Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

NG DNG O HM TM GTLN V GTNN

CA HM S NHIU BIN
Hunh Ch Ho
A. PHNG PHP CHUNG
gii bi ton tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s nhiu bin bng phng php hm s, thng thng ta
thc hin theo cc bc sau :
Bin i cc s hng cha trong biu thc v cng mt i lng ging nhau.
a vo mt bin mi t, bng cch t t bng i lng c bin i nh trn.
Xt hm s f (t ) theo bin t . Khi ta hnh thnh c bi ton tng ng sau : Tm gi tr ln
nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (t ) vi t D .
Lc ny ta s dng o hm tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca hm s f (t ) vi t D .
Ch : trong trng hp khng th xy dng trc tip c hm s f (t ) vi t D , ta c th i tm
f (t ) vi t D tha P f (t ) i vi bi ton tm gi tr nh nht
f (t ) vi t D tha P f (t ) i vi bi ton tm gi tr ln nht.
B. MT S BI TON MINH HA
I. XY DNG TRC TIP HM S f (t ) BNG CC BIN I I S:
Phng php chung:
D on kh nng du bng xy ra hoc gi tr c bit trong iu kin t c bin ph t
thch hp.
C th bin i c v hm f(t) khng cn s dng tnh cht bt ng thc.
Hm f(t) tng i kho st c.
Ch phn tm iu kin ca t (phi tht chnh xc)
Thch hp cho cc thi khi B v D.
Th d 1. Cho x, y l cc s thc dng tha mn x + y = 1.

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P x 2

1 2 1
y 2
y2
x

Li gii.
Ta bin i P xy
2

1
2
( xy )2

x, y 0
1
nn 1 x y 2 xy 0 xy .
4
x y 1
1
t t xy 2 , iu kin ca t l 0 t
16
1
Khi biu thc P f t 2 t
t

Do

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
2
t 1
1
f ' t 2 ; ta thy f ' t 0 vi mi t 0; , suy ra hm s f(t) nghch bin trn na khong
t
16
1
0;
16
1 289
Vy gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P l min P min1 f t f
.
16 16
t( 0; ]
16

Th d 2. (Khi A 2006) Cho cc s thc x 0, y 0 tha ( x y) xy x 2 y 2 xy .

Tm GTLN ca biu thc A

1 1
.
x3 y 3

Li gii.
t x y S v xy P vi P 0 , t gi thit ta c P
x, y tn ti khi S 2 4P S 2

S2
S 3

S 3

4S 2
4
S 1

1
0 S 3 S 1
S 3
S 3
S 3
2

x 3 y 3 ( x y )( x 2 y 2 xy ) ( x y) 2 xy x y
S 3

Ta bin i A 3 3

3 3
3 3
x y
x y
x y
S
xy
t 3
3
Xt hm s f (t )
vi t 3 t 1 , ta c f / (t ) 2 0
t
t

BBT

-3
_

f /(t)

f(t)
0

Suy ra A f 2 (t ) 16
1
2

Vy GTLN P 16 khi x y .
Th d 3. Cho cc s thc dng thay i x, y tha iu kin x y 1 .
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P

1
1
.
3
x y
xy
3

Li gii.

1
1
1
1
1
1

3
3
xy ( x y) 3xy ( x y) xy 1 3xy xy
x y
3

1
x y
t 0 t xy

4
2
1
1
1

Xt hm s f (t )
vi 0 t
1 3t t
4
3 3
3
1
f / (t )
2 f / (t ) 0 t
2
6
(1 3t )
t
2

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

BBT

3- 3

f /(t)

+
f(t)
4+2 3

3 3
42 3

Suy ra P f

1
2 3 3
1
2 3 3
Vy GTLN P 4 2 3 khi x 1
.
; y 1
2

2
3

Th d 4. (khi D 2009) Cho cc s thc khng m x, y tha iu kin x y 1 .

3

Tm GTLN v GTNN ca biu thc S (4 x2 3 y)(4 y 2 3x) 25xy

Li gii.
Do x y 1 nn
S (4 x 2 3 y)(4 y 2 3x) 25xy
16 x 2 y 2 12( x 3 y 3 ) 9 xy 25xy

16 x 2 y 2 12 ( x y) 3 3xy ( x y) 34 xy
16 x 2 y 2 2 xy 12

1
x y
t 0 t xy

4
2
2

1
4
1
f / (t ) 32t 2 f / (t ) 0 t
16

Xt hm s f (t ) 16t 2 2t 12

vi 0 t

f /(t)

16

12

+
25

191

f(t)

16
25
1
khi x y
2
2
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
191
,y
,y
GTNN S
khi x
hoc x
.
16
4
4
4
4
Th d 5. Cho cc s thc thay i x, y tha iu kin y 0 v x2 x y 12 .
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc P xy x 2 y 17 .

