Past Perfect By vhe time | tumed welve, | had alresdy decided POINT Check the event that happened fis. 7 Oprah tamed twelve 1 Oprah decided on a career Talk-show host Oprah Winfrey with her TV audievce CHART CHEK Ts + STATEMENTS Circle T (True) or Sunecr ‘Hap (Nor) | Past Parnicrte F (False) ‘ye/Sherwe/vou" The decided by then TF The past eee | ad (not) |o 2 perfect i been easy had for t ace You is both singular and plural. + | CHART CHECK 2 YES/NO QUESTIONS | ‘SHORT ANSWERS Check the corect to | suoncr| past Parnciue| | | Arimanive | Necarve answer. she [decided |bythen?| | [she she In past perfect Had - Yes,“ had. No," hadn't ns, where it [been ease || [ie it docs dnd yo? HL (7 before the subject WH- QUESTIONS. 1 after the subject | | we Woo | Hao | Suorecr | Past ParnciPie he _| decided to be a taleshow host? why had i been easy? 70EXPRESS (SIS Complete this conversation with the verb arrive. ‘A: Had she ___ by 9:00? B: No, she __ Grammar Explanations Examples 1. Use the past perfect to show that something ‘= By 1988 Oprah Winfrey had become famous. happened before a specific time inthe past. mI was 1985. She had already been in a ee Hollywood film, famous Past konto ene ome Future 1988 2. The past perfect always shows a relationship with another past event Use the past perfect forthe earlier event. Use the simple past tense for the later event. > Be cARerUL! In these sentences with when, notice the difference in meaning between the simple past tense and the past perfect. = In 1990 Oprah invited Matt on the show. He had been an author for two years. (He was an author before 1990.) w= By the time jl got home, “The Oprah Winfrey Show” had finished, = When the show ended, she left (Fist the show ended. Then she let.) '= When the show ended, she had left. (fist she let. Then the show ended.) ‘Already, yet, ever, and never are often used ‘with the past perfect to emphasize the event, which occurred first. '= I saw The Color Purple last night. had never seen it before. = Jason had already seen it ‘4, When the time relationship between two past events s clear, you can use the simple past tense for both events. The meaning is usually clear when you use arter, before, or as 3000 us (W CHEE Ue EVENS = After Oprah had appeared in The Color Purple, she got a part in another movie. = After Oprah appeared in The Color Purple, she got a partis atte svi '5. We often use the past perfect with by (a certain tine). ‘= By 1966 Oprah had decided on a carcer.TRUE OR FALSE # Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the statement that follows. 1 . When I got home, “The Oprah Winfrey Show” started. —£__. First the Oprah show started. Then I got home. . When I got home, “The Oprah Winfrey Show” had started. __. First the Oprah show started. Then I got home. . Oprah's guest had lost 100 pounds when she interviewed him. ____ The guest lost the weight before the interview. 4, By the end of the show, I had fallen asleep, Tfoll asloap after the show 5. When I went to bed, I had turned off the radio. _ I turned off the radio after I went to bed. = . By midnight, I had finished the magazine article. [finished the article before midnight. ga COMPLETE © Look at some important events in Uprah Wintrey’s career. then complete + the sentences below. Use the past perfect with already or not yet. e oe a a ee we yo con ge aH ge? 1 I 1 1 ' 1 I 1 I 1954 195719711973 198319851985 19881998 1. By 1958 Oprah ____hadalreadygven__ her first speech. 2. By 1971 she her first TV job. 3. By 1972 she ______.oo...________ her first radio job. 4. By 1972 she —__ in a major movie 5. By 1986 she _____________ her own TV show. 6. By 1986 she ______ in a major movie. 7. By 1987 she her own studio. 