LL

LL

W
K

L ? ? ?
? L
K

W
K

LL

An Introduction

[W]

[W]



K

K-
K-

K--L-
K-

W
-

LL

EKKKF
K

LL

WIntroduction -

K
W

Kmeasurement units of dimensional quantitiesEF-

Kunits dimensionsEF-

WEF
K-
-
K
-
K
-

K-
--

LL

WMeasurement Units -
--
W

(SI)International System K
KSystem International

International bureau of

weight and measures

K

W
E-F

EF

E-FK

KE--F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

length

meter

mass

kilogram

kg

time

second

KE-FE-FE
--

LL

thermodynamics
temperature

kelvin

electric current

ampere

luminous

candela

cd

amount of
substance

mole

mol

EF

E-F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

plane angle

radian

rad

solid angle

steradian

sr.

E--F
W
WThe Metric System--

(MKS system)E-F

(Meter, Kilogram, Second)

K(K)Kelvin

WThe Gaussian system (CGS)--

(MKS)
K

(CGS

system) Gauss

(Centimeter, Gram, Second)

K(K)

KE-FK EF
--

LL

WThe British System (FPS)--

W
(FPS

System)

KFahrenheit(Foot, Pound, Second)

(CGS) (MKS) K

KK

WInternational System Units (SI) -

F
E

K
WMeter --
(SI) meter

KEF

K ( 107 meter )
( 4 107 meter )
K
--

LL

K (0.08 mm)

KE-F

Name

Quantity in Meter

Symbol

centimeter

1 10 -2 m

cm

millimeter

1 10 -3 m

mm

1 10 -6 m

1 10 -9 m

nm

angstrom

1 10 -10 m

femtometer

1 10 -15 m

fm

2.54 10 -2 m

in

1 10 2 m

1 10 3 m

km

1609 m

mi

9.468 10 15 m

---

micrometer
nanometer

inch
hectometer
kilometer

mile
light-year

E-F

K
WThe Calibrated MeterEF

( 5d5 ) ( 1650763.73 )

(86)E
F ( 2 p10 )
W ( 10 8 meter )
KELFEF
--

LL

1 meter = 1650763.73

= wave length of krypton isotope ( 86 )

1
= 6.057810 7 meter
1650763.73
= 6057.8 Ao

K ( 210 C )
WSecond --

(SI) second
K
(133)

( 9192631770 HZ )

K cesium atom
K E-F
Name

Quantity in Second

Symbol

1 10 -3 s

ms

1 10 -6 s

nanosecond

1 10 -9 s

ns

picosecond

1 10 -12 s

ps

60 s

min

3600 s

millisecond
microsecond

minute
hour

day

8.64 10 4 s

year

3.156 10 7 s

EFE-F

(86400)W
W (86400)
1s = ( 1 / 60 )( 1 / 60 )( 1 / 24 ) = ( 1 / 86400 )

K(1967)
--

LL

WKilogram --
(SI)

K(3.9 cm)

K ( 4 C )
(12) ( 5.01188 1025 )

K E-F

Name

Quantity in Kilogram

Symbol

1 10 -3 kg

1.66 10 -27 kg

ounce

2.835 10 -2 kg

oz

pound

0.4536 kg

lb

slug

14.59 kg

sl

ton

103 kg

ton

gram
atomic mass unit

EFE-F

WKelvin --
Kelvin (SI) temperature

( 1 / 273.16 ) thermodynamics scale

K
K(SI)

--

LL

WAmpere --
(SI)electric current intensity

( 2 10 7 N )
K(SI)
WCandella --

( 1 / 60 ) luminous intensity

( 2045 K ) ( 1 cm2 ) black body radiation

K(SI)
WMole --

amount of substance

(12)

( 12 10 3 kg )

K(SI)

radian E-F
steradian ( 57.3 )

KK
WDimensions -

dimensional

W consistency

and units consistency

--

LL

[L]

[M]

[T]

[K]
[A]

[Cd]

[Mol]

[ ]

W
K-
K-

K-
K(CGS)(MKS)-

W
v=

x
t

[v] = [L] = [L][T ]1

[T ]
[ ]

(1)[T][L]
W
[L] [T ]1 = m s1
W

(MKS) ( m / s )

--

LL

ExampleE-F

Isaac Newton
K

WForce
r

F = mar
( ar ) (m)
W ( s ) ( m / s )
r
r v ( m / s )
a= =
= ( m / s2 )
(s)
t

W ( 1 m / s 2 ) ( 1 kg )
r
r
F = ma = ( kg )( m / s 2 )

[ M ][ L ][ T ] 2 W

K ( kg . m / s 2 )

ExampleE-F

W
rr
W = F .r

( rv ) ( F )

W
m
)( m )
s2
m2
= ( kg 2 )
s

J = ( kg

K [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

- -

LL

( 1 N )
( 1 m )

KVoltCoulomb

Dimensions and units ??

Ktheory

EF

ExampleE1-F

(m)

K()
WSolution

W(A)
A = CL M T

( , , )
C
W
m2
J = kg 2
s

[M ]1 [LT 1 ]2
[L] [M ] [T ]

= 1, = 2, = -2
- -

LL

W
K=

1
mv 2
2

W
C = (1/ 2 )

KE-F
Factor

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

Y
10
yocto
y

21
-21
10
zettaZ
10
zeptoz

10 18
exaE
10 -18
attoa

10 15
petaP
10 -15
femtof

10 12
teraT
10 -12
picop

10 9
gigaG
10 -9
nanon

10 6
megaM
10 -6
micro-

3
-3
10
kilok
10
millim

10 2
hectoh
10 -2
centic

10 1
dekada
10 -1
deci
d

EFE-F
10 24

-24

yotta-

Prefixes for (SI) units

(yotta) prefixes

K(yocto)
KE-F

( r )
K
- -EF
K
- -

LL

Wdimensional analysis

ExampleE-F

W
Q = kA

( T2 T1 )
t
d

W
Wkconducting heatWQ
W ( T2 ,T1 ) WA thermal

conduction coefficient

KWdWt
WSolution
WJoule
Q = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
k = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1
A = [ L]2
T = [K]
d = [ L]

K
- -

LL

[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1 [ L ] 2 [ K ][ L ] 1 [ T ]
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

ExampleE-F

( I ) ( R )

K(P)resistive power
WSolution
W
R = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2

W
P = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
I = [ A]

( P )
W
P I R

W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
= K [ A ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
2 = 0
= 2

W[L]
- -

LL

2 = 2

=1
=2

W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] 2 [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2 = R
[ A]2 = I 2

W
P = KI R
2

K=1

KE-F(SI)

