnh xc cc dng c o phi t
yu cu :
cng v tnh chng mi mn cao : cng HBC yu cu t 63 n 65
n nh kch thc : trong sut i lm vic ,nh 2 ch tiu:
+ h gin n v nhit nh.
+ s n nh ca t chc t thi gian di.
nhn bong b mt cao:cp 14 khi mi v t b bin dng khi nhit luyn . cng v tnh
chng mi mn cao nh dao ct song khng yu cu tnh cng nong nn khng cn lm bng
thp gio.
Mt v d v thp dng c o c im v ng dng: v d nh mc thp C45 lm thc kp
TCVN OCT GB UNS
AISI/SAE JIS
AFRON DIN BS
C
Cr
Mn
C45

45

45

G10450 1045

S45C X45

C45

06A45 0.42- <0.25 <0.8 <0.37 <0

0.49

cng v tnh chng mi mn cao

Bo m nhn bong cao khi mi
Co h s gin n v nhit rt nh .
Cha c th.
Cu 39:
Thp hp kim c bi t l g? c im chung v phn loi? Trnh by m t vi nhom thp hp
kim c bi t v cho v d v ng dng ca no trong thc t?
Thp hp kim c bit l thp cha trong o nhng nguyn t c bit m thp ccbon khng co
hoc thp ccbon co nhng vi hm lng nh. Mt s nguyn t c bit thng dng: Cr, Mn,
Si, Ni, W, Ti, Mo, V, Co, Cu, Al
c im chung v phn loi ca thp hp kim c bit:
Co %C thp: < 0,10 n 0,15% hoc ngc li yu cu %C cao( >1,00%)
Hp kim ho cao: >10% hay rt cao > 20% song thng l hp kim ho n gin.
V t chc t vi: thng co t chc n pha: , F, M trng thi cung cp.
c tnh c, l , ho: co tnh chng mi mn c bit cao, co tnh cht in in t c bit,
lm vic nhit cao, co tnh gin n nhit hay n hi c bit
Phn loi thp c bit:
1- Thp khng g:
Thp khng g hai pha:

27

Si

Thnh phn:
C t 0,1% n 0,4%, Cr l 13% ho tan vo Fe-.
Cr lm tng tnh n nh ca austenit qu ngui trong khng kh cng cho mactenxit
T chc: Ferit + Fe3C
Mc thp: 12Cr3, 20Cr13, 30Cr13, 40Cr13
ng dng: v ng h, c, vt, xoong, ni, ca, mi lp
Thp khng g mt pha ferit
Nu dng 13%C t C i ( <0,08%C) hoc (0,10 0,20)%C, (17 25)%Cr th thp ch co t chc
mt pha F
Mc thp: 08Cr13, 12Cr17, 15Cr25Ti.
ng dng: Cng nghip ho du v cng nghip thc phm
thp khng g mt pha austenit
thnh phn: Co %C>1616 18%, %Ni 6 8%, co t chc .
Bn n mn trong HNO3 v co th chu c H2SO4 ( vi mi nng nhit thng), vi
HCl ( long v nhit thng).
C tnh v tnh cng ngh: do cao ( = 50%), 0.2=250 300Mpa, thp km ferit, co kh
nng hoa bn bin dng mnh.
Cc mc thp thng dng: 12Cr18Ni9, 08Cr18Ni11, 03X18H12, 08Cr18Ni10Ti
Thp khng g hoa bn tit pha
2- Thp bn nong
3- Thp co tnh chng mi mn c bit cao di ti trng v p
ng dng ca thp hp kim c bit: Cc dng c bng inox, khung ca, bn gh, xupap x,
mo xuc cn cu,.
CU 40: Trn bn v ch to ca mt cp lp ghp bulng ai c ghi k hiu vt liu 20Cr13.
Trnh by hiu bit ca mnh v loi vt liu ny v cho bit k hiu tng ng cho vt liu
ny ca cc quc gia: Nga , Trung Quc , M , Nht , c?
* Trnh by s hiu bit v k hiu 20Cr13:
+ 20Cr13 l mc thp khng g co khong 0,20%C v khong 13%Cr.
+ 20Cr13 l thp trc cng tch , kh do,dai, co th chu bin dng ngui
+ Nhit ti : 1000 -:- 1100 C
+ c dng lm cc chi tit nh : trc bm , ng kim , c,vt khng g
* K hiu tng ng i vi cc nc l :
TCVN
NGA
20Cr13
20X13
Cha ni dung...

GB
2X1

JIS
SUS420J1

DIN
X20Cr13

AISI/SAE
420

Cu 41 : Trnh by thnh phn hoa hc, t chc t vi, k hiu v ng dng ca gang xm?
1- T CH T VI:
- Cng nh cc loi gang grafit khc. Gang xm co t chc t vi chia lm hai phn r rt: nn
kim loi v grafit (vi gang xm: t chc t vi = nn kim loi + grafit tm)
* Grafit tm v nn kim loi:

