Bài giảng: Lý thuyết tín hiệu

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu
Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
Ni dung:
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin
5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch
5.2 iu ch tng t
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t
5.2.2 iu ch bin
5.2.3 iu ch gc
5.3 iu ch xung
5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung
5.3.2 iu ch PAM
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc
Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu:
iu ch (Modulation) l qu trnh nh x tin tc vo sng mang bng cch
thay i thng s ca sng mang (bin , tn s hay pha) theo tin tc .
iu ch ng vai tr rt quan trng, khng th thiu trong h thng thng tin.
5.1.1 V tr ca iu ch trong h thng thng tin:
Transmitter
My pht:
Ngun
Bin i tin
iu ch
tin
tc- tn hiu
Khuch i
My thu:
Nhn
tin
Bin i tn
hiu - tin tc
Receiver
Khuch i
Gii iu ch
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH
5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu (tt):

5.1.2 Mc ch ca iu ch:
c th bc x tn hiu vo khng gian di dng sng in t
Cho php s dng hiu qu knh truyn
Tng kh nng chng nhiu cho h thng
5.1.3 Phn loi cc phng php iu ch:
Cc phng php iu ch
iu ch xung
iu ch tng t
Bin
Gc pha
AM-SC
SSB-SC
AM
VSB
SSB
FM
iu ch s
Tng t
PAM
PPM
ASK
PDM
PSK
FSK
PCM
Delta
PM
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2 iu ch tng t:
Tn hiu tin tc lm thay i cc thng s: bin , tn s hoc pha ca sng
mang iu ha cao tn.
Bin
5.2.1 Sng mang trong iu ch tng t:
Dng sng mang ban u:
y(t)=Ycos(t + )
Dng sng mang sau iu ch:
y(t) = Y(t)cos(t)
Y(t): bin tc thi (phng trnh ng bao)

(t): pha tc thi.
(t ) =
d (t )
dt
1 d (t )
f (t ) =
2 dt
Pha ban
u
Tn s gc
: tn s gc tc thi
: tn s tc thi
Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin

Nu (t): thay i; Y(t): khng i y(t) = Ycos(t): iu ch pha
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)

a. H thng AM-SC (Amplitude Modulation with Suppressed Carrier)
(cn gi l iu ch DSB-SC: Double Side Band with suppressed Carrier)
Dng tn hiu AM-SC:
y AM SC (t ) = x (t ) cos t
Qu trnh iu ch:
x(t)
Tn hiu tin tc cn
truyn i, tn s thp
[min , max]
Quan h trong min tn s:
yAM-SC (t)
Sng mang cao tn
>>max
cos t
1
YAM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
2
1
AM SC ( ) = [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
4
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng AM-SC (tt):

M t min thi gian
M t min tn s
X()
x(t)
X0
0
cost
Y()
yAM-SC(t)
YAM-SC()
t
max min min max
X0/2
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng AM-SC (tt)

Qu trnh gii iu ch:
yAM-SC (t)
Trong min thi gian:
m(t) = x(t).cost.cost
= [x(t) + x(t).cos2t]/2
Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn
tn s thp x(t) = x(t)/2.
Trong min tn s:
m(t)
x(t)
LPF
cos t
1
M ( ) = [Y A M S C ( ) + Y A M S C ( + ) ]
2
1
1
=
X ( ) + [ X ( 2 ) + X ( + 2 ) ]
2
4
Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn ph tn s thp: X() = X()/2.
M()
p ng tn s ca b lc
X0/2
-2
2
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a.H thng AM-SC (tt)

Nhn xt:
Mch gii iu ch phc tp.
Bng thng (bandwidth):
Cng sut ca tn hiu AM-SC:
BWAM SC = 2max
Py AM SC
1
=
Px
2
V d 1: Cho mch iu ch AM-SC:

Tin tc:
x(t) = cos(2103t)
Sng mang: y(t) = cos(2104t)
Hy:
a. V x(t) v yAM-SC(t) ?
b. Xc nh v v X(), X(), YAM-SC() v AM-SC() ?
c. Tnh Px v PAM-SC?
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)
Phng trnh ng
bao(envelope)
b. H thng AM (cn gi l iu ch DSB)