Vy GTLN S

Li gii.
Ta c x 2 x 12 y 0 4 x 3

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

P x( x 2 x 12) x 2( x 2 x 12) 17 x 3 3x 2 9 x 7

Xt hm s f ( x) x 3 3x 2 9 x 7

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

vi 4 x 3

f ( x) 3x 6 x 9 f ( x) 0 x 3; x 1
/

-4

f /(x)

-3
+

1
-

0
20

3
+

20

f(x)
-12

-13

Vy GTLN P 20 khi x 3, y 6 hoc x 3, y 0

GTNN P 12 khi x 1, y 10
Th d 6. Cho cc s thc x 0 v y 0 tha x y 2 .
x 2 xy y 2 x 3
Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P
.
3x xy 1

Li gii.

x0

y0 0 x2
x y 2

x 2 x( 2 x) ( 2 x) 2 x 3 x 2 x 1
P
2
3 x x(2 x) 1
x x 1

P/

2x 2 2
( x 2 x 1) 2
0

x
P/

1
-

Vy GTNN P

1
3

khi x 1; y 1 .

Th d 7. Cho cc s thc thay i x, y tha iu kin x y 1, x2 y 2 xy x y 1.

Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc P

xy
.
x y 1

Li gii.
T gi thit x 2 y 2 xy x y 1 xy ( x y) 2 ( xy) 1

t 2 t 1
2
t t x y , ta c ( x y) 4 xy 3t 4t 4 0 t 2 . Khi P
t 1
3
2

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

t 2 t 1
2
Xt hm s f (t )
vi t 2
3
t 1
2
t 2
t 2t
/
f / (t )

f
(
x
)

t 0
(t 2) 2

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

-2

f /(t)

f(t)

-1

1
1
khi x y hoc x y 1
3
3
GTNN P 1 khi x 1, y 1 hoc x 1, y 1 .

Vy GTLN P

Th d 8. Cho cc s thc thay i x, y tha iu kin x, y 0 , xy( x y) x2 y 2 x y 2 .

1
x

Tm GTLN ca biu thc P

1
.
y

Li gii.
T gi thit suy ra xy ( x y) ( x y) 2 2 xy ( x y) 2
t t x y suy ra xy

t2 t 2
t2

t 3 2t 2 4t 8
0 t 2 2 t
Ta c ( x y) 4 xy
t2
2

Khi P

x y
t 2 2t
2
xy
t t 2

t 2 2t
t 2 2 t vi
t2 t 2
2
3t 2 4t 4
/
f / ( x) 0 t
; t2
f (t ) 2
2
3
(t t 2)

Xt hm s f (t )

-2

f /(t)

f(t)

-2
1

Vy GTLN P 2 khi x y 1 .
Th d 9. Cho cc s thc thay i x, y tha iu kin 1 y 2 x( x y) .
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc P

x6 y 6 1
.
x3 y xy 3

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Li gii.
Ta c 1 x 2 y 2 xy xy xy 1
1
3
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
( x y ) ( x y ) 3x y

1 x 2 y 2 xy ( x y) 2 3xy xy

x6 y 6 1
Ta c P 3

x y xy 3

xy ( x y )
2

1
xy x y 2

t t xy x y 1 t
2

2t 2 3
t 1
2t 2 3
1
vi t 1
t 1
3
2
2t 4t 3
f / (t )
0
(t 1) 2

Xt hm s f (t )

-1

f /(t)
25
f(t)

1
khi x y 1
2
1
1
25
GTLN P f ( )
khi x y
.
3
6
3

Vy GTNN P f (1)

Th d 10. (Khi B 2011)Cho a, b cc s thc dng tha 2(a2 b2 ) ab (a b)(ab 2) .

a 3 b3 a 2 b 2
3 9 2 2 .
3
a
b a b

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P 4

Li gii.
a
b

b
a

1
a

1
b

a
b

b
a

2
b

T gi thit ta c 2 1 (ab 2) 2 1 a b

a b
5
2t 1 2 2 t 2 4t 2 4t 15 0 t
b a
2
3
3
2
2
a
b a
b
Ta c P 4 3 3 9 2 2 4(t 3 3t ) 9(t 2 2) 4t 3 9t 2 12t 18
a b
a
b
5
Xt hm s f (t ) 4t 3 9t 2 12t 18 vi t
2
1
f / (t ) 12t 2 18t 12 f / ( x) 0 t ; t 2
2

t t

a
2
b

2 2

a
b
a

f /(t)
f(t)

+
-23
4

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
23
5
Suy ra P f
4
2
23
Vy GTNN P
khi a 1, b 2 hay a 2, b 1 .
4
Th d 11. Cho cc s thc thay i x, y tha iu kin 2( x2 y 2 ) xy 1 .
4
4
Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc P x y .

2 xy 1

Li gii.