28

Ty thuc vo lng xementit nhiu hay t m phn t chc xementit co khc nhau:
- ferits khi khng co xementit (Fe3 C).
- Ferits + peclit khi co t Fe3 C (khong 0,1-0,6%)
- peclit khi co kh nhiu Fe3 C (0,6-0,8%)
=> phn t chc co cha ferit, ferit + peclit hoc peclit gi l nn kim loi
+Cc loi gang xm:
- Gang xam ferit co t chc t vi l grafit tm phn b trn nn ferit.
Gang xm peclit co t chc t vi gm grafit tm phn b trn nn kim loi Ferit + peclit, lng
Fe3 C ( khong 0,1-0.6 %)
Gang xm peclit co t chc t vi gm grafit tm phn b trn nn kin loi peclit, lng Fe3 C
( khong 0,6-0,8%)
2 -THNH PHN HA HC
+ Cc bon:
- Lng cc bon cng nhiu kh nng grafit hoa cng mnh, nhit chy thp nn d uc, c
tnh km.
- Lng cc bon c khng ch trong khong 2,8-3,5%.
+ Silic:
- Si l nguyn t thuc y s hnh thnh grafit trong gang. Si l nguyn t quang trng sau Fe v
C.
- Hm lng khng ch trong khon 1,3-3%.
+ Mangan:
- L nguyn t cn tr s to thnh grafit.
- Lm tng cng, bn ca gang.
- Hm lng khn ch trong khong 0,5-1,0%.
+ Photpho:
- Lm tng chy long
- Lm tng tnh chng mi mn.
- Lng P c khng ch trong khong t 0,1 -0,2% n 0,5%. Hm lng qu nhiu P gang s
d ging.
+ Lu hunh:
- L nguyn t cn tr s to thnh grafit,
- Lm xu tnh uc gm chy long.
- L nguyn t co hi, c khng ch trong khong 0,06-0,12%.
Ngoi ra cn co mt s nguyn t khc nh Cr, Ni, Mo. Co tc dng ring.
3 K HiU V CNG DNG:
Cc mc co bn thp, 100-150MPa
Gm GX 10-GX15, gang xm ferit dng lm chi tit v, np khng chu lc.
Cc mc co bn trung bnh: 150-250MPa
Gm GX15- GX25, gang xm ferit-peclit, dng lm cc chi tit chu ti nh: v hp gim tc
mt bch.
Cc mc co bn tng i cao: 250-300MPa

29

Gm GX25-GX30, gang xm peclit vi grafit nh mn, dng lm cc chi tiets chu ti trng cao:
bnh rng, bnh , thn my quan trng, xc mng..
- Cc mc co bn cao: > 300MPa
Gm GX30-GX40, gang xm peclit voi grafit rt nh mn
Dng lm cc chi tit chu ti trng cao, chu mi mn: nh bnh rng ch V, trc chnh, v bm
thy lc.
KT LUN:
- Gang xm dng lm cc chi tit chu nn, trnh dng cc chi tit chu ko cao
- Dng lm trt v co tnh bi trn tt.
- Gang xm bin trng
+ Gang co b mt chi tit bin trng, mt s chi tit cn co tnh chng mi mn lp b mt cao
nh bi nghin, trc cn, trc nghin

Cu 42: trn bn v ch to ca mt chi tit l v my ghi k hiu vt liu GX 15_32. Trnh by

hiu bit ca mnh v loi vt liu ny v cho bit k hiu tng ng cho loi vt liu ny ca
cc quc gia: Nga, Trung Quc, M, Nht v c?
Tr li:
GX 15_32. y l k hiu mc gang xm, l loi gang ph bin nht, trong o 15_32 l gii hn
bn ko v gii hn bn un ti thiu tnh theo KG/mm2.
Nga:
Cha ni dung...
Cu 43: Trnh by thnh phn hoa hc, t chc t vi, k hiu ca gang do v gang cu? Gii
thch k hi u sau: GZ21-40 v nu m t vi ng dng ca v t li u ny trong thc t.

Thnh phn hoa

hc

Gang cu
Thnh phn ha hoc gang cu dao ng
nh sau: 3-3,6% C, 2-3% Si, 0,2-1% Mn,
0,04- 0,08% Mg, it hn 0,015% P, it hn
0,03% S. Gang cu c do dai cao,
c bit sau khi nhit luyn thich hp.
ch to gang cu phi dng gang xm
lng ri bin tnh, do vy v c bn thnh
phn hoa hc ca gang cu ging gang
xm, song co nhng im lu sau:
- Lng cacbon v silic cao bo
m kh nng grafit hoa-(%C + %Si) t
ti 5-6%.
- Khng co hoc co khng ng k

30

Gang do
Gang do c t gang trng nn
thnh phn hoa hc ca no v c
bn ging vi gang trng. y l
yu cu rt khc khe v phi bo
m phi trc khi em co t
chc hon ton (100%) l gang
trng, tuyt i khng co Grafit, v
nu co Grafit (d rt t ch l mm)
th khi cc phn Grafit s pht
trin ln thnh tm, tc l sau khi
s c gang xm ch khng phi
gang do.
Nh vy c trng v thnh

v d (< 0,1-0,01%) cc nguyn t cn tr

cu hoa nh Ti, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi v c
bit l S.
- Co mt lng nh cht bin tnh
Mg (0,04-0,08%) hoc Ce (xri).
- Co cc nguyn t nng cao c
tnh nh Ni (2%) Mn (< 1%).
Do vy gang nu luyn v c bn
phi l gang xm c kim tra k v
thnh phn hoa hc.

T chc t vi

T chc t vi ca gang cu cng ging

nh gang xm song ch khc l grafit ca
no co dng thu gn nht - hnh qu cu.
Chnh iu ny quyt nh bn ko rt
cao ca gang cu so vi gang xm.
Khc vi gang xm, grafit dng
cu y c to thnh nh bin tnh
c bit gang xm lng.
V t chc t vi, gang cu cng
ging nh gang xm ch no cng co 3
loi nn kim loi: ferit, ferit-peclit v
peclit , ch khc l grafit trong o dng
cu. Tng t, ta cng co 3 loi gang cu.