EF

Quantity

area

amount of substance

acceleration

angular momentum

current

capacitance

mass density

energy

electric charge

Dimensions

L2

m2

Mol

mol

EF

LT 2

ms 2

ML2 T 1

kg m2 s 1

M 1 L2 T 4 A 2

kg 1 m2 s 4 A2

ML3

kg m3

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

AT

A s 1

E-F

KEF
- -

LL

Quantity

Dimensions

ML2 T 3 A 1

kg m2 s 3 A1

electric field strength

ML T 3 A 1

kg m s 3 A1

electric resistance

ML2 T 3 A 2

kg m2 s 3 A2

frequency

T 1

s 1

force

ML T 2

kg m s 2

inductance

ML2 T 2 A 2

kg m2 s 2 A2

length

luminous intensity

Cd

cd

luminous flux

CdSr

cd sr

luminance

Cd L2

cd m2

mass

kg

moment of inertia

ML2

kg m2

magnetic flux

ML2 T 2 A 1

kg m2 s 1 A1

MT 2 A 1

kg s 2 A1

electric potential

magnetic field density

magnetic pole

LA

mA

magnetic field
strength

L1 A

m1 A

km

permeability

MLT 2 A 2

kg s 2 A2

surface tension

M T 2

kg s 2

specific heat

L2 T 2 K 1

m s 2 K 1

time

temperature

torque

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

thermal conductivity

MLT 3 K 1

kg m s 3 K 1

volume

L3

L3

velocity

LT 1

LT 1

E-F
- -

LL

[ ]--W
K

E-F

capitallower

case

K ( , , , , )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
solid

anglePlane angle

( ) K

K ( Z )

Greek Name
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu

Lower case

Capital

Greek Name

Lower case

Capital

Xi

Omicron
Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Chi

Psi

Omega

EF

Nu

E-F

KEF
- -

LL

ExampleE1-F

(x) Projectile

K ( gr ) ( vo )
K
WSolution

x ( vo , g )

(K)

( , )

x = K vo g

[L]W

{[ L ][ T ] } {[ L ][ T ] }
1

= [ L ] [ T ] [ L ] [ T ] 2
= [ L ] + [ T ] 2
[ L] = [ L]

{T ]

[ T ] 0
W

[ L ][ T ] 0 = [ L ] + [ T ] 2

+ = 1 = 1-

dimensions analysis
(1)

--2 = 0 - = 2
- -

LL

-(1-) = 2
-1 + = 2
2- = -1

= -1

(2)

W(1)
= 1- = 1-(-1) = 2

x=K

vo2
g

ExampleE1-F

W a ( x )
x = xo + vo t + ( 1 / 2 )at 2

( vo ) ( t ) ( xo )
KEFK
WSolution

[L]

W
W

[ L ] + [ L ][ T ] [ T ] + [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2

W
[ L] = [ L]

= [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] = [ L ]
= [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ L ]

K
ExampleE-F
r
( F ) ( f ) oscillationfrequency

KE l m/Fmass per unit length

- -

LL

K
WSolution

f ( F , l, m / l )

K(K)
m
v = KF l
l

dimensions

KEFanalysis

K(s-1)(SI)

[ T ] 1 = K [ M ][ L ][ T 2 ] [ L ] [ M ] [ L ]
= K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

W [ M ] 0 [ L ] 0
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 0 [ T ] 1 = K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

+ = 0 =
+ = 0 + = 0

2 =
2 = 1 = 1 / 2
= 1 / 2

= 1

m
f = KF l
l
1
2

= KF 2 l 1 m

f =

K
l

EF

EF

EF

1
2

1
2

F
m

(m / l ) 2 W
1

( l )1
- -

LL

K ( m / l ) (m) (m / l ) 2
1

- -

LL

Summary

K(SI)

(CGS)(MKS)

W

(SI)

-(FPS)

-
-

( 9 10 9 Nm 2 C 1 )

K ( 1 dyne cm 2 esu 2 )

E-F

- -

LL

Self Test Exams

( l ) ( p ) ( p / l )
K ( r ) ( )

( visconsity )

W
W

=K

r2
( s l )g
v

( r ) Stocks law

( g ) ( ) ( l ) ( v ) ( s )
K K =

2
9

W
( T ) ( A ) black body
K ( t ) (Q)

Q = A t T4

Stefen-Boltzman

constant ( )

K(SI)
W

KEF
- -

LL

Unit One Exercises & Problems

K(SI)

r
r

WJ
F = ma
r
K ( ar ) (m) ( F )
r

WJ
F = G m1 m2 2
r
r
( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )

( r )

K ( G )

WJ
v = vo + x t

x = xo + v t + ( 1 / 2 )x t 2

( xo ) ( x ) ( vo ) ( v )
K ( t )

( l )
K ( g ) ( T ) ( m )

r
F = kx

W-
r

K ( k ) ( x ) ( F )
- -

r
mm
F = G 12 2
r

LL

W-

( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )

K(CGS)K(CGS)(MKS)
W

K-
K-
K-
K-
K
W ( 6.37 106 m )
K -
K -
K -

- -

LL

Optional Problems

K ( 3 108 m . s 1 )
KL

KL

K ( 1 u ) ( 1 u )

K -
( 1.4 10 21 kg ) -

- -

LL

WIntroduction -
vectorsscalars

(y)(x)(x-y plane)
counter clockwise(x)

K-

-
K
K -

-
K

-
K

WScalars -
WWscalar
K magnitudeJ

Kmeasurment unitJ

(5)W unit

(5

kg)W

- -

LL

K
K

WVectors -
Wvector

Kmagnitude-

K(xyz)(xy)direction-
Kaction point-
Kaction axis-

displacementforce

Kmomentumaccelerationvelocitymagnetic field
arrow

(10 N)
(N-W direction)

(1 N)

KE-F

- -

LL

r
(10 N) ( F ) E-F

EF

(A) ( A )
r

W (F = 10 N) ( F ) E-F
K

W

K

WAdding Vectors: Graphical Method -

r
r
K ( B ) ( A )

KE-F

(45)EF
K(135)
- -

LL

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( A ) EF
r

( B )
r

( B ) ( A ) ( A )
r

( B ) ( A ) ( C )
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r r r
C= A+B

(2-5)

KE-F

E-F
r
( C )
r
r
( B ) ( A ) cosine law
r
r
?? ( B ) ( A )
C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

KE--F
r

K ( A + B = B + A ) ( C = A + B ) (A)EF
- -

LL

ExampleE-F

E-F ( B ) ( A )

K ( = 90 )

E-F

WSolution

W ( = 90 )
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + 2( 4 )( 2 ) cos ( 90 ) = 16 + 4 = 20
C 2 = 20
C = 4.47
r