8. By 2000 she _____munuU_==__+_tt4_._in the film Beloved.Past Pertect = 73 ASK & ANSWER ¢ Look at this typical T0aK Avcive at stud daily schedule for a TV talk-show OE tran host. Complete the questions about . — his schedule, Use the past perfect and "10 Discuss future snows with assistant reducers Give short answers 200% Hairand makeup 10 Mectine days guests 500 Tape tne show _ 480 Work out with tvainer 1. Tt was 745, The hast was an schedule A: _Had he arrived at the studio yet? Yes, he had. 2. At 7:30 the host was at his desk. Ap the day’s schedule yet? 3. At 10:55 he was having coffee. Ay the echedule by that time? Br 4. Tt was 2:00. He was on his way to makeup. A - the day’s guests by then? Bs = 5. At 4:00 he had a late lunch, Ap the show yet? Boo 6. He went to bed at 10:30. A: with his trainer that day? Bs BDIT « Read this student's report. There are six mistakes in the use of the past perfect. Find and correct them. The frst mistake is already corrected. had Oprah Winfrey is an amazing person! By the time she was twelve, she hae already decided on a career, Not long afterward, she got her first radio job. Although she hadn't have any experience, she became a news rerorten. When she got her own TV talk show, she has already acted in a major Hollywood movie. By the late 1980s “Oprah Winfrey” had became a household word. Then in 1994 she decided to improve the quality of talicshow themes. She also made a persona: change, She had always had a weight problem, but in 1995 TV viewers saw a new Winfrey. She had losed almost ninety pounds as a result of dieting and working out. She had also compete in a marathon. She has really been an inspiration to many people.LT Present Perfect and e Present Perfect Progressive no mane \ y {following me all day. She's taken 20 rolls oF film and written 42 page GF notes, But she hasn't even _/ given me a single pe POINT Circle T (True) or F (False). ‘The woman is finished T F following the elephant TF taking 100 rolls of film CHART CHECK PRESENT PERFECT Circle T (True) or Elephants have roamed the earth for thousands of years, F (Face) I've read two books about elephants T F Insome Dr. Owen has written many articles, sentences you | | she's lived in many countries. can use either | the present perfect or the | PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE present perfect | | elephants have been roaming the earth for thousands of years. progressive. | | ree been reading tisboot ance Monday Shes been wicg ales sce 199 eer rye She's been Ii 66Precent Perfect anc Present Pertect Progressive = 67 EXPRESS (21389 ‘Complete this conversation with the verb eat and a short answer, A: He's been all morning! B: What he cating? ‘A: Peanuts. He ceaten five bags of peanuts! B he eaten the whole supply? A he There are still ten bags left. Grammar Explanations Examples 1, The present perfect often shows that i I've read a book about elephants Something is finished. I focuses on the result (irished the book.) as 1 She's written an article Now (Ghe finshed the artic.) Past nn pooner Future have read ‘The present perfect progressive often shows I've been reading a book about elephants that an activity is unfinished. It focuses on the ('m stl wading it) ‘continuation of an action, Seat 1 She's been writing an article Now (She's sti waiting it.) vast L > Future een ai 2. We often use the present perfect to talk about — how much someone has done. I've read a fot about it. — how many times someone has done something. m I've been to Africa twice. — how many things someone has done. She's weitten three articles. We often use the present perfect progressive a I've been reading books on elephants for to talk about how Jong something has been two months happening. > Be caRerut! We usually do not use the present m I've read that book twice. perfect progressive when we mention a number Nor #¥e-beem-reading-that-beok-twice ‘of completed events 3. Sometimes you can use either the present m= She's studied elephants for two years perfect o# the present perfect progressive o8 ‘The meaning is basically the same. This is = She's been studying elephants for two years. especially true when you use verbs such as Ive work, study, and teach wath foror since. (I bat cases, she started studying elephants {two years ago and she is still studying them.)TRUE OR FALSE Read each numbered sentence. Write T (True) or F (False) for the statement that follows. Professor Owen has been reading a book about elephants, _F _. She finished the book. . She's read a book about elephants. She finished the book. She's written a magazine article about the rain forest. She finished the article. She's been waiting for some supplies. —— Sho received the supplies They've lived in Uganda since 1992. They are still in Uganda. ;. They've been living in Uganda since 1992. ___— They still live in Uganda. CHOOSE + Here are some statements about