31

phn hoa hc ca gang do l t

cacbon v t silic lm ngui nhanh
(thnh mng) d uc thnh gang
trng. Tuy nhin no co nhng im
lu sau:
- Lng cacbon trong gang
do thng ly kh thp, khong
2,2 + 2,8%, bo m t Grafit
lm cho tnh do cao.
- Lng Silic mt mt phi
va thp d bo m bin trng
hon ton gang khi uc nhng
cng phi va thuc y
nhanh s Grafit hoa khi tip theo.
Nh cacbon ly t i nn lng
silic co th ly cao hn mt chut,
0,8+1,4%, bo m tng lng
(%C + %Si) t khong 3,5%.
T chc ca gang do cng
ging gang xm, gang cu, song
ch khc l Grafit dng cm - tc
dng t tp tng m. iu khc
vi hai gang trn l Grafit cm
trong gang do khng c to
thnh khi kt tinh (t trng thi
lng) m l t Xmentit khi gang
trng, tc l no c to thnh t
trng thi rn.
Ging nh gang cu v
gang xm, gang do cng co th co
ba loi nn kim loi: Ferit, FeritPeclit, v Peclit v nh vy cng
co ba loi gang do tng ng
(hnh 80 ch trnh by hai loi u).

K hiu

Theo tiu chun TCVNca Vit

Nam:GCxx-xx
Theo tiu chun TOCT ca Lin
X:Bxx-xx

Theo tiu chun TCVNca Vit

Nam:GZxx-xx
Theo tiu chun TOCT ca Lin
X:Kxx-xx

- GZ21-40 co nghia l: y l vt liu gang do theo TCVN co b=21(kg/mm2

tng i 0=40%

dn di

Cu 44: Ti sao gang khng th em bin dng ngui hoc nong m ch c cung cp di dng vt
uc?
T chc t vi, ca gang co 3 loi nn kim loi: ferit, ferit-peclit v peclit , c trng ca ferit v
graphit t do, co nhit nong chy thp (1350C). V c tnh ca gang l cng v t chc xp
dn, kh nng chng un km. Trong qu trnh ng c, do tc tn nhit chm trong khun
uc bng ct nn d uc, d nu luyn. Khi lm ngui nhanh trong khun, gang b bin trng rt
kho gia cng c kh khng th rn c nn khng gia cng c kh c.
Cha ni dung...
Tim thm v d t thc t
Cu 45:Nu nhng c tnh ca nhm nguyn cht.Phn bit hp kim nhm bin dng v hp
kim nhm uc.Trnh by hiu bit v ng dng hp kim nhm trong thc t.
Cc c tnh ca nhm nguyn cht
-u im:khi lng ring nh (2,7g/cm3) ca thp:hng khng,vn ti do tit kim nng
lng,tng ti trng co ch.Tnh bn n mn kh quyn: xy dng,trang tr ni tht,dn in
tt,tuy = 62% ca Cu nhng nh = 1/3,tnh do rt cao,mng Al,d ko si,dy v cn mng
thnh tm,l, bng,mng (foil),p chy thnh cc thanh di vi cc bin dng (profile) phc tp
khc nhau.
-Nhc im:chu nhit km:chy (660C),khng s dng trn 300-400C, bn, cng
thp , trng thi b =60MPa,0,2=20MPa,HB25.
b) Phn bit hp kim nhm bin dng v hp kim nhm uc
Hp kim nhm bin dng c chia thnh 2 loi:
+Hp kim nhm bin dng khng hoa bn c bng nhit luyn
+Hp kim nhm bin dng hoa bn c bng nhit luyn
So snh hp kim nhm bin dng khng hoa bn bng nhit luyn vi hp kim uc.
+ Hp kim nhm bin dng khng hoa bn bng nhit luyn:d bin dng,hoa bn bin dng
cao,cung cp di dng l mng,thanh dy,hnh,ng,chng n mn tt trong kh quyn v d
hn.
+hp kim nhm uc: d chy,d uc,co th bin tnh,ngui nhanh tng c tnh.
So snh hp kim nhm hoa bn c bng nhit luyn v hp kim nhm uc

32

+Hp kim nhm bin dng hoa bn c bng nhit luyn:l hp kim ca Al-Cu v Al-CuMg,Al-Mg-Si v Al-Zn-Mg y l hp kim nhm quan trng nht,co c tnh cao nht khng thua
km g thp C.
+ Hp kim nhm uc:l hp kim nhm ca Al(10-13)%Si,Al-Si-Mg(Cu),d chy,d uc,co th
bin tnh,ngui nhanh tng c tnh.
c)ng dng ca hp kim nhm trong thc t
+ dng lm tm p trong xy dng,cp in,dy in
+kt cu my bay,dm khung chu lc xe ti,sn tu bin,th thao
+ uc piston,np my ca ng c t trong
+Dng trong cng nghip ho hc, thc phm, ng lnh, lm thng cha (AA1060)
+ Cc vt liu sinh hot hng ngy nh ni,xoang,mm,ri cc b phn trong xe p nh
sn,nin,gtHp kim nhm ng dng trong rt nhiu ngnh,rt nhiu lnh vc.No ch ng
sau thp v sn xut v ng dng.
Cu 46: Nu nhng c tnh ca ng ?
ng nguyn cht co mu nn gi l ng
c tnh:
Dn nhit, dn in cao, dng lm dy dn, chng n mn kh tt, do d cn mng
Ko si tin cho s dng
Nhc im: =8,94g/cm3 , tnh gia cng ct km do phi qu do, tnh uc km, chy 1083
C chy long thp
Latong (ng thau):
Latong n gin c dng nhiu hn c, ph bin<45%Zn nn co t chc hoc +
Khi pha thm Zn mu ca ng mu vng
Latong 1 pha ():<35%Zn, do cao, lm chi tit my qu dp
Dng lm trang sc, vng gi, v n
Latong 2 pha(+):~40%Zn
Brong : l hp kim ca Cu vi cc nguyn t khng phi Zn nh Al, Be
Gm
Brong thic: hp kim ca Cu v Zn
- Brong thic bin dng nu <8%Zn chng n mn trong nc
-brong thic uc nu >10%Zn.dng uc tng,chung, ph iu
Brong Al :
-Brong Al mt pha(59%Al)dng ch to h thng trao i nhit, l xo, dng cho lnh.
-brong 2 pha(>9,4%Al)co s xut hin ca pha chu nhit tt
Brong berili:hp lim ca Cu vi Bekhi ti 750790 C, n hi cao
Lam thit b n hi trong m v thit b in

cu 47: Hp kim lm trt, yu cu i vi hp kim lm trt? Trnh by hiu bit v Babit

thic v ng dng ca no trong thc t?