( C ) W
K

ExampleE-F

( A = 3, B = 4 ) cosine law
K ( = 30 ) E-F

E-F
- -

LL

WSolution

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
C 2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 + 2( 3 4 ) cos ( 30 )
C 2 = 9 + 16 + 24( 0.8660 ) = 45.78
C = 6.76

ExampleE-F
r
r
(P) ( F2 = 9 N ) ( F1 = 6 N )

E-F
K ( = 120 )

E-F

WSolution
E-F

F = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 Cos ( )

= ( 6 )2 + ( 9 )2 + 2( 6 )( 9 ) Cos ( 120 )
= 7 .9 N

- -

LL

( F )

K ( F )

WVectors Addition Properties --

W
Wcommutative law-
v

( B ) ( A )
W

r r r r
A+ B = B+ A

(2-6)

KE-F

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

Wassosiation law -
r

WE C B A F

r r
r r
r r
( A+ B)+C = A+(B +C )

(2-7)

r
r
A + ( A ) = 0

KE-F
r

W ( A ) ( A )
(2-8)
- -

LL

E-F
r r
r r
r
r
r
r r
( A + B ) + C = A + ( B + C ) W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )

( A ) ( A )

KE-F

r
r
( A ) ( A ) E-F

WVectors Subtraction--

( B ) ( B )
r

KE-F

E-F
r
( B )
- -

r r r
r
A B = A + ( B)

LL

(2-9)
r

K ( A ) ( B )

K
WVectors and their Components -
E-F vector

K
cartesian axes (x, y)
y-components x-components
W

(0.0)

K---
(tan)(cos)(sin)-
K
r

( Ax ) ( A ) E-F
r

K ( A ) ( ) ( Ay )

WE-F
r
K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) -

EF -
K
r

( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) (a b c)
K(0,0)

KEF
- -

LL

(x, y)E A FE-F

( Ax ) -
r

K ( A ) ( ) ( Ay )
cos ( ) =

Ax
A

Ax = A cos ( )

(2-10)

W
sin ( ) =

Ay
A

Ay = A sin ( )

(2-11)

K ( ) (x, y)
W (

= 90 ) -

Ax = A cos ( 90 ) = 0

W
Ay = A sin ( 90 ) = A

K ( Ay )
W ( = 0 ) -
Ax = A cos ( 0 ) = A

- -

LL

W ( Ax )
Ay = A sin ( 0 ) = 0

( = 0 )

K
W(2-11)(2-12)-
Ay
Ax
tan ( ) =

A sin ( )
A cos ( )

Ay

(2-12)

Ax

(2-12)
r r r

( A1 , A2 , A3 ,...) ( Ax ) ( Ay )
W

W ( Ay ) ( Ay )

= Ay1 + Ay2 + Ay3 + ...

W ( Ax ) ( Ax )

Ax = Ax1 + Ax2 + Ax3 + ...

r r
K ( A1 , A2 ,...)

( )

W(2-12)

A
A
A

tan( ) =

= tan1

(2-13)

(2-13) (2-12)

( Ay / Ax ) (2-13)
W
- -

LL

tan ( ) = 1

= tan 1 ( 1 )
= 45

W(a b c)E-F

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) E-F

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

W E A F
A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2

A=

Ax2 + Ay2

(2-14)

(2-13)(2-12)
A=

K(2-15)(2-14)

( A ) + ( A )
2

(2-15)

( A )

K ( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )

ExampleE-F

(22) (215 km)

KE-F
WSolution
r

(0.0) ( A )
W(90-22)
- -

LL

A = 215 km
r
K ( A )
Ax = A cos ( )

= 215 cos ( 68 ) = 80.5 km

r
K ( A )
Ay = A sin ( )
= 215 sin ( 68 ) = 199.34 km

EJ FE-F

W(2-14)(2-13)
A =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2

(80.5)2 + (199.34)2

= 215 km
tan ( ) =

Ay
Ax

199.34
= 2.476
80.5
= tan 1 ( 2.476 ) = 68
=

WUnit Vectors -

K ( x , y , z )

Kunit
- -

vectors

LL

( x , y , z ) ( i , j , k )
K

( i , j , k )
( j ) ( i ) K
K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) ( x , y )

KE-F

r
k
A = Ax i + Ay j + A
z

(2-16)

E-F
( i , j , k )

E-F
r

A = Ax i + Ay j

W ( Ay ) ( Ax )
(2-17)

KE-F

ExampleE-F

W ( A )
r
A = 4i 5 j + 3k

W
- -

LL

+ 4i , 5 j , 3k

+ 4 , 5, + 3

WE-F(x, y, z)

( A ) E-F

WAdding Vectors by Adding their Components -

r

( C ) ( B ) ( A )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
r
C = C x i + C y j + C z k

(2-18)
(2-19)
(2-20)

W
R x = Ax + B x + C x

(2-21)

R y = Ay + B y + C y

(2-22)

R z = Az + B z + C z
r
R = R x i + R y j + R z k

(2-23)
(2-24)

- -

LL

( Rx , R y , Rz ) W ( x , y , z )
r

K ( i , j , k ) ( R )

ExampleE-F

W ( R )
r
A = 4i + 6 j + 2k
r
B = 3i + 3 j 2k
r
C = i 4 j + 2k

WSolution
Rx = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Ry = 6 + 3 4 = 5
Rz = 2 2 + 2 = 2

r
R = 8i + 5 j + 2 k

WVectors Product -
W

KK
WVectors Salar Product--

scalar

rr
A.B = A B cos ( )

(2-25)

- -

LL
r

EF ( ) ( B ) ( A )

KE-FE A dot B F

r r
( B ) ( A ) E-F

( B ) ( A ) commutative law

KE-F

E-F
A
A
A = A cos ( )

W(a b c)

cos ( ) =

K ( B ) ( A ) ( A )
r

(2-26) cos ( ) ( A )
r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
= [ A cos ( )] B = A B

K( 360 - )??( )EF

- -

r r

LL

r r

( B ) ( A.B = B.A )
r

W(a d f) cos ( ) ( B ) E-F ( A )

B
B

B = B cos ( )

cos ( ) =

( B ) ( B ) B cos ( )
r

K cos ( ) ( B ) ( A )
W(2-26)

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )

= A [B cos( )]
= A B

W
r r r r
A.B = B.A

??