5
1
1
1
v xy 1 2 x y 2 xy 4 xy xy . K: t .
3
5
3

t t xy . Ta c: xy 1 2 x y 2 xy 4 xy xy
2

x
Suy ra : P
Do : P '

y2

2 x2 y 2

2 xy 1

7 t 2 t
2 2t 1

7t 2 2t 1
.

4 2t 1

1
1
1 2
P P
v P 0
4
5
3 15

P ' 0 t 0, t 1( L)

t
P/

5
0

0
+

1
P

15

2
15

1
2
v GTNN l
.
4
15
Th d 12. Cho cc s thc a, b, c tha abc 2 2 .

Vy GTLN l

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu P

a 6 b6
b6 c 6
c6 a6

a 4 b 4 a 2b 2 b 4 c 4 b 2 c 2 c 4 a 4 c 2 a 2

Li gii.
Ta c P

(a 2 b 2 )(a 4 b 4 a 2 b 2 ) (b 2 c 2 )(b 4 c 4 b 2 c 2 ) (c 2 a 2 )(c 4 a 4 c 2 a 2 )

a 4 b 4 a 2b 2
b4 c 4 b2c 2
c4 a4 c2a2

Nhn xt: Do abc 2 2 nn a 2 , b2 , c2 l cc s thc dng

Xt A = A

x 2 y 2 xy
vi x,y > 0
x 2 y 2 xy

Chia t v mu cho
Xt hm s

f (t )

x
t2 t 1
v t t
ta c A 2
vi t > 0
y
t t 1
t 2 t 1
2x 2 2
/
vi
f
(
t
)

t
t 2 t 1
( x 2 x 1) 2

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

t

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

1

f /(t)

f(t)

1
3

1
1
2 2
a b 2 c 2 23 a 2 b 2 c 2 4
3
3
3
Vy GTNN P 4 khi a b c 2 .
Th d 13. Cho hai s thc x, y tha mn x 1, y 1 v 3( x y) 4 xy.
1
1
Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P x3 y 3 3 2 2 .
y
x

Suy ra P (a 2 b 2 ) (b 2 c 2 ) (c 2 b 2 )

Li gii.

t x y a . Khi xy

3a
, a 0.
4

3a
0
4
Phng trnh (1) c nghim a 2 3a 0 a 3.

Suy ra x, y l nghim ca phng trnh t 2 at

V x, y 1 nn ( x 1)( y 1) 0. Hay l xy ( x y) 1 0
Vy ta c 3 a 4 .
Mt khc, t gi thit ta li c

(1)
3a
a 1 0 a 4.
4

1 1 4
.
x y 3
2

1 1
9
8 16
6
Suy ra P ( x y) 3xy ( x y) 3
a3 a 2 .
4
a 3
xy
x y
9
8 16
Xt hm s f (a) a 3 a 2 , 3 a 4.
4
a 3
9
8
3
8
Ta c f ' (a) 3a 2 a 2 3a(a ) 2 0, a [3; 4].
2
2 a
a
3

3
4

f ' (a)

+
94
3

P f (a)
113
12

3
113
, t khi a 3 x y ;
12
2
x 1, y 3
94
max P , t khi a 4
.
3
x 3, y 1.

Da vo BBT ta suy ra min P

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
2
2
2
Th d 14. Cho cc s thc khng m x, y, z tho mn x y z 3 .

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A xy yz zx

5
.
x yz

Li gii.

t2 3
t t x y z t 3 2( xy yz zx) xy yz zx
.
2
Ta c 0 xy yz zx x 2 y 2 z 2 3 nn 3 t 2 9 3 t 3 v t 0.
2

t2 3 5
Khi A
.
2
t
t2 5 3
Xt hm s f (t ) , 3 t 3.
2 t 2
5 t3 5
Ta c f ' (t ) t 2 2 0 v t 3.
t
t
Suy ra f (t ) ng bin trn [ 3, 3] . Do f (t ) f (3)

14
.
3

Du ng thc xy ra khi t 3 x y z 1.
14
Vy GTLN ca A l , t -c khi x y z 1.
3
Th d 15. Cho hai s thc x tha mn 0 x 1, 0 y 1 v x y 4 xy.

Hy tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc M x2 y 2 7 xy.

Li gii.
t xy t x y 4t. Theo nh l Viet o x, y l nghim ca ph-ng trnh
h( X ) X 2 4tX t 0.