Dng tn hiu AM:
Qu trnh iu ch:
y AM (t ) = [ A + x (t )]cos t
x(t)
Tn hiu tin tc cn
truyn i, tn s thp
[min , max]
Quan h trong min tn s:
x
A
cos t
yAM (t)
Sng mang
cao tn
>>max
1
YAM () = A [ ( ) + ( + )] + [ X ( ) + X ( + )]
2
A2
1
AM () =
[ ( ) + ( +)] + [X ( ) +X ( +)]
2
4
9/7/2009

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
b. H thng AM(tt):
M t min thi gian
M t min tn s
X()
x(t)
0
cost
X0
max min min max
Y()
yAM(t)
YAM()
A
X0/2
9/7/2009
10

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng AM (tt)
Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tch sng ng b: (ging gii iu ch AM-SC)
Tch sng ng bao: s mch n gin
iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:
A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

9/7/2009
11

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a.H thng AM (tt)

Nhn xt:
Mch gii iu ch n gin.
Bng thng (bandwidth):
BWAM SC = 2max
Hiu sut nng lng khng cao:
Pb
=
100%
PAM
Pb: cng sut di bn

PAM: cng sut ton b tn hiu
1
Px
P
2
=
= 2 x
1 2 1
A + Px
A + Px
2
2
Trng hp, x(t) = acost, hiu sut cc i:
max = 33.33%
GV:ngThs.
Ngc
Gia
vienL
: Th.S
LePhc
Xuan Ky
9/7/2009
12

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
b. H thng AM (tt)
V d 2: Cho mch iu ch AM:
yAM(t) = [A+x(t)]cos(2105t)
x(t)
2
2
-4
-1
Hy:
a. V yAM(t) khi A=2?
b. Xc nh ph X(), YAM() ?
c. Tnh Px v PAM?
d. Xc nh gi tr ca A tch sng khng b mo trong mch
tch sng hnh bao?
GV:ngThs.
Ngc
Gia
vienL
: Th.S
LePhc
Xuan Ky
9/7/2009
13

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin (tt):

c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc:
H thng SSB-SC (Single Side Band with Suppressed Carrier)
p ng tn
s ca b lc
H thng SSB (Single Side Band)
p ng tn
s ca b lc
9/7/2009
14

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin :
c. Cc h thng iu ch bin khc:
H thng VSB (Vestigial Side Band)
9/7/2009
15

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.2 iu ch bin :
So snh cc phng php iu ch bin :
c im
phc tp
gii iu ch
Bng thng tn
hiu iu ch
Hiu sut
nng lng
AM-SC(DSB-SC)
cao
rng
cao
AM (DSB)
thp
rng
thp
SSB-SC
cao
hp
cao
SSB
thp
hp
thp
VSB
cao
va phi
va phi
Phng php
9/7/2009
16

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.3 iu ch gc:
a. H iu pha PM (Phase Modulation)
Dng tn hiu PM:
trong :
y PM ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k p x ( t )]
(*)
x(t): tn hiu tin tc

Tin tc trc tip thay
i pha tc thi
0: pha ban u
kp: hng s t l
Cc thng s quan trng:
Pha tc thi:
PM (t ) = t + k p x(t )
Tn s gc tc thi:
PM (t ) = + k p
lch pha:
PM =| (t) t |= kp x(t) max
lch tn s:
dx (t )
dt
PM =| (t ) |= k p
dx(t )
dt max
9/7/2009
17

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a.H iu pha PM (tt)

PM di hp (NBPM-Narrow Band PM)
PM = k p | x(t ) |max 1
S dng cng thc gn ng:
cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )
Biu thc (*) thnh ra:
y NBPM (t ) = Y cos t cos(k p x(t )) Y sin t sin(k p x(t ))

= Y cos t Yk p x(t ) sin t
Ph ca tn hiu NBPM:
Biu thc
NBPM
Y
YNBPM ( ) = Y [ ( ) + ( + )]
k p [ X ( ) + X ( + ) ]
2j
PSD ca tn hiu NBPM:
Yk p )
(
Y
NBPM () =
[ ( ) + ( + )] +
[ X ( ) + X ( + )]
2
4
2
9/7/2009
18