KE-F??-

E-F

( ) ( C ) ( B ) ( A )
r

W ( C ) K
r r
C .C = C C cos ( )
= C2
cos ( 0 ) = 1
- -

LL

r
r r
C = ( A+ B)
r r
r r r r
C .C = C 2 = ( A + B ) .( A + B )
rr
= A.A + AB cos ( ) + BA cos ( )
r r
+ B .B

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

K??EF
E-F EF

r
r r
C = A B
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 2 A cos ( )

E-F

( 90 ) W

i .i = 1 1 cos ( ) = 1 1 cos ( 0 ) = 1

i . j = 1 1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

i . k = 1 1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

W
i = j = k =1

- -

LL

K
-
W

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )( B x i + B y j + B z k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k

E-F

Kdistribution law

ExampleE-F

W ( B ) ( A ) ( )
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k

WSolution

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
Ax2 + Ay2 =

(3)2 + ( 4 )2

=5

B = B x2 + B z2 =

( 2 )2 + (3)2

= 3 .6

A=

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j )( B x i + B z k )

= ( 3i 4 j )( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i ).( 2i ) + ( 3i ).( 3k ) + ( 4 j ).( 2i ) + ( 4 j ).( 3k )
= ( 6 )( 1 ) + ( 9 )( 0 ) + 8( 0 ) ( 12 )( 0 ) = 6

W
cos ( ) =

6
= 0.333
18

= cos-1 (-0.333) = 110

- -

LL
r

K ( = 110 ) ( B ) ( A )
WVectors Product--

vector

r r r
A B = C = A B sin ( )

(2-26)

( ) (C)
r

KE A cross B FE-F ( B ) ( A )

E B FE A FE-F
r
E-F ( C )

( B ) ( A )
r

W ( C )

B A = A B

(2-27)

r r
A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( B x i + B y j + B z k )

(2-28)
r r
distribution law ( A B )

( x , y , z )

- -

LL

W
W ( j ) ( i )

i j = i j sin ( )

i = j =1

( k ) ( = 90 )

W ( j ) ( i )

i j = 1 1 sin ( 90 ) = 1( k ) = k

( k )

WK ( z )

i j = k
j k = i

(2-29)

k i = j

(2-31)

(2-30)

KE-F

(k)(j)(i)E-F

ExampleE-F

r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k

r r r
C = A B W

- -

LL

WSolution

r
r r
C = A B = ( 3i 4 j ) ( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i 2i ) + ( 3i 3k ) + ( 4 j 2i ) ( 4 j 3k )
= 0 + 9 ( j ) + 8( k ) 12( i )
r
C = 12i 9 j 8 k

W
i i = j j = k k = 0

(2-32)

W
i i = 1 1 sin ( 0 ) = 0

K ( k k ) ( j j )

- -

LL

Summary

A
A

= A1 x + A2 x + ...

= A1 y + A2 y + ...

tan( ) =

A
A

W
W ( i , j , k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = Bx i + B y j + Bz k
r
C = Cxi + C y j + Cz k

r
R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k

(B, A) W
r
C = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos( )

( ) ( B ) ( A )
K
- -

LL

W ( B, A ) W
r r

A.B = A
( )

B cos( )
B

K
W ( B, A ) W
r

A B = A B sin( )
r
( C )

( B, A )

- -

LL

Self Test Exams

K
W
r r r

KE-F ( m ) ( F1 , F2 , F3 )
K-
K-

E-F

W
y-component x-component

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

W
E-F
W
K Fx -
K Fy -
K-
W
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 2i + 3 j
r
B = 3i + 3 j
- -

LL

W
r

K ( 2B ) ( 3 A ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( A B ) ( A + B ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) ( ) -
r r

K ( A . B ) -
r

K ( A B ) -
W

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Two Exercises & Problems

(250) (7) ( A )

( x, y )
r

K ( A )
r

W ( A )

x = -25

y = 40
r
K ( A ) -
r
K ( A ) -

( 30 ) ( 15 m )

r
( R )

( x, y )

( 12.5 m )

KE-F ( 20 )

E-FE-F

K-

K-
r

W ( D ) ( C )
- -

LL

C x = 7 .4 , C y = 3 .8 , C z = 6 .1
Dx = 4.4, Dy = 2.0, Dz = 0
r

K ( R )
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r
A = 4 i + 3 j
r
B = 13 i + 7 j

K ( j ) ( i ) -
r

K ( A + B ) ( R ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r
A = 3 i + 4 j
r
B = 5 i j

W
r r r
R = A+ B
r r r
R= BA

W ( B ) ( A )

r
A = 4 i 3 j + k
r
B = i + j + 4 k

K ( A + B ) -W
K ( A B ) -

W ( C ) -

r r r
A B+C = 0
r
r
r
W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )
r r
r
A B = 2C
r r
r
A + B = 4C
r
C = 3 i + 4 j

K ( B ) ( A )
- -

LL
r

(10)E-F ( B ) ( A )

E-FE-F
r

K ( B ) ( A ) ( R ) -
r

K ( R ) -
r

K ( R ) -
K

( 3 m ) ( 6 m ) ( 12 m )
K
KE-F

E-FE-F

W
i .i = j . j = k . k = 1

-1

- -

LL

i . j = j . k = k .i = 0

-2

i i = j j = k k = 0

-3

i j = k , k i = j , j k = i
-4
r
r
( B ) (10) ( A ) -

W(60)(6)
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

K ( B ) ( A ) -
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r
A = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k
r
B = 2 i + j + 3 k

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Ay By

K
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 3 i + 5 j
r
B = 2 i + 4 j

1
2
3

r r
A B
rr
A.B
r r r
( A + B ).B

- -

LL

Optional Problems

K ( 40 ) ( 1200 m ) -
( 123 ) -

KE-F ( 258 m )

E-F

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A )

r
A = 3 i + 3 j 2 k
r
B = i 4 j + 2 k
r
C = 2 i + 2 j + k

r
r r r r r r r r
A ( B + C ), A .( B + C ), A .( B C )
r
r
WE-F ( B ) ( A )
1 r r
A B
2

E-FE-F
- -

LL

WIntroduction -

KEF

motionforce mechanics

W
microscopic W-

moleculesatoms
K?quantum mechanics?
W-
Krelativityspeed of light

WEF
-
K
-
K

-
K

EF
K
- -

LL

-
K

K-
K-

K
WDisplacement -

displacement E-F B A
KBA

EF EF

distanceE-F
BABAW
K

EJ F

WAverage Velocity -
( v ) average velocity
W K ( t ) ( x )

v=

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

(3-1)

- -

(v )

LL

( x1 ,t1 ) ( x2 ,t2 ) (x, t)

W
x = f(t)

(3-2)

K(x)(t)function(x)

Kvector

ExampleE-F

W
x = 3t 4t2 + t3

K ( 1, 2 ,3,4 ) -
K ( t2 = 4s ) ( t1 = 0 ) -

K ( t2 = 4 s ) ( t1 = 2 s ) -
WSolution
x(1 s) = 3(1) 4(1)2 + (1)3 = 0

-1

x(2 s) = 3(2) 4(2)2 + (2)3 = -2 m

x(3 s) = 3(3) 4(3)2 + (3)3 = 0
x(4 s) = 3(4) 4(4)2 + (4)3
= 12 64+ 64 = 12 m

x = x(4 s) x(0 s)