V 0 x1 , x 2 1 nn ph-ng trnh h( X ) 0 c nghim X 1 , X 2 tho mn

' 4t 2 t 0

1.h(0) t 0
1
1
t .
0 X 1 X 2 1 1.h(1) 1 3t 0
4
3

s
0 2t 1

2
1
1
Khi M x y 2 9 xy 16t 2 9t , vi t .
4
3
9 1 1
Ta c M ' (t ) 32t 9 0 t ; . Suy ra Bng bin thin
32 4 3
1

M'(t)

32

M 4

81
64

11
9

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
1
1
1
11
Suy ra: Mmax , t khi xy x 1, y hoc x , y 1.
9
3
3
3
81
9
3
3
Mmin , t khi xy x 2 y hoc y 2 x .
64
32
4
4
2
2
Th d 16. Cho x, y l hai s thc tha mn x y xy 3.
Hy tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A x4 y 4 4 xy x3 y3

Li gii.
iu kin: x 1; y 3 .
t u x 1 0; v y 3 0 . Khi h cho tr thnh

u v a
u v a

2
a 2 2a
2
u

2
a

uv
2

2
a 2a
0.
u, v l nghim ca ph-ng trnh f t t 2 at
2
H cho c nghim ph-ng trnh f t 0 c nghim t1 , t2 tho mn t1 0 t 2

a 2 2a
0 0 a 2.
2
t t xy . T gi thit x 2 y 2 xy 3 ta c:
1. f 0 0

+) 3 x y xy xy
+) 3 x 2 y 2 xy 3xy

xy 3 .
xy 1.

Vy 3 t 1 .

+) x y x y 2 x y 3 xy 2 x y 2 9 6 xy x 2 y 2 .
Suy ra A t 3 t 2 2t 9, 3 t 1 .
Xt hm s f t t 3 t 2 2t 9, 3 t 1 .
f ' t 3t 2 2t 2 0, t . Vy hm s nghch bin trn , nn:
4

2 2

min f t f 1 5; max f t f 3 33

3t 1

3t 1

rng t 1 x y 1 v t 3 x y 3
Vy min A 5 , t khi x y 1
max A 33 , t khi x y 3 .
Th d 17. (khi B 2012) Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn cc iu kin x y z 0 v x2 y 2 z 2 1 .
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P x5 y5 z5 .
Li gii.
Cch 1:

xy ( x y ) 2

2
2
2
x y z 1
2 x y 2
3
3

P = x5 + y5 + z5 = x5 + y5 (x + y)5 = -5xy(x3 + y3) 10x2y2(x + y)

5

= ( x y )3 ( x y ) t 3 t ; t = x + y
2
2
2
4

5
2

5
4

f(t) = t 3 t

10

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

15
5
f(t) = t 2
2
4
1
f(t) = 0 t =
6
t
2
3

f(t)
f(t)

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

1
6

5 6

0
5 6
36

36
5 6
36

Suy ra P 5 6 36 . Vy max P = 5 6 36 xy ra khi t = 1

6
x y 1
6

xy 1 3
(c nghim)

z ( x y )

hay

x y 2
3

(c nghim)
xy 1 6

z ( x y )

Cch 2:
Vi x + y + z = 0 v x2 y 2 z 2 1 , ta c:
0 x y z x 2 y 2 z 2 2 x y z 2 yz 1 2x 2 2 yz , nn yz x 2 .
1
2

Mt khc yz

y 2 z 2 1 x2
1 1 x2
6
6
, suy ra x 2
, do x

(*)
2
2
3
3
2
2

Khi : P x5 ( y 2 z 2 )( y3 z 3 ) y 2 z 2 ( y z )

x5 (1 x 2 ) ( y 2 z 2 )( y z ) yz ( y z) x2
2

x (1 x ) x (1 x2 )

1
1

x x2 x2
2
2

x
5
(2 x3 x).
4

6
6 6
2
;
, suy ra f ( x) 6 x 1 ; f ( x) 0 x
6
3 3

6
6

6
6
6
6
6
Ta c f f , f f Do f ( x)
9
9
3
6
3
6 9

Xt hm f ( x) 2 x3 x trn

Suy ra P

6
6
, yz
th du bng xy ra.
3
6
5 6
Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l 36

Khi

5 6

36

Th d 18. Cho 2 s thc x, y tha mn : x y 2 x 2 y 1 1 .

Tm GTLN, GTNN ca F =

2(1 xy x y )
x
y
.
( x y ) ( y x)
2
2
x y

11

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Li gii.
T gi thit x 2; y 1 .

V 2. x 2 1. y 1 22 12 x 2 y 1 2 x 2 y 1 5( x y 1) .
2

Nn t x y 2 x 2 y 1 1

x y 5( x y 1) 1 . t t = x + y , ta c: t 1 5(t 1) 1 t 6
1
2
1
2
Khi : F = ( x y)2
.
t2
2
x y 2
t
1
2
1
0; t 1;6
Xt f (t ) t 2
, vi t 1;6 , c f ' (t ) t
2
t
t t
2
5
Min f (t ) f (1) ; Max f (t ) f (6) 18
t1;6
2 t1;6
6
x 2
5
GTNN ca F l: t c ti: t 1
2
y 1

x 6
2
t c ti :t= 6

0
6

Th d 19. Cho x v y l cc s thc tha mn: 1 y 2 x( x y) .

Vy GTLN ca F l 18

Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc: P

x6 y 6 1
x3 y xy 3

Li gii.

