TN4 Phn cc nh sng

TN 4: PHN CC NH SNG
NH L MALUS. PHN CC TRN V PHN CC ELIP
PHN CC DO PHN X-GC BREWSTER
Cc ngun sng t nhin, nh nh sng Mt Tri, v cc ngun sng nhn to, gm nh sng
n nng sng v n hunh quang, u pht ra nh sng c vect in nh hng ngu
nhin trong khng gian v thi gian. nh sng thuc loi ny gi l khng phn cc.
NH SNG T NHIN V NH SNG PHN CC
nh sng t nhin
Nguyn t ca ngun sng pht nh sng di dng nhng on sng ni tip nhau. Trong
r
mi on sng, vc t in trng E lun lun dao ng theo mt phng xc nh vung
gc vi tia sng. Do ngun sng cha ng v s cc nguyn t v do tnh hn lon ca cc
r
vn ng trong nguyn t, vc t in trng E trong cc on sng do ngun sng pht ra
dao ng theo mi phng vung gc vi tia sng.
nh sng c vc t in trng dao ng u n theo mi phng vung gc vi tia sng
c gi l nh sng t nhin.
biu din nh sng t nhin, ngi ta v trong mt phng vung gc vi tia sng cc vc
t in trng c tr s bng nhau phn b u n xung quanh tia sng (hnh 1).

nh sng phn cc
Thc nghim chng t rng khi cho mt nh sng t nhin i qua mt mi trng bt ng
hng v mt quang hc, v d trong tinh th tuamalin (allumini silicoborat), trong mt s
trng hp c bit nh sng sau khi qua mi trng ch cn dao ng theo mt phng xc
nh. nh sng c vc t in trng ch dao ng theo mt phng xc nh c gi l nh
sng phn cc thng hay nh sng phn cc ton phn. Thc nghim chng t rng trong mi
tinh th tuamalin c mt phng cha mt phng c bit gi l quang trc, nh sng c vc
t in trng nm trong mt phng s truyn qua bn tinh th, cn nh sng c vc t
in trng vung gc vi mt phng ny s khng truyn qua bn.
Trong mt s trng hp, tc dng ca mi trng ln nh sng t nhin vn cho vc t
in trng dao ng theo mi phng vung gc vi tia sng nhng c phng dao ng
mnh, c phng dao ng yu.
nh sng c vc t in trng dao ng theo mi phng vung gc vi tia sng nhng c
phng dao ng mnh, c phng dao ng yu gi l nh sng phn cc mt phn.

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

NH LUT MALUS
Cho nh sng t nhin i qua 2 bn tuamalin T1 v T2 c quang trc hp vi nhau mt gc .
Cng nh sng sau bn T2 lin h vi cng nh sng sau bn T1 theo h thc cn
c gi l nh l Malus:
I 2 I1cos 2
PHN CC TRN V PHN CC ELIP
Nh ni trn nh sng phn cc thng c vc t in trng dao ng theo 1
phng gi l nh sng phn cc thng.
Ngoi ra nh sng c th phn cc trn hoc elip. Hin tng xy ra v d khi cho
nh sng t nhin i qua 1 knh phn cc lng chit.

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

Cc bn v bc sng cng l cc knh phn cc

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

PHN CC DO PHN X. GC BREWSTER
nh sng phn cc c th c to ra t nhng qu trnh vt l ph bin lm lch hng chm
tia sng, nh s hp th, khc x, phn x, nhiu x (hoc tn x) v qu trnh gi l lng
chit (c im ca s khc x kp). nh sng phn x t b mt phng ca mt cht lng
cc in (hoc cch in) thng b phn cc mt phn. Mt tnh cht quan trng ca nh
sng phn cc phn x l phn cc ph thuc vo gc ti ca nh sng, vi lng phn
cc tng c quan st thy khi gc ti gim.
Chiu mt chm nh sng t nhin vo mt phn gii ca hai cht in mi (chng hn
khng kh v thy tinh), mt phn nh sng s b phn x phn cn li khc x vo mi
trng th hai. kho st s phn cc ca tia phn x v khc x, ta t dng c phn tch T
(bn tuamalin) trn ng truyn ca chng v quay bn quanh tia sng, ta thy:
Cng ca tia phn x v c tia khc x tng gim mt cch tun hon, tuy nhin ga
tr cc tiu ca cng sng khc khng. Nh vy, ta kt lun rng tia phn x v tia khc
x l nhng tia phn cc mt phn, cn vct in trng dao ng u tin theo mt phng
trong mt phng vung gc vi tia sng.