-2

x = 12 m 0 = 12 m
v=

x 12 m
=
= 3( m / s )
4s
t

-3

x = x(4 s) x(2 s) = 12 (-2) = 14 m

t = 4 s 2 s = 2 s
v=

x 14 m
=
= 7( m / s )
2s
t

- -

LL

WInstantaneous Velocity -
average

intanntaneous velocity

velocity
W

v = limt 0

x dx
=
t dt

(3-3)

(x) (3-3) (v)

W(t)

ExampleE-F

W
x = 2 - 2t + 4t2

K(t)(x)
Kt = 1 s
WSolution
Wt = 1 s
v ( 1s ) =

dx d
= ( 2 2t + 4t 2 )
dt dt
= 2 + 8t = 2 + 8( 1 )
= 6( m / s)

WAcceleration -
( v2 ) ( v1 )

a=

v2 v1 v
=
t2 t1 t

W ( a ) average acceleration
(3-4)

Winstantanous acceleration
- -

LL

r dv
a=
dt

(3-5)

(3-5) (3-3)

(t)(x)(t)(v)
W

ExampleE-F

W
x = 50t + 10t 2

W (t1 = 0)(t)(x)
K-
Kt2 = 3 s-
Kt2 = 3 s-
WSolution

Kt2 = 3 st1 = 0-
x ( t = 3s ) x ( t = 0 )
t
x ( t = 3s ) = 50 ( 3 ) + 10 ( 3 )2 = 240 ( m )

v=

x(t = 0 ) = 0
t = t2 t1 = 3 0 = 3 ( s )
v=

240 ( m )
= 80 ( m / s )
3( s )

W-
v=
vt =3

d
( 50t + 10t 2 )
dt
= 50 + 20t

vt =3 = 50 + 20 3 = 110 ( m / s )

W-

- -

LL

dv
dt
d
a = ( 50 + 20t )
dt
at =3 = 20 ( m / s 2 )
a=

W
K
WConstant Acceleration Motion -


W
a=

dv
= a o = const .
dt

Kt = 0 ( ao )
d v = adt

W EF

dv = a dt

(3-6)

v = at + const .

Wconst.
v = vo
t=o
vo = a ( o ) + const

vo = const

W(3-5)
v = a t + vo

- -

LL

(a) ( v )
( a = ao ) ( vo ) ( vo ) ( v )

W(3-6)

v = a t + vo

(3-7)

K
W

v=

dx
= at + vo
dt

dx = at dt + vo dt

dx = a tdt + v dt

W- -

x=a

(3-8)

t
+ vo t + const
2

W
t=o

x = xo
xo = a ( o ) + vo ( o ) + const
xo = const

W
W

W(3-7)
x=

1 2
at + vo t + xo
2

( x ) ( x )

W ( xo ) ( xo )
( x xo ) =

1 2
at + vo t
2

(3-9)

W(3-9)(3-7)
- -

t=

LL

W(t)(3-7)

v vo
a

(3-10)

W(3-9)

1 ( v vo )2
( v vo )
a
+ vo
2
2
a
a
2
2
1 ( v + vo 2v vo ) v vo v2
=
+
2
a
a
2
2
2
v + vo 2v vo + 2v vo 2vo
=
2a
2
2
v vo
=
2a

( x xo ) =

v 2 vo2 = 2a( x xo )

(3-11)

WEFW
v = vo + at

1 2

( x xo ) =
at + vo t W
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

ExampleE-F

(30 m/s)
W (160 m)(50 m/s)
K-

K(30 m/s)-
K(30 m/s)-
WSolution

(3-11)-

W ( d ) ( x xo ) EF
K ( x xo ) = d
- -

v 2 vo2
2 ( x xo )

a=

LL

[( 50

a=

t =

v
t
v ( v vo )
a

m
) ( 30 )2
s = 5 ( m / s2 )
2 ( 160 ) m

( 50 30 ) m / s
5 m / s2

= 4( s )

W(30 m/s)-
v
30 ( m / s )
=
a
5 ( m / s2 )
= 6 .5 ( s )

t=

x xo =

1 2
at + vo t
2

W-

xo = 0
vo = 0

1 2
at
2
1
x =
( 5 m / s 2 )( 6.5 s )2
2
= 90 ( m )
x =

WNewtons First Law -

W

K

W
K
- -

LL

reference system
inertia law
K??

?
?
equilibrium conditions
W
r

F =0
W
r
r
p = mv

( vr ) (m)momemtum ( pr )

K
WNewtons Second Law -
(m) ( F )
r

( ar )
r

K
r

F a

(3-12)
W
F1 F2 F3
=
=
= const .
a1 a 2 a 3
- -

LL

(m)

W(3-12)K
(3-13)
external forces
r
r
F = ma

internal forces

K (3-13)

W(x, y, z)

r
r
Frx = ma x
r
Fry = ma y
r
Fz = ma z

(3-14)

(m)(3-14)
K(ax, ay, az)

(SI)(3-13)
IN = (1 kg)(1 m/s2)

W
ExampleE-F

(8 kg)

W (30 N)

K(3 N)-

K -
WSolution

E-FE-F
- -

LL

( f k , F )
-
W (x)

= F fk

30 3 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

27
= 3.375 ( m / s 2 )
8

W -

= ma
30 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

30
= 3.75 ( m / s 2 )
8

E-F

Example

(15 m/s)(20 kg)

K(45 N)
K-
K-

K-
WSolution

E-FE-F

( vo = 15 m / s ) -

K ( F = 0 )

W -
- -

LL

r
= ma x

F f k = max
0 45 = 20 ( ax )
a=

45
= 2.25 ( m / s 2 )
20

v vo
t
v vo
0 15
t=
=
= 6 .6 ( s )
a
2.25
a=

K(6.6 s)
E-F

Example

( vo = 106 m / s ) (9.110-31 kg)

(8 10-17 N)
KK(10-8 s)
WSolution

W
v = vo + at

ax = 0
voy = 0

- -

LL

= mea y

Fy = mea y
ay =

Fy
me

F
vy = vo y + y t
me
8 10 17
= 0 +
31
9.1 10

10 8

5
= 8.79 10 ( m / s )

WWeight -
weight
r

( F = mar )

gravetational attraction

W
r
r
W = mg

(3-15)

( gr ) (m)

K ( ar ) ( gr )
(y)(3-15)
r
r
W = mgj

W ( j )
(3-16)