T gi thit ta c:

1 x2 y 2 xy 2 xy xy xy 1.
1
.
3
Ta c x 2 y 2 1 xy nn x6 y 6 ( x 2 y 2 ) ( x 2 y 2 )2 3x 2 y 2

1 x2 y 2 xy ( x y)2 3xy 3xy xy

(1 t ) (1 t ) 2 3t 3 1
1
t t xy vi t ;1 \ 0 . Khi ta c P
t (1 t )
3
2
2t 3
Hay P
= f (t )
t 1
1
Hm s f (t ) trn ;1 \ 0
3
2t 2 4t 3
1
0 t ;1 \ 0
Ta c f '(t )
2
(t 1)
3
1
Vy MinP P(1) t 1 x y 1
2
1 25
1
1
MaxP P( )
t x y

3
6
3
3
Th d 20. Cho x, y, z thuc on 0;2 v x y z 3 .

Tm gi tr ln nht ca A x 2 y 2 z 2

Li gii.

Cho x, y, z thuc 0;2 v x y z 3 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca A x 2 y 2 z 2

Gi s: x y z 3 x y z 3z z 1 z 1;2

12

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

Li c:

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

x 2 y 2 ( x y )2 ,(*)
A 3 z z 2 2z 2 6z 9
2

Xt f ( z ) 2 z 2 6 z 9, z 1;2 f '( z ) 4 z 6, f '( z ) 0 z

3 9
f (1) 5; f (2) 5; f
2 2

Kt hp (*) ta c
Vy max A 5 khi x 0; y 1; z 2

13

3
2

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

II. XY DNG GIN TIP HM S f (t ) BNG S DNG TNH CHT BT NG

THC:
Phng php chung:
D on kh nng du bng xy ra hoc gi tr c bit trong iu kin t c bin ph t
thch hp.
Kh nng bin i c v hm f(t)l kh buc phi s dng bt ng thc.
Lu khi s dng bt ng thc iu kin du bng xy ra phi ng
Cn thuc mt s bt ng thc ph c th a v theo mt i lng thch hp no theo
mong mun.
Hm f(t) tng i kho st c.
Ch phn tm iu kin ca t (phi tht chnh xc)
Thch hp cho cc thi khi A v B.
Th d 1. (Khi B 2009) Cho cc s thc thay i tha ( x y)3 4 xy 2 .
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P 3( x4 y 4 x2 y 2 ) 2( x2 y 2 ) 1 .
Li gii.
2

x2 y2

Ta c ( xy )
2
2

x2 y2
2
2 2
2( x 2 y 2 ) 1
P 3( x y )
2

( x y) 2 1
(theo gi thit ( x y) 3 ( x y) 2 ( x y) 3 4 xy 2 )
t t x 2 y 2
2
2
2
9t
1
2t 1 vi t
Xt hm s f (t )
4
2
9
t
f / (t ) 2
2
2

x
f /(t)
f(t)

1
2

9
16

1
2

Suy ra P f (t ) f ( )
Vy GTNN P

9
16

9
1
khi x y z .
16
2

Th d 2. (Khi B 2010) Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha a b c 1.

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P 3(a 2b2 b2c2 c2 a 2 ) 3(ab bc ca) 2 a 2 b2 c2
Li gii.
Ta bin i P (ab bc ca)2 3(ab bc ca) 2 1 2(ab bc ca)
t

t ab bc ca , iu kin 0 t ab bc ca

14

(a b c) 2 1

3
3

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

Xt hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

1
f (t ) t 2 3t 2 1 2t , t 0; , ta c
3
2
f '(t ) 2t 3
1 2t
2
f / / (t ) 2
0
(1 2t )3

1 11

Do vy f / (t ) l hm nghch bin: f / (t ) f / 2 3 0 .
3 3
Suy ra f (t ) l hm s ng bin
BBT
1
3

t
f / t

10 6 3
9

f (t )
2

Suy ra P f (t ) f (0) 2

ab bc ca

Vy GTNN P 2 khi ab bc ca 0 khi (1; 0; 0) v cc hon v.

a b c 1

Th d 3. Cho a, b, c l di ba cnh ca tam gic c chu vi bng 3.

Tm GTLN ca biu thc P 3(a 2 b2 c2 ) 4abc .
Li gii.
3
2
2
2
Ta c P 3(a b) 6ab 3c 4abc 3(3 c) 2 3c 2 2(3 c)ab

Gi s 0 a b c 1 c

ab
3(3 c) 2 3c 2 2(3 c)

3
2

Xt hm s f (t ) t 3 t 2

27
2

3c
3(3 c) 2 3c 2 2(3 c)

2
3
27
c3 c2
2
2
3
vi 1 t
2

f / (t ) 3c 2 3c

BBT:
t
f /(t)

f(t)
13

15

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

Suy ra P f (1) 13

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Vy GTNN P 13 khi a b c 1.
Th d 4. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha x y z 1 .
1
x

1
y

1
z

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P x y z .