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a.H iu pha PM (tt)

PM di hp (tt)
BW NBPM = 2 max
Bng thng tn hiu NBPM:

Mch to tn hiu NBPM:
Ykp x(t) sint
Ysint
kp
yNBPM (t)
x(t)
Y cos t
PM di rng (WBPM: Wide band PM)

Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBPM = 2( PM + 2)max
9/7/2009
19

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2.3 iu ch gc:
b. H iu tn FM (Frequency Modulation)
Dng tn hiu FM:
trong :
y F M ( t ) = Y cos[ t + k f
x(t): tn hiu tin tc
x ( t )dt ]
0: pha ban u
kf: hng s t l
Cc thng s quan trng:
Pha tc thi:
FM (t ) = t + k f x(t )dt
Tn s gc tc thi:
FM (t ) = + k f x(t )
lch pha:
lch tn s:
FM =| (t ) t |= k f
(*)
Tin tc trc
tip thay i
tn s tc thi
x(t)dt
max
FM =| (t) =
| kf x(t) max
9/7/2009
20

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
b. H iu tn FM (tt)
FM di hp (NBFM-Narrow Band FM)
FM = k f | x(t )dt |max 1
Tng t nh NBPM, biu thc tn hiu NBFM:
y NBFM (t ) = Y cos t Yk f x(t )dt.sin t

Bng thng tn hiu NBFM:
BW NBFM = 2 max
FM di rng ( WBFM -Wide Band FM)
Cng thc Carson xc nh rng ph:
BWWBFM = 2( FM + 2 max )
9/7/2009
21

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
c. Nhn xt v PM v FM:
So snh vi iu ch bin :
Kh nng chng nhiu cao hn AM
Bng thng tn hiu WBPM v WBFM rng hn tn hiu AM nhiu
Quan h gia FM v PM:
x(t)
dx(t )
dt
x(t)
x
(
t
)
dt
B iu
ch FM
B iu
ch PM
yPM (t)
yFM (t)
9/7/2009
22

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.3 iu ch xung (Pulse Modulation):

5.3.1 Sng mang trong iu ch xung:
Dy xung vung n cc
t
y (t ) = Y
trong :
1 t
t nT
||| = Y
T T

n =
; << T
Y: bin xung
T: chu k lp li xung
: rng xung
-2T
-T
y (t )
Y
2T
9/7/2009
23

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.2 iu ch tng t:
5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation):
a. H thng PAM l tng:
Dng tn hiu :
Qu trnh iu ch:
y PAM
1 t
( t ) = x ( t ) |||
T T
x(t)
yPAM(t)
Ph ca PAM l tng:

2
X ( ) ||| ; 0 =
T
0
)
X
n
=
0
0
2
n =
1
= X ( n0 )
T n =
1
YPAM ( ) =
2
1
t
y (t ) = ||| ( )
T
T
9/7/2009
24

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):

M t min thi gian
x(t)
M t min tn s
X0
0
y(t)
-max
0
2T 3T 4T 5T
-20
-0
max
Y ()
X0/2
GV:ngThs.
Ngc
Gia
vienL
: Th.S
LePhc
Xuan Ky
yPAM(t)
X()
20
YPAM ()
t
-20
-0
20
9/7/2009
25

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
a. H thng PAM l tng (tt):

Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:

H ( ) = T
max
yPAM(t)
h(t)
YPAM()
H()
x (t)
X()
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:

1
X '() = YPAM () H () = X ( n0 ) T
T n=
2max
Nu: 0 2m , ta c:
H()
X '( ) = X ( )
khi phc ng
-20
-0
20
9/7/2009
26

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.3.2 H thng iu ch PAM (tt):

b. H thng PAM thc t:
Dng tn hiu :
t
y (t ) = x(t ).Y
1 t
|||
T T
x(t)
Qu trnh iu ch:
yPAM(t)
Ph ca PAM l tng:
1
YPAM ( ) =
2
1
=
2
Y
=
T
2
t
[ X ( ) Y ( )] ; 0 =
Y
T
(
)
2
(
)
X
Y
San
n
T
T
n =
Sa
n =
t
1
||| ( )
T
T
n
X ( n0 )
T
9/7/2009
27