K(y-axis)
W
K -
- -

LL

K(g)-
W
Winertia mass-
W
minertia =

(3-17)

Wattraction mass-
r r

K
(W1 ,W2 )
K ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

r
W1
= r
W2

(3-18)

free gravitational acceleration

WK(g)falling acceleration
r
W1 = ( m1 )( g )
r

W2 = ( m2 )( g )

(3-19)
W(3-18)(3-19)
m1 g
m2 g

m1
= const .
m2

W
m mg


W
m
=1
mg

,
- -

m = mg

LL

K
WNewtons Third Law -

K
r

E-F
(B) ( FAB ) (A)
r

(A)E FBA F(B)

r
r
FAB = FBA

(3-20)

E-F

intertial frames
K

Kreactionaction

KE-F

( F2 , F2 )

( F1 ,F1 ) E-F
- -

LL

W
-
r

( N ) ( W )
K
r

( F ) -
r

K ( N )

( F )
-
r

K ( N )

WFriction -
r

( F )

E
FE F

friction force
K

K
K-
K-
W --

Wstatic frictional force-

- -

LL

( F )
static frictional force
( f s ) ( f s )
r

K ( N )
Wkinetic frictional force-
r

( F )
( f k ) kinetic frictional force

W
r

W ( F ) -
r r
F fs

(3-21)
r

( f s ) ( f s ) ( F )

KE-F ( F )

(fs
r
r
f s max = s N

max) ( f s ) -

W
(3-22)
r

( s ) ( W ) ( N )

Kcoefficient of static friction

- -

LL

fkfsE-F

-
r

r
r
fk = k N

W ( f s )
(3-23)

Kcoefficient of kinetic friction ( k )

W --

K
Nonfrictional incline surface E F -

Wmotion

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

(W)(m)

(x, y)()
W
r
( W = mg ) W-

K (g)
r

K ( N ) -
r

K ( N ) ( W )
W
Wx=W sin
Wy = W cos

W
W

(Wy)(N)
W
Wy + N = 0
(Wx)
W
Wx = mg sin () = ma
a = g sin

(3-24)
- -

LL

(3-18)
K
E-F

Example

E-F

K(45)(20 kg)

(g = 9.8 m/s2)
WSolution
W(3-24)

= 45

= g sin
= (9.8) sin (45) = 6.93 (m/s2)

W
K(3-24)
Frictional incline surface E F -
Wmotion
E-F

- -

LL

E-F
r

( W ) (m)

()
( x , y )
W

K(W

= mg ) W-

(g)

K ( N ) -
r

( N ) ( W )

K
Wx = W sin
Wy = W cos
r

( W y ) ( N )

( f k ) ( Wx )

= W x f k = ma

mg sin f k = ma
a=

mg sin f k
m

(3-25)
E-F

Example

E-F

(20 N)(12 kg)

K(9.8 m/s2)(30)
- -

LL

WSolution
W (3-25)

= 30
m = 12 kg
fk = 20 N
g = 9.8 (m/s2)
a=

( 12 )( 9.8 ) sin( 30 ) 20
12

= 3.2 (m/s2)
W

K(3-25)

- -

LL

Summary

K
W
r
v = 0

K
W

(m)
W
r
a=

F
m

K
?WW

K?

K
W
K

m=

F
a

- -

LL

W ( m1g , m2 g ) (W1, W2)

m1 g
m2 g

W1
W2

F fs

r
r
f s max = s N

( s )
W(fk)

r
r
fk = k N

K ( k )
r

W ( a )
v = vo + at

1 2

( x xo ) =
at + vo t
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

W
KWv

KWvo

KWx

KWxo

KWa

KWt

K
- -

LL

Self Test Exams

K
W

(97 kg)
K(470 N)
K
W
K(15 m)
(110 g)(6 m/s)-

K
K-

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Three Exercises & Problems

(20 s) ( vo = 30 m / s )

( v = 40 m / s )
K

(40

m/s)

W K(-2 m/s2)
K -

K-
W(6 km/h)(80 kg)

K-

K(4 s)-
E-F(100

kg)

WK(g = 9.8 m/s2)

KE-F(3 m/s2)-
K(3 m/s)-
KE-F(3 m/s2)-

E-F

- -

E-F

LL

(16

kg)

K(4 m/s2)(40 N)

K-

K-

(35) (15 kg)

K (50 N)E-F

K-

K

-
KE f k f s F

E-FE-F

( x )
W ( t )
x = 2 + 10 t + t 2

W ( tx ) ( x )
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) ( t ) -

K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) -
K ( t = 2 s ) -
K ( t = 2 s ) -
- -

LL

WIntroduction -

conservation of energy

energy neither be created nor destroyed

K

K

K
conservation of momentum
K

WEF
K-
-
K

K
-
K
-
K -

K-

-
K
K-
- -

LL

WWork -
r

( sr ) (m) ( F )
W
r

( sr ) ( F )

KE-F

E-F

r
r r
W = F.s
r
W = F s cos( )
r
W =Fs

WEsF
(4-1)

cos (0)
r

E-F ( sr ) ( F )

r
r
( s ) ( F ) E-F

- -

LL

( Fx ) F cos ()
r
W = Fs cos( ) = sF cos( )

W(4-1)
(4-2)

K ( sr ) ( F )

(CGS)Joule(SI)
Kerge
(1N)WJoule

W (1 m)

1 J = (1 N)(1 m)

Welectron volt

W
1 eV = ( e )( 1.0 volt )
= ( 1.6 10 19 C )( 1.0 volt )
= 1.6 10 19 J

ExampleE-F

(5.7 m)(15 kg)

(h = 2.5 m)EF
W E-F
K-
r

K ( F ) -
K()-
WSolution
- -

LL

-E-F

( F ) -

K ( mgr sin ) ( mgr )

h 2 .5

sin = s = 5.7 = 0.438

1
= sin ( 0.438 )
= 26 o

h
F = mg sin = mg
s
m 2 .5 m

= 65 N
= ( 15 kg ) 9.8 2
s 5.7 m

W = Fs cos( )

K ( F ) ( sr ) ()
WF = (65 N)(5.7 m) cos() = 368 J

sin

()()-
r
sin () ( F )

WKinetic Energy -

W
- -

LL

KE-F

E-F

( sr )
(m) ( F )
r

( vro )
( W )

( sr ) (vr )

K
r

r r

( W = F .d ) ( F = mar )
r

- ( sr ) ( F ) W
r
r r
W = ( ma )s

(4-3)

(m)E ar F

W--

v 2 = vo2 + 2 as

(4-4)

K(m)(4-4)
m ( v 2 vo2 ) = 2 mas

WEF
( 1 / 2 ) m ( v 2 vo2 ) = mas

- -

LL

W
( 1 / 2 ) m v 2 ( 1 / 2 ) m vo2 = mas

(4-5)