33

 trt l mt dng trc dng ma st trt. Gia ngng trc v thnh l du ngn cch
trnh cho thnh tip xuc trc tip vi ngng trc.
Cc yu cu ca hp kim lm trt
Co h s nh vi b mt trc thp
t b mi mn v chu p lc cao
Co tnh cng ngh tt d uc, d bm dnh
R tin, d kim
Cc hp kim lm trt thng dng
+ Cc babit: l hp kim co thnh phn ch yu l thic ch hay nhm,hp kim ny co h s ma
st thp,chng dnh nhng c tnh thp. ngi ta thng trng ngoi bng ng,thp hay gang
tng c tnh.Dng lm trt chu ti trung bnh nh ng c diezen
+ng thanh:l hp kim ca ng vi thic,ch hay nhm st
+Gang:ch yu l GX15-32, GX18-36 vi trc quay chm
+Gm kim loi:p ri nung bt kim loi (st, ng) v cc cht ph (graphit, thit hay ch)
nhit t 850o- 1100o v p sut 700 Pa. Thng dung trong quay chm v kho tra du.
Hiu bit v babit thic va ng dng ca no:
Babit l tn chung ca cc hp kim chu ma st, nn thic, ch co cho thm antimon, ng v cc
nguyn t khc. Babit c dng uc cc trt dng thp bimetan co h s ma st nh,
chu ti trng v tc trt ln.
c tinh: Co h s ma st nh vi b m t trc thp, gi du tt, truyn nhi t tt, mm nn t
lm mn c trc
Ty thu c hm lng kim loi chim t l ln trong babit m ta co cc loi: babit thic, babit
ch, babit km, babit nhm
Co 2 loi:
1. Babit ch: khong 85% ch, cn li l thic, antimo v ng .
2. Babit thic: 95% thic, cn li l ch, ng v antimo
Babit thic l vt liu ph bin dng lm bc trt
Cu 48: Mi dao ti n ct gt gang, hp kim mu bng hp kim cng k hi u: BK8. Hy trnh
by hiu bit ca mnh v v t li u ny (thnh phn hoa hc v cch ch to, t chc v c tnh)?
Tr li:
thnh phn hoa hc: BK8 co 8%Co cn li 92% WC.
cch ch to: c ch to bng phng php luyn kim bt, trng thi rn qua cc bc: to
bt, trn, p thiu kt
t chc v c tnh:
+T chc t vi ca hp kim cng l cc ht cacbit sc cnh mu sng c
dnh kt bng Co mu ti vi yu cu l cc ht o nh v phn b u.
+ Hp kim cng rt cng ti 82 90HRA (70 75HRC), chng mi mn rt cao cng nong cao
nhng hi gin.
Cha ni dung...

Cu 49: Mi dao ti n ct gt tc cao, ct thp khng g bng hp kim cng k hi u : T15K6. Hy

trnh by hiu bit ca mnh v v t li u ny (thnh phn hoa hc v cch ch to, t chc v c tnh)?

34

T15K6 l hp kim cng thuc nhom 2 cacbit: WC + WT + Co

(Cacbit W, cacbit Ti, cht dnh kt Co)
K hiu: TK (lin x) T l cacbit Ti, cacbit W khng ghi, K l cht dnh kt Co,
Cc mc cng loi: T5K10, T30K4,T14K8, T16K6T, T60K6
K hiu cng thc: (BC + TiC) +K = TK
Thnh phn: T15K6 co 15% cacbit Ti, 6% cht dnh kt Co, cn li 79% WC.
cng HRA 90 Kg/mm2
bn: u = 110 kg/mm2; n = 400 kg/mm2
c im loi ny: do thp hn loi 1 cacbit, thch hp vi gia cng vt liu do, thp bn
nong, ct tc cao, ti trng ln.
Cch ch to: T15K6 c ch to bng phng php luyn kim bt( p v thiu kt bt Cacbit
Vonfram (WC), Cacbit Titan (TC), hay Cacbit Tantan (TaC) vi cht dnh kt l C ban (Co)).
Thnh phn ch yu ca T15K6 l cacbit vonfram, mt s loi cn co cacbt titan, cacbt tantan.
o
T15K6 co cng ln: HRA90 (ln hn HRC70). bn nhit cao: 1000 C. bn mn
cao hn hn thp gio. bn un thp. Dao T15K6 dng gia cng tinh thp vi lng chy
dao trung bnh v tit din phoi tng i u khi ct lin tc. Noi chung hp kim cng nhom
hai cacbt c dng gia cng thp tc ct cao v chung co bn nhit cao, cng
cao v tnh hn dnh thp
Cha ni dung...
Cu 50: Phn loi hp kim nhm? Nu mt vi s hiu in hnh v cng dng ca Silumin v ura?
Phn loi:
+Hp kim nhm bin dng
c chia lm hai loi l hp kim nhm bin dng ho bn c bng nhit luyn v hp kim
nhm bin dng khng ho bn c bng nhit luyn.
Nhm thng phm (>99,0%):
Hp kim Al-Mn
Hp kim Al-Mg
+Hp kim nhm uc
Hp kim Al-Si (Silumin)
Hp kim Al-Si-Mg(Cu)
*S hiu in hnh v ng dng
+ura
ura l mt trong cc hp kim ca nhm v xut hin kh sm. Thnh phn hoa hc ch yu ca
ura l nhm, ng0,6, mangan v magi. Thng thng ngi ta s dng hp kim vi m s
AA2024 co thnh phn (trn tng khi lng) l 4,4%Cu, 1,5%Mg, %Mn.ngs dung nhiu trong
cng ngh v tr(cao qu)hoc cng ngh vn ti.
+Silumin
Hp kim silumin Thnh phn chnh ca silumin l Al v Si ( 10 n 14% Si). Hp kim co u
im nh, bn v rt n khun (th tch dn n khi nhit gim). Silumin c dng uc
mt s b phn ca my moc