Professor Owen's work. Circle the correct form of the verbs to complete these statements. In some cases, both forms are correct. |. Professor Owen is working on two articles for National Wildlife Magazine. She has written /(has been writing)these articles since Monday. .. National Wildlife Magazine has published / has been publishing its annual report on the environment. It’s an excellent report. . Five hundred and sixty African elephants have already died / have been dying this year. . Professor Owen has given /has been giving many talks about wildlife preservation in past lecture series She has spoken / has been speaking ct our school many times. Professor Owen was Inte for a meeting. When she arrived the chairperson said, “At last, you're here. We have waited ‘ have been waiting for you.” /. Professor Owen has lived / has been living in England for the last two years. . She has worked / has been working with environmentalists in England and France. . Congress has ereated / has been creating a new study group to discuss the problem of endangered animals. The group has already met twiceCOMPLETE Read this entry from Dr. Owen's feld journal about an elephant she calls Grandad. Use the present perfect or the present perfect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses ) 7 We ___Ne been hearing __ about Grandad since we arrived here in = Amboseli Park. He is one of the last "tuskers.” Two days ago, we finally saw him. His tusks S = axe move than seven feet long. | never anything tke them, < Zoe Counce rere tor more man sity years. He < ey = _ everything, and he ad a eae ming aor) ‘S= countless threats from human beings. Young men oo ‘their S_ courage against him, and poachers hi for his iwory. FD SS tls experience and courage him so far Se Tey = Forte ast two days,he ______ stow through the tall bs Tae ec ites eee eRe ee REED = TT ei Stucky it ______ alot tis yea, and even the biggest elenarts = ‘enough food and water. ee Ta ay cae 3 ime EDIT ® Read this student’s report. Find and correct six mistakes in the use of the present perfect and present perfect progressive. The first mistake is already corrected. living lephants and thelr ancestors have been ive-on this planet for § million years, Scieulisis have found Wieir bones In many plases, trem Asia to North Americ. Present-day elephants has also survived in different kinds of environments, induding very dry areas in Niger, grasslands in Hast Atria, and forests in West Africa Booause of their great size and strength, elephants have always fascinating hhumans. Our fascination has almost caused A‘rican elephants to become extinct. Poachers (legal hunters) have already been kiling hundreds of thousands of elephants for the ivory of thelr tusks. After 1989 it became ilegal to sell ivory. Since then, the elephant population has been grown steadily. Recently several countries have been protecting clophants in national parks, and herds have became larger and healthier. resent Portect 2nd Present Perfect Progressive = 696 Past Perfect e Progressive By the time the last runner crossed ( the finish line, he had beer ie ZL (23S KE] pont Circle F (True) or F (False). TF The race is finished, a a CHART CHE STATEMENTS Check the correct | i fase Fome or | answer. | | suoyeer Hav (wor) eeew | Vers +-inc | What form of be | does the past iHe/She/hvwe/You'/They | had (not) been al ay perfect progressive | always use? “You is both singular and plural | Cl wasorwere = | | 74 is, am, or are been — YES/NO QUESTIONS Base Form + ING SHORT ANSWERS Arsimmarive | Necanive | | running working Yes, she had. | No, she hadn't WH- QUESTIONS Wi Woro | Hao | Susiecr | Been | Bast Form + -INc How long running?Past Perfect Progressive = 75 EXPRESS (S138 Complete this conversation with the past perfect progressive form of the verb practice. How long a when she entered the race? She for more than two years. ——___________ she alone? : No, she ______. She ______tmm___ with a partner. Grammar Explanations Examples 1 Use the past perfect proaressive fo alk = twas 200 rm, The sinners had been running about an action that ws in rogtes before” since 10:48 a, Specie time inthe pas. The progressive 1 Hina sw Rob at 400 rv. had been waiting emphases the continuation ofan action, forhours not the end rest 1 One rune fainted She hadn't been drinking Now tough water 1048 200 Pai ok > Future Pea ee Raswescat Non action vrbe are not usualy Iwas 5:00 nu He had had a headache al doy. ted in the progressive, Not He had been-havng 2 headache all day 2. The past perfect progressive always shows 1m She had been practicing for three years, relationship with another past event. when she entered the race. (ist she procticed. Then she entered the race.) Use the past perfect progressive for the carlier event. Use the simple past tense for the later event. 