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

Hng dn thc hnh

1.

Kim nghim nh lut Malus:

a. B tr th nghim:
- Ngun sng trng t nhin (khng phn cc), tm chn c l h, 2 bn tuamalin v
luxmeter c t ng trc vi nhau trn gi .
b. Trnh t th nghim:
- Bt ngun sng
- Che chn quang h m bo phn ln nh sng chiu vo luxmeter l t ngun.
- t cho cc quang trc ca hai bn tuamalin trng nhau (2 kim u ch v tr 0).
- c gi tr hin th trn luxmeter, ghi li vo bng s liu.
- Gi nguyn v tr bn tuamalin th 1, thay i quang trc ca bn tuamalin th 2 ln
lt 5 mt ln. mi v tr ca bn tuamalin th 2, ghi li gi tr tng ng trn
luxmeter. Ly li v tr bn tuamalin th 2 v c kt qu (thc hin 3 ln cho mi v
tr).
c. Yu cu:
- V th s ph thuc ca gi tr hin th trn luxmeter vo gc hp bi quang trc
ca hai bn tuamalin.
- Kim nghim li nh lut Malus.
- Nhn xt
2.
Tnh cht ca bn bc sng:
a. B tr th nghim:
- Chun b: ngun sng trng t nhin, knh phn cc, bn bc sng, knh phn tch,
luxmeter.
b. Trnh t th nghim:
- Gi gc gia quang trc ca knh phn cc v quang trc ca bn bc sng l .
- Trong khi lm th nghim, gi nguyn v tr bn bc sng, ch quay quang trc ca
knh phn cc thay i gc .
- Kim tra tnh phn cc ca chm sng pha sau bn bc sng. (Bng cch quay
quang trc ca knh phn tch v quan st trn luxmeter). y s l chm sng phn
cc thng.
- Gi gc lch gia quang trc ca knh phn tch so vi quang trc ca knh phn cc l
.
c. Yu cu:
- Thay i gc ( 0;15;30; 45o), ng vi mi gi tr , cho chy t 0 n 360
(thay i 10 mt).
- Kim tra mi quan h: = 2 .
- Nhn xt
3.
Tnh cht ca bn bc sng:
a. B tr th nghim:
- Chun b: ngun sng trng t nhin, knh phn cc, bn bc sng, knh phn tch,
luxmeter.
b. Trnh t th nghim:
- Gi gc gia quang trc ca knh phn cc v quang trc ca bn bc sng l .
- Vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca , xc nh tnh cht phn cc ca chm tia i ra khi
bn bc sng bng cch xoay quang trc ca knh phn tch v quan st s ch
trn luxmeter.
c. Yu cu:
- Khi = 0 , ch ra rng chm sng sau bn bc sng l phn cc thng.
- Khi = 45 , ch ra rng chm sng sau bn bc sng l phn cc trn.

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TN4 Phn cc nh sng

- Khi 0 < < 45 (nn chn 30 ), kim tra tnh phn cc elip ca chm sng sau
bn bc sng.
o vi cc gc: 0;15;30; 45o, ng vi mi gi tr , cho chy t 0 n 360 (thay
i 10 mt).
4.
Xc nh gc Brewster:
a. B tr th nghim:
- Chun b ngun lazer, bn in mi, gi , bn tuamalin, mn chn.
b. Trnh t th nghim:
- Bt ngun lazer
- iu chnh gi v bn in mi sao cho tia lazer b phn trn bn in mi trng
ng vi tia ti. Khi , gc ti s bng 0 .
- Quay gi (do quay bn in mi) t t
- iu chnh v tr bn tuamalin v mn chn sao cho tia phn x i qua bn tuamalin
v chiu ti mn chn.
- Tip tc tng dn gc ti bng cch trn v quan st chm sng trn mn.
- n mt lc no , tia phn x b bn tuamalin lm tt hon ton. Ghi li gi tr gc
ti v tr ny.
- Lp li TN 3 ln.
c. Yu cu:
- Ch ra rng ga tr gc ghi c trn chnh l gc Brewster.
- Tnh sai s v vit kt qu o.
- Nhn xt

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