35

Cu 51: ng thanh, ng thau l g? Nu mt vi s hiu in hnh v cng dng ca chung?.

Gii
-ng thanh (brng) l hp kim ca ng vi thic.
-ng thau (latng) l hp kim ca ng v km. T l pha ch gia ng v km cho ta mt
lot cc ng thau a dng khc nhau.
-S hiu in hnh:
K hiu
Thnh phn,
Tn
%
TCVN
TOCT
CDA
Latng
LCuZn20
80
240
20Zn
Latng
LCuZn30
70
260
30Zn
Latng
LCuZn29Sn1
464
29Zn-1Sn
hi qun
5Sn-5ZnBrng
BCuSn5Zn5Pb5 836
5Pb
Brng
BCuSn5P0.15
5Sn-0.1
-Cng dng:
+ ng thanh t c bn chng n mn cao v cc tinh cht chu mi mn tt. Cc tinh
cht ny gip cho ng thic c ng dng trong cng nghip ha cht ch to cc dng
c c, cung nh trong vai tr ca vt liu chu mi mn trong cc linh vc khc.
+ ng thau l mt hp kim thay th, n c ng dng nhiu vo cc linh vc nh trang tri,
vt liu hn, thit b in, cc loi u n sng c nhn, v rt nhiu cc nhc c hi, i khi
chng c lm ra cc trang tri, hay lm tin xu.
Cu 52: Trnh by hiu bit v v t li u lm a ct, v t li u mi (thnh phn hoa hc v cch
ch to, t chc v c tnh, ng dng trong thc t)?
Vt liu lm a ct:
Dao(a ct) ct bng kim cng nhn to hay nitrit bo(BN) c dng rng ri trong ct kim
loi, . Chung l cc vt liu siu cng( HV 800 10000). Co th co cc dng sau:
Bt kim cng trn vi 1-2% bt B, Be hoc Si (cht dnh kt) c p nong di p sut cao
ti 12GPa nhit khon 30000C, t c HV 8000.
Bt kim cng hoc bt BN trn vi khong 20- 30% bt kim loi (cht dnh kt), p nong di
p sut 3-6 GPa 1200- 1600 0C, t HV 4000- 5000, thch hp vi dng c ct .
Kim cng tuy co cng cao nht (HV 10000) nhng li b hn ch nhit s dng ( khi ct
nhit cao, cacbon khuch tn vo st , thp) nn dao ct BN co u vit hn.
V d co th gng gang xm vi tc 1800 -2000 m/min.
Vt liu mi:
Bt mi: (SiO2), mri ( hn hp t nhin ca Al2O3), Al2O3, SiC, BN lp phng, kim cng.
Bt t do, trong my phun ct,bt mi r, bt nh bong( nh nh bong mu kim loi quan
st t chc t vi l bt Cr2O3 mu ru v Al2O3- mu trng).
Gn trn giy, vi ( gi l giy, vi rp hay nhm) lm nhn g, kim loi.
Khi( mi cc loi): thng lm bng SiC, cc ht mi c lin kt vi nhau bng cht dnh
kt gm thy tinh hay nha hu c.

36

Cu 53: Polime v nhng ng dng ca polime

1. Cht do
a) nh ngha: Cht do, hay cn gi l nha hoc polime, l cc hp cht cao phn t, c
dng lm vt liu sn xut nhiu loi vt dng trong i sng hng ngy cho n nhng sn
phm cng nghip, gn vi i sng hin i ca con ngi. Chung l nhng vt liu co kh
nng b bin dng khi chu tc dng ca nhit, p sut v vn gi c s bin dng o khi thi
tc dng.
b) Phn loi:
Phn loi theo hiu ng ca polyme vi nhit
- Nha nhit do : L loi nha khi nung nong n nhit chy mm Tm th no chy mm ra v
khi h nhit th no ong rn li. Thng tng hp bng phng php trng hp. Cc mch i
phn t ca nha nhit do lin kt bng cc lin kt yu (lin kt hydro, vanderwall). Tnh cht
c hc khng cao khi so snh vi nha nhit rn. Nha nhit do co kh nng ti sinh c
nhiu ln, v d nh : polyetylen (PE), polypropylen (PP), polystyren (PS), poly metyl metacrylat
(PMMA), poly butadien (PB), poly etylen tere phtalat (PET),
- Nha nhit rn: l hp cht cao phn t co kh nng chuyn sang trng thi khng gian 3 chiu
di tc dng ca nhit hoc phn ng hoa hc v sau o khng nong chy hay ha tan tr li
c na, khng co kh nng ti sinh. Mt s loi nha nhit rn: ure focmadehyt [UF], nha
epoxy, phenol focmadehyt [PF], nha melamin, poly este khng no
- Vt liu n hi (elastome): l loi nha co tnh n hi nh cao su.
Phn loi theo ng dng
- Nha thng dng : l loi nha c s dng s lng ln, gi r, dng nhiu trong nhng vt
dng thng ngy, nh : PP, PE, PS, PVC, PET, ABS,..
- Nha k thut : L loi nha co tnh cht c l tri hn so vi cc loi nha thng dng,
thng dng trong cc mt hng cng nghip, nh : PC, PA
- Nha chuyn dng : L cc loi nha tng hp ch s dng ring bit cho tng trng hp.
Phn loi theo thnh phn hoa hc mch chnh
- Polyme mch cacbon: polymer co mch chnh l cc phn t cacbon lin kt vi nhau: PE, PP,
PS, PVC, PVAc
- Polyme d mch: polymer trong mch chnh ngoi nguyn t cacbon cn co cac nguyn t khc
nh O,N,S V d nh PET, POE, poly sunfua, poly amit
- Polyme v c nh poly dimetyl siloxan, si thy tinh, poly photphat,
c) Thnh phn:
- Thnh phn c bn: l 1 polyme no o. V d thnh phn chnh ca bnit l cao su, ca
xenluloit l xenluloz nitrat, ca bakelit l phenolfomanehit.
- Cht ho do: tng tnh do cho polime, h nhit chy v nht ca polime. V d
ibutylphtalat,
- Cht n: tit kim nguyn liu, tng cng mt s tnh cht. V d aming tng tnh chu
nhit.
- Cht ph: cht to mu, cht chng oxi ho, cht gy mi thm.
d) u im ca cht do:

37

- Nh (d = 1,05 1,5). Co loi xp, rt nh.

- Phn ln bn v mt c hc, co th thay th kim loi.
- Nhiu cht do bn v mt c hc.
- Cch nhit, cch in, cch m tt.
- Nguyn liu r.
e) Gii thiu mt s cht do.
- Polietilen (P.E) : iu ch t etilen ly t kh du m, kh thin nhin, kh than .
L cht rn, hi trong, khng cho nc v kh thm qua, cch nhit, cch in tt.
Dng bc dy in, bao goi, ch to bong thm khng, lm thit b trong ngnh sn xut ho hc,
sn tu thu.
- Polivinyl clorua (P.V.C)
Cht bt v nh hnh, mu trng, bn vi dung dch axit v kim.
Dng ch da nhn to, vt liu mng, vt liu cch in, sn tng hp, o ma, a ht
- Polivinyl axetat (P.V.A)
iu ch bng cch : cho ri trng hp.
Dng ch sn, keo dn, da nhn to.
- Polimetyl acrilat
v polimetyl metacrilat
iu ch bng cch trng hp cc este tng ng.
L nhng polime rn, khng mu, trong sut.
Polimetyl acrilat dng sn xut cc mng, tm, lm keo dn, lm da nhn to
Polimetyl metacrilat dng lm thu tinh hu c.
- Polistiren
Dng lm vt liu cch in. Polistiren d pha mu nn c dng sn xut cc dng dn
dng nh cuc o, lc
- Nha bakelit:
Thnh phn chnh l phenolfomanehit. Dng lm vt liu cch in, chi tit my, dng gia
nh.
- bonit: l cao su rn co ti 25 40% lu hunh. Dng lm cht cch in.
- Tflon : rt bn nhit, khng chy, bn vi cc ho cht. Dng trong cng nghip ho cht v
k thut in.
2. Cao su
Cao su l nhng vt liu polime co tnh n hi, co ng dng rng ri trong i sng v trong k
thut.
a) Cao su thin nhin: c ch ho t m cy cao su.
- Thnh phn v cu to: l sn phm trng hp isopren.
n t 2000 n 15000
- Mch polime un khuc, cun li nh l xo, do o cao su co tnh n hi.
Cao su khng thm nc, khng thm khng kh, tan trong xng, benzen, sunfua cacbon.
- Lu ho cao su: Ch ho cao su vi lu hunh lm tng nhng u im ca cao su nh:
khng b dnh nhit cao, khng b dn nhit thp.
Lu ho nong: ung nong cao su vi lu hunh.
Lu ho lnh: Ch ho cao su vi dung dch lu hunh trong CS2.

38

Khi lu hoa, ni i trong cc phn t cao su m ra v to thnh nhng cu ni gia cc mch

polime nh cc nguyn t lu hunh, do o hnh thnh mng khng gian lm cao su bn c hc
hn, n hi hn, kho tan trong dung mi hu c hn.
b) Cao su tng hp:
- Cao su butaien (hay cao su Buna)
L sn phm trng hp butaien vi xuc tc Na.
Cao su butaien km n hi so vi cao su thin nhin nhng chng bo mn tt hn.
- Cao su isopren.
Co cu to tng t cao su thin nhin, l sn phm trng hp isopren vi khong 3000.
- Cao su butaien stiren
Co tnh n hi v bn cao:
- Cao su butaien nitril: sn phm trng hp butaien v nitril ca axit acrilic.
Do co nhom C N nn cao su ny rt bn vi du, m v cc dung mi khng cc.