W(4-5)
Kfinal kinetic energyW K f

= ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

Kinitial kinetic energyW Ko = ( 1 / 2 ) m vo2

W
W (Fs)W(mas)

W
K = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

(4-6)

K
W
K f Ko = W

(4-7)

( sr )
r

work-kinetic energy theorem-K ( F )

W
K f = W Ko

(4-8)

ExampleE-F

K ( 6.7 10 19 J )
K ( 9.11 1031 kg )
- -

LL

WSolution
K = ( 1 / 2 )m v 2
2K
v2 =
m
1

2K 2
v=

m
1

( 2 )( 6.7 10 19 J ) 2

=
( 9.11 10 31 kg )

v = 1.2 106 ( m / s )

WGravitational Potential Energy -

E-F

KE-F

E-F

( yo ) E-F
(m)
E F ( y )
W ( y ) ( y ) ( yo )

U f U o = mg y

(4-9)

W
(4-9)
- -

LL

Kfinal potential energyW U f

= mg y

Kinitial potential energyW U o = m g yo

W(4-9)
( y ) K ( y ) Wmg y
K

(y)E-F


Kgravitational potential energy

( y ) W

WPower -

K
( t ) ( W )
(W )

Wforce average power

W

P=

W
t

(4-10)

Winstantaneous power
P = limt 0

W
t

W
P=

dW
dt

(4-11)

- -

LL

W
dx
dt
= Fv cos( )

P = F cos( )

(4-12)

(Watt)(SI)

1Watt = 1W = 1

J
s

horse power
W
1 horse power = 1 hp = 746 W

( vr ) ( F )

ExampleE-F

(53 m/s)(102 kg)

W K(2 m/s2)
K-
K-
K-
K(t = 120 s)-
K(4 m/s2)-
WSolution
W-
- -

LL

r
r
F = ma
= ( 102 kg )( 2 m / s 2 ) = 204 N
vo2 = 2 as

-
s=

vo2
( 53 m / s )2
=
= 702.2 m
2a 2 2 ( m / s 2 )

W-
W = Fd = ( 204 N )( 702.2 m )
= 14.33 104 J

-
p=

W ( 14.33 104 J )
=
t
( 30 s )
= 1194.2 W

W-

F = ma = ( 204 m )( 4.0 m / s 2 )
= 816 N

KEF
WConservation of Energy -

kinetic
thermal

energymechanical energy

energygravitational potengal energy

atomic energyoptical energychemical energy

K
E-F
E-F
- -

LL

(K)

WE vr F(m)

K = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

(4-13)

(U)

(h)(m)
W
U = mgh

(4-14)

Kgravitational acceleration ( gr )
(x)spring

Wequilibrium position

U = ( 1 / 2 ) k x2

Hocks

(4-15)

low (k)

r
F = k x

(4-16)

K(x)

( k = F / x )
K(N.m-1)W

W
E = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2 + m g h

(4-17)

E = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2 + ( 1 / 2 ) k x2

(4-18)

W
EF (4-19)

E = K +U

- -

LL

(4-19)

0 = K + U = Ether +

EF

(4-20)

W
K = K f K o
U = U f U o

W
(4-20)
K + U + Ether + ... = W

(4-21)

K-
-

Wmass-energy
E = mc2

(4-22)

Kspeed of light(c)(m)(E)
quantized-

( Ey ) ( Ex )

Ex E y = hf

(4-23)

- -

LL

W Plancks constant(h)
h = 6.63 10 34 J .s
= 4.14 10 15 eV .s

K(f)

ExampleE-F

(h)(m)
KE-F(v)
K-
K-

E-FE-F

WSolution

W-

W
r
U + K = mgh + 0

- -

LL

W -
W
U + K = 0 + ( 1 / 2 )mvo2

EF

0 + ( 1 / 2 )mvo2 = mgh + 0

W(v1)
r
vo = 2 gh

W
v2 = vo2 + 2ax

W
KW v
WE ar = gr F(x = h)W vo
r
0 = vo2 2 gh
r
vo = 2 gh

ExampleE-F

(4

kg)

K(300 m/s)
K-
K-
(25 s)-
K
- -

LL

WSolution
-
W
r
r
r
F = ma = mg
r
r
a = g = 9 .8 ( m / s 2 )

K
W-
r r r
v = vo + at
r r r
v = vo gt

W
r
r
v o = gt

300 (m / s ) = 9.8 (m / s 2 ) t
300 (m / s )
t=
= 30.6 ( s )
9 .8 ( m / s 2 )
v = v 0 gt
= 300 (m / s ) 9.8 (m / s 2 ) 25 ( s)
v = 55 (m / s )
1
mv 22
2
= (1 / 2)(4kg )(55 m / s ) 2
= 6050 J
U = mgh
K=

v 2 = v o2 + 2ax = v o2 2 gh

K(25 s)
h=

v 2 vo2
2g

( 55 m / s )2 ( 300 m / s )2
2( 9.8 m / s 2 )
h = 4437.5( m )
=

U = ( 4 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 4437.5 m )
= 173950 ( J )

W(h)
- -

LL

y = h = vo t ( 1 / 2 ) g t 2
= ( 300 m / s )( 25 s ) ( 1 / 2 )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 25 s )2
h = 4437.5 ( m )

K
WMomentum -

( vr )

(m)
W

r
r
P = mv

(4-24)

momentum ( P )
W

r
r dP d
r
F = dt = dt (mv )
r
dv
r
=m
= ma
dt

(4-25)

K ( dvr / dt = ar ) W

( F )

W(t)
r
r
F = ma
r
r F
a=
m
v = vo + at

v = vo +

F
t
m

m v mvo = Ft

(4-26)

W ( m v mvo )

r
P = F t

(4-27)
(

( F )
K(t)

- -

LL

(40

m/s)(2000

ExampleE-F

kg) ( F )

K(4 s)(30 m/s)

WSolution

Ft = P = m v m v o = m (v v o )
= (2000 kg )(30 m / s 40 m / s)
= 2 10 2 kg (m / s )
2 10 4 kg (m / s )
4s
= 5000 N

F=

K
K(4-27)
r
r
P = mvcm

(4-28)
r
center of mass velocity ( vcm ) (m)

K
WConservation of Momentum -

conservative
EF

W

r
Fext = 0

(4-29)

r
r
dP d ( m v )
=
dt
dt
r
dv
=m
=0
dt
r
P = cons tan t

W
(4-30)

W
P = 0 = Pf Po
- -

LL

Pf = Po

(4-31)

K ( Pf ) ( Po )
ExampleE-7F

(2.3 m/s)(39 kg)(75 kg)