Li gii.
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
1 x y z 33 xyz
1 1 1
3

x y z 3 xyz

Suy ra P 33 xyz

xyz
3
1
Xt hm s f (t ) 3t vi 0 t
t
3
2
3 3 3t
f / (t ) 3 2
0
t
t2
3

f /(t)
f(t)

10

1
3

Suy ra P f (t ) f ( ) 10
Vy GTNN P 10 khi x y z

1
3

Th d 5. (Khi A 2003) Cho cc s ng x, y, z tha x y z 1 .

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P x 2

1
1
1
y2 2 z2 2 .
2
x
y
z

Li gii.

1 1 1
1

Ta c P ( x y z ) 3 (33 xyz ) 2 33

xyz
x y z

1
9
1
x yz
0t
vi 0 t

3
9
t
9

2
9 9 9t
f / (t ) 9 2
0
t
t2
2

Xt hm s f (t ) 9t

x
f /(t)

f(t)

16

82

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

Suy ra P

f (t )

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

1
f ( ) 82
9

1
3

Vy GTNN P 82 khi x y z .
Th d 6. Cho cc s thc khng m a, b, c tha a b c 3 .
Tm GTLN ca biu thc P (a 2 ab b2 )(b2 bc c 2 )(c 2 ca a 2 ) .
Li gii.
Gi s 0 a b c 3
a 2 ab b 2 b 2
a ( a b ) 0
2
2
2
a ( a c) 0
a ac c c

Suy ra

Do P b 2 c 2 (b 2 bc c 2 ) b 2 c 2 (b c) 2 3bc
abc 3
ta c b c a b c b c 3 2 bc b c 3
0 a b c 3
9
Suy ra 0 bc
4
T ta c P b 2 c 2 (9 3bc)
9
Xt hm s f (t ) 3t 3 9t 2 vi 0 t
4
/
2
f (t ) 9t 18t

t
f /(x)

12
f(x)

Suy ra P f (2) 12
Vy GTLN P 12 khi a 0; b 1; c 2 v cc hon v.
Th d 7. Cho cc s thc a, b, c i mt khc nhau thuc 0; 2 .
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P

1
1
1

.
2
2
(a b) (b c) (c a) 2

Li gii.
Gi s 0 a b c 2

1
1

0ca 2
(c a )
4

T
1
1
0 c b 2 b

2
(b c)
( 2 b) 2
1
1
1
Suy ra P 2

2
4
b
( 2 b)

17

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

1
1
1
Xt hm s f (b) 2
vi 0 b 2

2
4
b
( 2 b)
2
2
f / (b) 3
b
( 2 b) 3

f /(b)

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

1
_

f(b)

4
9
4
9
Vy GTNN P
khi a 0; b 1; c 2 v cc hon v.
4
Th d 8. Cho cc s ng x, y tha x y 1.
x
y
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P
.

1 x
1 y

Suy ra P f (1)

Li gii.
p dng BT

a b
b
a
x
1 x

x 1 x
P
1 x
x
Xt hm s f ( x) x 1 x vi 0 x 1
1
1
1
f / ( x)

. f / x 0 x
2
2 x 2 1 x

x
f /(x)

1
0
0

2
0

2
f(x)

1
2

Suy ra P f ( ) 2
1
2

Vy GTNN P 2 khi x y .
Th d 9. (Khi B 2006) Cho cc s thc thay i x, y .
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P ( x 1)2 y 2 ( x 1)2 y 2 y 2
Li gii.
Ta c BT a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 (a c) 2 (b d ) 2
P (1 x x 1) 2 ( y y) 2 y 2 2 1 y 2 y 2

18

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Xt hm s f ( y) 2 1 y 2 y 2
Trng hp y 2 0 y 2
f ( y) 2 1 y 2 y
2y
f / ( y)
1
2
1 y
1
f / ( y) 0 y
3
1
Suy ra f ( y) f 2 3
3
Trng hp y 2 0 y 2

-
_

f /(y)
+
f(y)

2+ 3

f ( y) 2 1 y 2 2 1 2 2 2 3

Vy GTNN P 2 3 khi x 0, y

3
Th d 10. Cho cc s ng x, y, z tha x y z 3 .
1
2

Tm GTLN ca biu thc P

.
x 2 y 2 z 2 1 ( x 1)( y 1)( z 1)

Li gii.
p dng BT csi, ta c
x2 y2 z 2 1

1 2
1
1
( x y 2 ) ( z 2 1) ( x y z 1) 2
2
2
4

x y z 3
( x 1)( y 1)( z 1)

2
54
Suy ra P

x y z 1 ( x y z 3) 3

t t x y z 1 1
P

2
54

t (t 2) 3

2
54
vi 1 t

t (t 2) 3
2
162
f / (t ) 0 t 1; t 4
f / (t ) 2
4
t
(t 2)

Xt hm s f (t )

t
f /(t)
f(t)