Mt mt xch ca cao su Buna-N

3. T
a) Phn loi t:
T c phn thnh:
- T thin nhin: co ngun gc t thc vt (bng, gai, ay) v t ng vt (len, t tm)
- T ho hc: chia thnh 2 loi.
+ T nhn to: thu c t cc sn phm polime thin nhin co cu truc hn n (ch yu l
xenluloz) v bng cch ch to ho hc ta thu c t.
+ T tng hp: thu c t cc polime tng hp.
b) T tng hp:
- T clorin: l sn phm clo ho khng hon ton polivinyl clorua.
Ho tan vo dung mi axeton sau o p cho dung dch i qua l nh vo b nc, polime kt ta
thnh si t. T clorin dng dt thm, vi dng trong y hc, k thut.
T clorin rt bn v mt ho hc, khng chy nhng bn nhit khng cao.
- Cc loi t poliamit: l sn phm trng ngng cc aminoaxit hoc iaxit vi iamin. Trong
chui polime co nhiu nhom amit HN CO :
+ T capron: l sn phm trng hp ca caprolactam
+ T enan: l sn phm trng ngng ca axit enantoic
+ T nilon (hay nilon): l sn phm trng ngng hai loi monome l hexametyliamin
v axit aipic
Cc t poliamit co tnh cht gn ging t thin nhin, co dai bn cao, mm mi, nhng thng
km bn vi nhit v axit, baz. Dng dt vi, lm li nh c, lm ch khu.
T polieste: ch to t polime loi polieste. V d polietylenglicol terephtalat.
Di qu.
Cu 54: VT LIU PA11?
1, CU TO :

39

PA11: Polyamid ( 11- aminoundecanoic )

+ L loi polymer co cha monome ca amit tham gia qu trnh lin kt peptit.
+ K hiu : (- NH- (CH2)10- CO-)n.
+ Cc nhom th co c tnh phn cc mnh to lin kt hidro gia cc phn
t ln
cn.
PA11 : Nm trong s cc sn phm nha k thut biobased him trn th trng.
No co ngun gc t cy thu du.
Mt tng i 1,04-1,05 (kg/dm3), im nong chy l 187C , c thc hin theo
phn ng trng hp hoc tng hp pha rn
2, C TNH :
- Co cu to mch gc nn co kh nng nh hng cao, kt tinh ln, thch hp cho
sn phm dng si .
- Co tnh dai, cng, khng nhit.
- Co kh nng khng hoa cht, bn cao, chu tc ng mnh.
3, NG DNG :
- PA11: L nguyn liu c la chn cho cc ng dng m co bn an ton hay tin cy
cao.
- Thch hp trong vic sn xut ng, cc sn phm chng mi mn.
Cu 55: Trnh by hiu bit v v t li u compozit (khi ni m, quy lu t kt hp, c im v
phn loi, lin kt nn ct)?
Lin h thc t v cho v d minh ha?1. Khi nim v tnh cht
Khi nim : Vt liu composite l vt liu t hp t hai hoc nhiu loi vt liu khc
nhau. Vt liu mi c to thnh co tnh cht u vit hn nhiu so vi tng loi
vt liu thnh phn ring r. V mt cu to, vt liu composite bao gm mt hay
nhiu pha gin on phn b u trn mt pha nn lin tc. Nu vt liu co nhiu
pha gin on ta gi l composite hn tp. Pha gin on thng co tnh cht tri
hn pha lin tc.
Pha lin tc gi l nn (matrice). Pha gin on gi l ct hay vt liu gia
cng (reenforce).
C tnh ca vt liu composite ph thuc vo nhng c tnh sau y:
- C tnh ca cc vt liu thnh phn. Cc vt liu thnh phn co c tnh tt
th vt liu composite cng co c tnh tt v tt hn tnh cht ca tng vt liu
thnh phn.
- Lut phn b hnh hc ca vt liu ct. Khi vt liu liu ct phn b
khng ng u, vt liu composite b ph hu trc ht nhng ni ct vt liu
ct. Vi composite ct di, phng ca si quyt nh tnh d hng ca vt liu,
co th iu chnh c tnh d hng ny theo mun ch to c vt liu
cng nh phng n cng ngh ph hp vi yu cu.
- Tc dng tng h gia cc vt liu thnh phn. Vt liu ct v nn phi
lin kt cht ch vi nhau mi co kh nng tng cng v b sung tnh cht cho
nhau. V d lin kt gia ct thp v xi mng trong b tng.
. Phn loi

40

a) Phn loi theo hnh dng

Composite si, composite vy, composite ht, composite in y,
composite phin. b) Phn loi theo bn cht v vt liu thnh phn
- Composite nn hu c: nn l nha hu c, ct thng l si hu c hoc
si khong hoc si kim loi.
- Composite nn kim loi: nn l cc kim loi nh titan, nhm, ng, ct
thng l si kim loi hoc si khong nh B, C, SiC.
- Composite nn gm: nn l cc loi vt liu gm, ct co th l si hoc
ht kim loi hoc cng co th l ht gm.
Vt liu v thnh phn ca composite
Vt liu nn
a) Nha phnolformaldehyt
b) Nha poxy
c) Nha polyeste
d) Cc loi nha khc
Vt liu gia cng
a) Ct dng si b) Ct dng vi
c) Ct dng ht
Vng chuyn tip trong composite
Vng trung gian l vng tip xuc gia ct v nn v no thng l yu t co
tnh quyt nh n cc tnh cht c hc v cc thuc tnh khc na ca composite.
Vng trung gian chnh l ni chuyn ti trng t nn sang ct nn tc ng u
tin ca no chnh l tc ng n bn. Co nhiu yu t tc ng n thnh phn
v th tch ca vng chuyn tip.
u tin, l tnh thm t, tc l pha nn trng thi lng phi d dng
thm t pha gia cng trc khi ong rn. Nhng thc t khng phi luc no
cng co lin kte nn - ct l tng do bn cht ho l ca cc vt liu rt khc
nhau. Trong trng hp ny, cn phi thm cht thm t ci thin kh nng
thm t ct - nn.
Cc cht ph gia
L nhng vt liu liu nhm ci thin mt s tnh cht ca composite nh:
- Tnh dn in, dn nhit: thng dng bt, si hoc vy kim loi nh Fe,
CU, Al, hoc bi trng kim loi.
- Bi trn khi d khun.
- To mu.
- Chng co ngot.
Composite nn nha
Cc loi nha nh poxy, phnolformaldehyt, polyeste u co tnh thm
t tt i vi vt liu gia cng dng hu c, bi vy cng on trn nha vi
ct rt thun li v n gin. Ring i vi ct l vt liu v c, v d nh cc loi si gm, co
tnh thm t rt km nn trc khi trn phi co cng on bc hoc
thm ln trn ct.
i vi dng vi, co nhiu cch ch to bn thnh phm. V d, nhung

