Mch khuch i thut ton (operational amplifier), thng c gi tt l op-amp l mt mch khuch

i "DC-coupled" (tn hiu u vo bao gm c tn hiu BIAS) vi h s khuch i rt cao, c u vo vi

sai, v thng thng c u ra n. Trong nhng ng dng thng thng, u ra c iu khin bng
mt mch hi tip m sao cho c th xc nh li u ra, tng tr u vo v tng tr u ra.
Cc mch khuch i thut ton c nhng ng dng tri rng trong rt nhiu cc thit b in t thi nay
t cc thit b in t dn dng, cng nghip v khoa hc. Cc mch khuch i thut ton thng dng
hin nay c gi bn rt r. Cc thit k hin i c in t ha cht ch hn trc y, v mt s
thit k cho php mch in chu ng c tnh trng ngn mch u ra m khng lm h hng.

Lch s
T khi mi ra i, mch khuch i thut ton c thit k thc hin cc php tnh bng cch s
dng in p nh mt gi tr tng t m phng cc i lng khc. Do , n mi c t tn l
"Mch khuch i thut ton". y l thnh phn c bn trong cc my tnh tng t, trong mch
khuch i thut ton s thc hin cc thut ton nh Cng, Tr, Tch phn v Vi phn vv... Tuy nhin,
mch khuch i thut ton li rt a nng, vi rt nhiu ng dng khc ngoi cc ng dng thut ton.
Cc mch khuch i thut ton thc nghim, c lp rp bng cc transistor, cc n in t chn
khng hoc nhng linh kin khuch i khc, c trnh by di dng nhng mch linh kin ri rc
hoc cc mch tch hp t ra rt tng hp vi nhng linh kin thc s.
Trong khi cc mch khuch i thut ton u tin pht trin trn cc n in t chn khng, gi y
chng thng c sn xut di dng mch tch hp (ICs), mc d vy, nhng phin bn lp rp bng
linh kin ri cng c s dng nu cn nhng tin ch vt qu tm ca cc IC.
Nhng mch khuch i thut ton tch hp u tin c ng dng rng ri t cui thp nin 1960, l
cc mch s dng transistor lng cc A709 ca hng Fairchild, do Bob Widlar thit k nm 1965; n
nhanh chng b thay th bng mch 741, mch ny c nhng tin ch tt hn, n nh cao hn v d
s dng hn. Mch A741 n nay vn cn c sn xut, v c mt khp ni trong lnh vc in t rt nhiu nh ch to sn xut ra cc phin bn khc ca mch ny, nhng vn tip tc tha nhn
con s ban u l "741". Nhng thit k tt hn c gii thiu, mt s da trn transistor hiu ng
trng FET (cui thp nin 1970) v transistor hiu ng trng c cng cch in MOSFET(u thp
nin 1980). Rt nhiu nhng linh kin hin i ny c th thay th c cho cc mch s dng 741, m
khng cn thay i g, nhng li cho nhng hiu nng tt hn.
Cc mch khuch i thut ton thng c nhng thng s nm trong nhng gii hn nht nh, v c
nhng v ngoi tiu chun, cng vi ngun in cung cp tiu chun. Chng c rt nhiu ng dng trong
lnh vc in t; ch cn mt s t linh kin bn ngoi n c th thc hin c mt di rng cc tc v x
l tn hiu tng t. Rt nhiu mch khuch i thut ton tnh hp c gi ch chng vi cent nu mua
vi s lng va phi, trong khi nhng mch khuch i tch hp hoc ri rc vi nhng thng s k
thut khng tiu chun c th c gi n c 100 dollar nu t hng s lng t.

Nguyn l hot ng.

u vo vi sai ca mch khuch i gm c u vo o v u vo khng o, v mch khuch i
thut ton thc t s ch khuch i hiu s in th gia hai u vo ny. in p ny gi l in p vi
sai u vo. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, in p u ra ca mch khuch i thut ton s c iu
khin bng cch trch mt t l no ca in p ra a ngc v u vo o. Tc ng ny c
gi l hi tip m. Nu t l ny bng 0, ngha l khng c hi tip m, mch khuch i c gi l hot

ng vng h. V in p ra s bng vi in p vi sai u vo nhn vi li tng ca mch khuch

i, theo cng thc sau:

Trong V+ l in th ti u vo khng o, V l in th u vo o v G gi l li vng

h ca mch khuch i.

K hiu.
K hiu trn mch in ca mt mch khuch i thut ton nh sau:

K hiu ca mch khuch i thut ton trn s in

Trong :

V+: u vo khng o

V: u vo o

Vout: u ra

VS+: Ngun cung cp in dng

VS: Ngun cung cp in m

Cc chn cp ngun (VS+ and VS) c th c k hiu bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Cho d vy,
chng lun c chc nng nh c. Thng thng nhng chn ny thng c v dn v gc tri
ca s cng vi h thng cp ngun cho bn v c r rng. Mt s s ngi ta c th gin
lc li, v khng v phn cp ngun ny. V tr ca u vo o v u vo khng o c th hon
chuyn cho nhau khi cn thit. Nhng chn cp ngun thng khng c o ngc li.

Mch khuch i thut ton l tng

Vi mi gi tr in p u vo, mt mch khuch i thut ton "l tng" c:

li vng h v cng ln

Bng thng v cng ln

Tng tr u vo v cng ln ( cho dng in u vo bng khng)

in p b bng khng

Tc thay i in p v cng ln

Tng tr u ra bng khng v

Tp nhiu ( n) bng khng

Nh th, u vo ca mch khuch i thut ton l tng khi tnh ton trong vng hi tip c th
m phng bng mt khu nullator, ng ra vi mt khu norator v kt hp c 2 ( mt mch khuch
i thut ton l tng hon chnh) bng mt khu nullor.
Mch khuch i thut ton thc s ch gn t c cc tng trn: bn cnh cc gi tr gii hn
v tc thay i, bng thng, in p b v nhng th tng t nh th, cc thng s ca mch
khuch i thut ton thc t s b thay i theo thi gian v c th b thay i theo nhit , tnh
trng ca cc u vo... Cc mch tch hp hin i s dng transistor hiu ng trng (FET) hoc
transistor hiu ng trng c cng cch in Oxit kim loi MOSFET s c cc c tnh gn vi mch
l tng hn cc mch s dng transistor lng cc khi cc tn hiu ln phi x l trong iu kin
nhit phng qua mt bng thng gii hn. c bit, tng tr vo cao hn rt nhiu, tuy nhin cc
mch dng transistor lng cc thng tt hn v mt tri in p b, v n.
Khi nhng gii hn ca mt mch khuch i thut ton thc s c tm thi b qua, n c th
c xem nh mt chic hp en c li. Chc nng ca mch v cc thng s c th xc nh
bng mch hi tip, v thng l hi tip m.