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
b. H thng PAM thc t (tt):

M t min thi gian
x(t)
M t min tn s
X0
-max
X()
max
Y()
0 T
2 Y
T
2T
3T
yPAM(t)
0
-20
-0
20
YPAM()
2 Y
T
-20
-0
20
9/7/2009
28

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)

Qu trnh gii iu ch:
Tn hiu PAM c a qua b lc c p ng tn s:
T
H ( ) =
Y

2
max
Ph ca tn hiu ng ra:
yPAM(t)
h(t)
YPAM()
H()
x (t)
X()
X '() = YPAM () H ()

Y
n
T
=
Sa
X ( n0 )
T n=
T
Y
2max
YPAM()
0 2m , ta c:
X '( ) = X ( )
Nu:
khi phc ng
2 Y
T
-20
-0
H()
20
9/7/2009
29

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)

Nhn xt:
Ph ca tn hiu PAM rng v hn, nhng phn ln cng sut tp trung
trong khong (-2/, 2/).
V ph ca PAM tp trung xung quanh tn s thp, nn mun truyn i
cn iu ch ln na (v d PAM-AM, PAM-FM,vv)
V d 3: Cho h thng PAM nh sau
Bit rng:
x(t)
2
x (t ) = S a 0t ; 1 =

H ( ) =
z(t)
H()
v(t)
1
t
y (t ) = ||| ( )
T
T
Hy:
a. Xc nh v v Z() khi 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0
b. Xc nh v(t) v tnh Ev trong hai trng hp 1=3 0; 1=1.5 0.
(to be continued)
9/7/2009
30

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
5.3.3 Cc h thng iu ch xung khc:

iu ch rng xung PDM
x(t)
(Pulse Duration Modulation)

iu ch v tr xung PPM
(Pulse Position Modulation)
Bin xung khng i
V tr bt u xung khng i
rng ca xung thay i theo x(t)
4T
5T
6T
yPPM(t)
0
3T
yPDM(t)
0
Bin xung khng i
rng ca xung khng i
V tr bt u xung thay i theo x(t)
2T
t
9/7/2009
31

Chng 5
TN HIU IU CH (tt)
V tr ca iu ch PAM trong h thng thng tin
9/7/2009
32

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Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

5.1 C bn v iu ch tn hiu (tt):

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Dng sng mang sau iu ch:

Y(t): bin tc thi (phng trnh ng bao)

Nu (t): khng i; Y(t): thay i y(t)=Y(t)cos(t +): iu ch bin

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a. H thng AM-SC (tt):

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

max min min max

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a. H thng AM-SC (tt)

Qua b lc LPF, ch cn li thnh phn ph tn s thp: X() = X()/2.

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a.H thng AM-SC (tt)

V d 1: Cho mch iu ch AM-SC:

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

5.2.2 iu ch bin (Amplitude Modulation)

b. H thng AM (cn gi l iu ch DSB)

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

max min min max

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

iu kin tch sng ng bao khng b mo:

A max{ x(t ) ; x(t ) < 0}

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a.H thng AM (tt)

Hiu sut nng lng khng cao:

Pb: cng sut di bn

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

5.2.2 iu ch bin (tt):

H thng SSB (Single Side Band)

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

x(t): tn hiu tin tc

PM =| (t) t |= kp x(t) max

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a.H iu pha PM (tt)

S dng cng thc gn ng:

cos k p x(t ) 1;sin k p x(t ) k p x(t )

Biu thc (*) thnh ra:

y NBPM (t ) = Y cos t cos(k p x(t )) Y sin t sin(k p x(t ))

Giang vien: Th.S Le Xuan Ky

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

a.H iu pha PM (tt)

Bng thng tn hiu NBPM:

Ykp x(t) sint

PM di rng (WBPM: Wide band PM)

Bi ging: L thuyt tn hiu

FM = k f | x(t )dt |max 1