41

tm vi vo thng nha ri xp thnh tng lp v tin hnh p, hoc tri tng lp

vi vo lng khun ri phun hoc qut nha, li tri vi, li qut nha Lp li
quy trnh nh vy cho n khi t chiu dy yu cu.
7.4. Composite nn kim loi
Trong vt liu composite nn kim loi, thng dng nhiu trong k thut l
vt liu t hp nn kim loi mu do nhng tnh cht u vit m cc kim loi en
khng co c, v d nh nh, bn nhit cao, chu mi mn tt nhng cng
ngh ch to li n gin hn. Mt s loi nh sau
7.4.1. Composite nn nhm ct ht
7.4.2. Composite nn nhm ct si
7.4.3. Composite nn ng ht thp
7.5. Composite nn gm
Vt liu composite nn gm (ceramic matrix composite, CMC) c
nghin cu v s dng rng ri nhm khc phc nhng nhc im ca vt liu
gm nguyn khi, o l tnh dn c hu v kh nng ng dng hn ch ca vt
liu gm nguyn khi. Vt liu composite nn gm thng dng ch to cc chi
tit lm vic trong mi trng rt khc nghit nh: ng c tn la v ng c
phn lc, ng c kh trong nh my nng lng, v cch nhit ca tu khng
gian, lp lot u tin ca bung phn ng nu chy, phanh my bay, l nhit
luyn y l mi trng lm vic co nhit rt cao nhng rt kho lm ngui
bng cht lng thng thng. Mt khc, khi thay th cc siu hp hp kim bng
vt liu gm composite cn tit kin c kh nhiu khi lng, iu v cng
quan trng i vi ngnh hng khng v tr.
Trong composite nn gm, vt liu ct co th l ct dng khng lin tc
kiu ht, si ngn hoc lt vn. Cng co th dng ct lin tc dng si. Trong
trng hp ct gin on, vic tng bn v dai va p ch co th tng n
mt gii hn no o nhng vn s dng. Mt v d composite nn gm si
vn dng trong lnh vc dng c ct l composite SiC/Si3N4,
trong o SiC l pha
gia cng, cn Si3N4 ong vai tr vt liu nn.
ng dng trong thc t hin nay:Mt s sn phm t vt liu composite
V ng c tn la
V tn la, my bay, tu v tr
Bnh chu p lc cao.
ng dn xng du composite cao cp 3 lp (S dng cng ngh cun t ca Nga v cc tiu
chun sn xut ng dn xng, du).
ng dn nc sch, nc th, nc ngun composite (hay cn gi l ng nha ct si thy tinh);
ng dn nc thi, dn hoa cht composite;
ng thy nng, ng dn nc ngun qua vng nc ngm mn, nhim phn;
V bc cc loi bn b, thng cha hng, mt bn gh, trang tr ni tht, tm panell composite;
H thng ng thot rc nh cao tng;
H thng s cch in, s polymer, s cilicon, s epoxy cc loi s chui, s , s cu giao, s
trong cc b thit b in, chng st, cu ch;

42

Lp xe t, xe my, xe p;
V tu thuyn composite (v li).....
Thng rc cng cng
M hnh chi tr em
Di qu.

Cu 56: Trnh by hiu bit v compozit ct si (xt m t vi nh hng ca s phn b, nh

hng v ca chiu di si)? Cho m t vi v d v ng dng trong thc t?
Tr li: Compozit ct si l loi compozit co bn ring v m un n hi ring cao. Tnh
cht ca compozit ct si ph thuc vo s phn b v nh hng si cng nh kch thc v
hnh dng ca si. Nhng loi si thng c dng ch to compozit ct si l si thu tinh,
si cacbon, si polyme v si kim loi.
+) nh hng ca s phn b v nh hng si:
. si phn b song song vi nhau theo 1 phng , bn theo phng dc cao hn theo phng
vung goc.
Si an vng goc vi nhau,theo 2 trc si bn cao hn c-kiu dt.
Si phn b nhiu phng,compozit ng hng theo tt c cc phng trn mt.
Si c phn b 3 phng vung goc vi nhau th compozit co tnh ng hng.
+) nh hng ca chiu di si:
Kt cu ct si phi tp trung ti trng vo si l pha co bn cao.
Ct si ngn: lc tc dng s gy bin dng ca nn ni tip xuc gia si v nn, mt phn nn
b chy.
Ct si di: khi Ls>= lc lm tng hiu qu bn v cng vng ca compozit.
ng dng : Ngnh hng khng vu tr s dng vt liu ny vo vic cun cnh my bay, mui
my bay Trong ngnh cng nghip in t c s dng sn xut cc chi tit, cc bng
mch v cc linh kin. Ngnh cng nghip ng tu, xung, ca n; cc ngnh dn dng nh y t
(h thng chn, tay gi, rng gi, ghp so, ngnh th thao, cc dng th thao nh gy gn,
vt tennit v cc ngnh dn dng, quc k dn sinh khc.
h thng mng trt, mng hng v gh ngi, mi che ca cc nh thi u, cc sn vn ng v
cc trung tm vn hoVit Nam v ang ng dng vt liu Composite vo cc linh vc in
dn dng, hp cng t in, so cch in, c bit l s cch in.

43