19

1
4

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

1
Suy ra P f (4)
4
1
Vy GTLN P khi x y z 1 .
4

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

Th d 11. Cho cc s dng x, y, z . Tm GTLN ca biu thc P

x
x2 y 2

y
y2 z2

z
z 2 x2

Li gii.
t a

y
z
x
, b , c abc 1
x
y
z

Suy ra P

1
1 a

1 b

1
1 c

1
1
2

2
1 c2
1 b
1 a
1

1
1 a2

2
1 bc

2
1
2 1
1 x
1 x

1
1
vi 0 t
1 x
2
Xt hm s f (t ) t 2 2 1 t

t t

f / (t )

2 2t 1
t 1

f /(t)

+
3

f(t)

2
-

1
2

Suy ra P f ( )

3
2

1
khi x y z 1 .
4
Th d 12. Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha x y z 3 .
xy yz zx
Tm GTNN ca biu thc P x 2 y 2 z 2 2
.
x y y2 z z2 x

Vy GTLN P

Li gii.
Ta c 3(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) (a b c)(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) a 3 b 3 c 3 a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a ab 2 bc 2 ca 2

a 3 ab 2 2a 2 b

M b 3 bc 2 2b 2 c 3(a 2 b 2 c 2 ) 3(a 2 b b 2 c c 2 a) 0
c 3 ca 2 2c 2 a

t t x 2 y 2 z 2

9 (x2 y 2 z 2 )
9t
t
2
2
2
2t
2( x y z )
1 9
Xt hm s f (t ) t
vi 3 t
2 2t
P x2 y2 z2

20

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

9
f / (t ) 1 2
2t
t

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

f /(t)

+
+

f(t)
4

Suy ra P f (4)

1
4

1
khi x y z 1 .
4
Th d 13. Cho cc s khng m x, y, z tha x y z 0 .

Vy GTLN P

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P

x3 y 3 16 z 3
( x y z )3

Li gii.
( x y) 3
da vo php chng minh tng ng
4
t x y z a , khi

Ta c x 3 y 3

4P

t t

x 3 y 3 16 z 3 ( x y ) 3 64 z 3 (a z ) 3 64 z 3

( x y z) 3
a3
a3

z
a

Xt hm s f (t ) (1 t ) 3 64t 3 vi 0 t 1

f / (t ) 3 64t 2 (1 t ) 2 f / (t ) 0 t

1
9

1
t

f /(t)

9
0

64

f(t)

81
1

1 16

Suy ra P , f
4 9 81
Vy GTNN P

16
khi x y 4 z .
81

Th d 14. (Khi B 2007) Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z .

x
2

Tm GTNN ca biu thc P x

1
y 1 z 1
y z .
yz
2 zx 2 xy

Li gii.

21

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

x2 y2 z 2 x2 y2 z2
Ta c P

2
xyz
2
2
2
Do x y z xy yz zx

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

x2 1 y2 1 z 2 1
P

2 x 2 y 2 z
t2 1
1
Xt hm s f (t ) vi t
2 t
2
1
f / (t ) t 2
t

Vy GTNN P

9
khi x y z 1 .
2

Th d 15. (Khi A 2011)Cho x, y, z l ba s thc thuc on [1;4] v x y, x z .

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc

x
y
z

.
2x 3y z y z x

Li gii.
1
1
2

vi a 0, b 0 v ab 1 (chng minh tng ng)

1 a 1 b 1 ab
x
1
1
1
2
Khi P

z
x
3
y
2x 3y 1
x
1
2
1
y
z
x
y

Ta c

t t

x
vi 1 t 2
y

t2
2

2
2t 3 1 t
t2
2

Xt hm s f (t ) 2
vi 1 t 2
2t 3 1 t
2 t 3 (4t 3) 3t (2t 1) 9
/
f (t )
0
(2t 2 3) 2 (1 t ) 2

Suy ra P

f /(t)
f(t)

34
33

22

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

34
Suy ra P f 2
33

Vy GTNN P

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

34
khi x 4; y 1; z 2 .
33

Th d 16. Cho cc s thc dng a, b, c.

Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc P

1
a b c 1
2

2
.
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1)

Li gii.
p dng BT Csi ta c
a 2 b2 c 2 1

1
1
1
(a b) 2 (c 1) 2 (a b c 1) 2 ,
2
2
4

a b c 3
(a 1)(b 1)(c 1)
.
3

2
54

Suy ra P
.
a b c 1 (a b c 3)3
3

2
t

t t a b c 1, t 1 . Khi ta c P
2
t

Xt hm f (t )
f ' (t )

54
.
(t 2) 3

54
trn (1; ) . Ta c
(t 2) 3

t 1
2
54.3

0 9t (t 2) 2
; f ' (t ) 0 1 t 4 .
2
4
t
(t 2)
t 4

Suy ra BBT
t

f ' (t )

4
0

1
4

f (t )

1
4

Da vo BBT suy ra P . Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi t 4 a b c 1.