3. We offen use the past perfect progressive _m she was out of breath. I was clear that she to daw. conclusions about past events based had been running, Cea m The streets were wet. It had been raining. ‘4, Be canesuu! In these sentences with when, ‘= When the race started, it was raining and the notice the difference in meaning between streets were wet. the past progressive and the past perfect (it was sti raining during the race.) progressive When the race started, it had been raining and the streets were wet (it wasn’t raining during the race. t had alreody stopped.)76 & unit 18 i ‘MATCH © Each result has a cause. Match the result with the correct cause. Result Cause |. She was out of breath a. He had been reading, The ground was wet, b. She had been running. Her eyes were red. ¢. They had been watching the race, . There was an open book on the couch. d. She had been erying. 5. There were empty cans on Wie floor, e. Te had been raining, _—— 6. The TV was on. f. They had been drinking soda. COMPLETE Read this story from a magazine article. Complete it with the past perfect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses. Dr Semone Ma Onn cere, trent Boston EAU Re ‘Marathon with a partner, Marcia Davis. We ___had been training together since last year, and we _ to enter Xan the race ever since we saw Oprah , but we were very serious when we lined up. ! was so nervous “ome ana ugh | couldn't breathe. Marcia and ___ on those same streets for a a. tpractcey couple of weeks, so at the beginning we cid well. By the time we got to Heartbreak Hill ___ for almost four hours, and | really believed we could Scan) finish. Then, halfway up the hill, Marcia stopped. She just couldn't run anymore. We ______to this race for so long that | lint want t0 go on | | | | | | | in the Washington Marathon. The start of the race was dramatic. Up to that point, we | | alone, tout Marcia wanted! me to finish. When I got to the finish line, | saw Mé She __ for me for three hours. First we cried. Then we started talking Fay | about next year’s marathon,GHOOSE & COMPLETE * The magazine Runner's World (RW) is interviewing marathon winner Paolo Esposito (PE). Complete the interview with the past perfect progressive form of the correct verbs from the box. Use short answers where oppropriate. date expect live. Brnetie@ run RW: You just won the marathon. Hed you been practicing long for it? PE: Yeo.thad For more than five years, First in Madrid, ucts iat Rome. RW: You tripped during the race, How long —____ ___ when that happened? PE; It was in the last hour, Luckily it didn’t keep me from winning, RW: I understand that you recently married your trainer, Emilia Leale, How long each other when you decided to get married? PE: About six months: We met in Rome and knew right away that we wanted to be together. RW: A in Rome for a long time when you met? PE: : In fact, I had just moved there. RW: When you crossed the finish line you looked very calm. a to win? PRs I was really surprised. And very happy. EDIT Read part of an entry from a runner’sjournal. Find and correct five mistakes in the use of the past perfect progressive. The frst mistake is already corrected. ri] a —_ | cctober 19, QD) jst. back fom the marathon! tm tied bu very happy. When tewsed the fish | fine, 1 hee been runing forfour hoursand twenty-five minutes, Jeremy was starting |_ there. te lad been wasted for me the whole time. We were both soaking wet—I, because Uhad been sweating: he, because it has been raining just a litle while before, Ls 0 aga to see hin 1 had bees look forwan! to this day for so long and hoping that f could | | iss the rac inks than faa If hors, When 1 got ome Lead my parents. They had watching the marathon on TY and had actly seen me vss the finish fine