1
, t c khi a b c 1 .
4
2
2
Th d 17. (khi D-2012) Cho cc s thc x, y tha mn x 4 y 4 2 xy 32 .

Vy gi tr ln nht ca P l

Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A x3 y3 3 xy 1 x y 2 .

Li gii.
( x 4)2 ( y 4)2 2 xy 32 ( x y)2 8( x y) 0 0 x y 8

3
4 xy ( x y)2 6 xy ( x y)2
2
3
3
A = x y 3( xy 1)( x y 2) = ( x y)3 6 xy 3( x y) 6
3
A ( x y)3 ( x y)2 3( x y) 6
2

23

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu

3
2

t t = x + y ( 0 t 8 ), xt f(t) = t 3 t 2 3t 6 f(t) = 3t 2 3t 3
1 5
1 5
17 5 5
; f(0) = 6, f(8) = 398, f(
)=
4
2
2
17 5 5
1 5
Vy gi tr nh nht ca f(t) l
xy ra khi t =
4
2
17 5 5
1 5
1 5
A f(t)
. Du bng xy ra khi x = y v x + y =
hay x = y =

4
2
4

f(t) = 0 khi t =

BI TP
Bi 1: Cho x, y, z l ba s thc tha x 2 y 2 z 2 2 Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz
Hng dn : t t x y z
Bi 2: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha x y z 3 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P 9 xy 10 xz 22 yz

Hng dn :

P 9 xy 10( x y) z 12 yz 9 xy 10( x y)3 ( x y) 12 y3 ( x y)

Xt hm s f (t ) t 2 3t vi 0 t 3
P 10 f ( x y) 12 f ( y) 22 xy max f (t )
Bi 3: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha x 2 y 2 z 2 1 . Tm GTLN ca biu thc
P 6( y z x) 27 xyz

Hng dn :

y2 z2
x(1 x 2 )
6 2(1 x 2 ) x 27
2
2
Bi 4: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha 21xy 2 yz 8zx 12 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc
1 2 3
P
x y z
P 6 2( y 2 z 2 ) x 27 x

Hng dn :

2a 4b
2ab 7
14 14
14
14
2a 4b
2a
2a
2
11
2
ab

7
a
a ab
a a
a
P ab

7
a 2ab 7
2a
2a
2ab 7

a 2b
a

1
x

2
y

3
z

t a ; b ; c , bi ton a v tm GTNN P a b c vi c

11
7
2 1 2
2t
t
Bi 5: Cho cc s thc x, y, z khng ng thi bng 0 tha x 2 y 2 z 2 2( xy yz zx) . Tm GTLN,

Xt hm s f (t ) t
GTNN ca biu thc
P

x3 y3 z 3
( x y z )( x 2 y 2 z 2 )

Hng dn :
t a

4y
4z
4x
, b
, c
. Khi a b c 4 v ab bc ca 4
x yz
x yz
x yz

24

Mt k thut tm GTLN v GTNN ca hm s

THPT chuyn Nguyn Quang Diu
8
p dng BT (b c) 2 4bc suy ra 0 a
3
1
1
Khi P (a 3 b 3 c 3 ) (3a 3 12a 2 12a 16)
32
32
1
Xt hm s f (t ) (3t 3 12t 2 12t 16)
32
Bi 6: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha ( x y z) 3 32 xyz . Tm GTLN ca biu thc

x4 y4 z4
( x y z) 4

Hng dn :
Do t v mu cng bc nn gi s x y z 4
Ta c x 4 y 4 z 4 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 2( x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 )

( x y z ) 2 2( xy yz zx) 2 ( xy yz zx) 2 2 xyz ( x y z )

t t xy yz zx

Xt hm s f (t ) (16 2t ) 2 2(t 2 16)

Bi 7: Cho cc s dng x, y, z tha
P

xy yz zx 1
. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca biu thc
x2 y2 z2 7

x4 y4 z4
( x y z) 4

Hng dn :
Do t v mu cng bc nn gi s x y z 1
T gi thit

xy yz zx
1
1
2
xy yz zx 1
xy yz zx xy (1 z ) z

2
2
2
1 2( xy yz zx) 7
9
9
7
x y z

Ta c x 4 y 4 z 4 ( x 2 y 2 z 2 ) 2 2( x 2 y 2 y 2 z 2 z 2 x 2 )

( x y z ) 2 2( xy yz zx) 2 ( xy yz zx) 2 2 xyz ( x y z )

1
Xt hm s theo bin z v z min x, y, z 0 z
3
Bi 8: Cho cc s dng x, y, z . Tm GTNN ca biu thc
P

2( x y z ) 3 9 xyz
( x y z )( xy yz zx)

Hng dn :
Do t v mu cng bc nn gi s x y z 1 v z min x, y, z 0 z

25

1
3