K
WSolution

mc

mm

vo

vc

W
WEF

W
r
( mm + mc ) vo = mcvc

v = vc =
=

( mm + mc ) vo
mc

[(75kg ) + ( 39kg )]( 2.3m / s )

( 39kg )

= 6 .7 m / s

W
v = v vo = ( 6.7 m / s ) ( 2.3 m / s )
= ( 4 .4 m / s )

- -

LL

Summary

r
( sr ) ( F ) W

r r
W = F .S

(1 m)(1 N)
K

WW

K f Ko = W

1
m v2
2
1
Ko =
mvo2
2

Kf =

W
W

WW

U f Uo = W

Uf = mgh

U o = m g ho

( h ) ( ho )

W
W
E=K+U

W
K + U EF =0
- -

LL

K
W
r
r
P = mv

ext

=0

W
r
P = const.
P =0
Pf Po = 0 Pf = Po

- -

EF

LL

SI

Newton

meter

force

displacoment

F
sEF

Joule

Joule

Joule

W
W

work

weight

kinetic
energy

Joule

potential
energy

m/s

m/sec

vo

initial
velocity

m/s

m/sec

final velocity

m/s2

m/sec2

acceleration

Watt

power

Joule

total energy

J.s

Joule.sec

Planeks
const

kg m/sec

momentum

kilogram

mass

kg
m/s
kg

K
EF
K(s)(d)(x)EF
- -

LL

Self Test Exams

K
W
( l = 2 m ) (m)
(30)(A)
K(A)

K(B)-
K(C)-
W
(102 g)-
K
-
K(1 kW)
W
K(4.31014 Hz)
W
( m )
K ( 90 m )

K-

- -

LL

F -
KE ( g = 9.8 m / s 2 )

W
KEF

- -

LL

Unit Four Exercises & Problems

(10 m) (50 kg)

K(15) (10 m)

(3000 (200 m)(30 min) ( 3 10 4 kg )

K(0.5)

K(20 kg)
Km)

K-
K-

(2.9105

kg)

K(11.2 km/s)

(20 m/s) (200 g)

(0.3 cm)

K-
K-

W
K=

P
2m

(7 kg)(50 m/s) (20 g)

K

K-

-
K(1.5 cm)
- -

LL

E-F

E-FE-F

K-
( m2 ) ( m1 ) -
K(h)

KE-F(20 m)
K-

K-

E-FE-F

- -

LL

Optional Problems

( 3 104 kg )

K(37)
K-
K-

( 1.2 107 m / s )
(30 mm) ( 4.5 1016 N )
K ( me = 9.1 1031 mg )

(20

m) (2 kg)

K(8 m/s)

(25) (25 kg)

K(1.5 m)K(209 N)

K EF-
-

-
-
(9.2 m) (27 kg)

K (32)
KE-F(0.20)

- -

LL

E-FE-F

(30)(6.0 m)(50 kg)

W (0.20)
K-
-
KE-F

E-FE-F

(30) ( m1 = 3.7 kg )
KE-F (m2 = 2.3 kg)

- -

LL

E-FE-F

K ( m2 ) ( m1 ) -
K ( m2 ) -
K-
K (2 m/s) (8 kg)

(16 J)
K

K-
K-

- -

LL

WIntroduction -
fundamentals electrostatics

electric

chargeconcepts

permitivivtyconservation
Coulombs

of electric charge

law

insulatorsconductorselectrostatic

force

Kelectrostatic potentialelectrostatic field

repulsionattractionK
negative

charges

positive

charges

WEF

-
KW

-
K

KW-
-
K

- -

LL

WThe Electric Charge -

electric

neutral

K imbalance
K

KLike charges repel each otherW-

KUnlike charges attract each otherW-

atomic structure of matter

electronnucleus

elementary

charge

(e)
W

e = 1.60 10 19 C

(C)
( 6.25 1018 )

W
me = 9.1 10 31 kg

continuous fluid

W
q = n e, (n = 1, 2, )

(5-1)

- -

LL

(e)
Kcharge is quantized

proton
neutron

KE-F

Particle

Symbol

Charge (e)

Mass (m)

electron

-1

proton

+1

neutron

1836.15
1838.68

E-F

WconductorsEF-

room temperaturefree electrons

Kaluminumcooperiron

Wnon conductors or insulators-

EF
Kglassplasticrubberwood

Wsemi conductorsEF-

germanium
- -

LL

silicon
K
WCoulomb's Law -
Coulomb

Charles Augustus

Coulombs

torsion balance

KE-F-

( q1 )

WvacuumK
( q 2 , q1 ) (F)-
Kpoint charges
F q q
1

(5-2)

( r 2 ) (F) -
W
F

1
r2

(5-3)

- -

LL

E-F

W(5-3)(5-2)
F

q1 q2
r2

(5-4)

W
F =k

q1 q2
r2

(k)

W(SI)
q = q = 1C
1

r=1m

Wrepulsion force
F = 9 109 N

W(5-5)

- -

k=
=

LL

Fr 2
q1q2
( 9 109 N )( 1m 2 )
= 9 109 N .m 2 .C 2
1C 2

W(5-5)
F = 9 10 9

q1 q 2
r
r2

(F) ( r )
W(k)

k=

1
4 o

permittivity of vacuum (o)

W
o =

1
4 k

1
= 8.85 10 12 N 1 . m 2 .C 2
4 ( 9 109 )

W(5-5)
F=

q1 q2

4 o r 2

W
F =k

q1 q2
r2

EF

(5-5)

relative permittivity
W
r =

=
o

(5-6)

K(r)(5-6)

- -

LL

KE-FK

E-F

K-

K-

KE-F

ExampleE-F

E-F(ABC)

(+2 10-6 C)(+4 10-6 C)(-10 10-6 C)

K(B)

- -

LL

E-FE-F

WSolution
FBA = 9 109

( 10 10 6 )( +4 10 6 )
= 9 N
( 20 10 2 )2

FBC = 9 10 9

( +2 10 6 )( +4 10 6 )
= 1 .8 N
( 20 10 2 )2

E
-F ( FBA )
K ( FBC )
FBA ,x = FBA cos 60 = 4.5 N
FBA , y = FBA sin 60 = 7.79 N
Fx = FBA ,x FBC = 4 1.8 = 2.2 N
Fy = 7.79 N
F = ( Fx ) 2 + ( Fy ) 2 = 8.09 N
tan( )

Fy
Fx

7.79
2 .2
= 3.54
=

= tano1 ( 3.54 )
= 74.2

- -

LL

(x, y)E-F

ExampleE-F

(10 e)(2 e)
KK(3 nm)
WSolution
W
F=

q1 q 2
4 o r 2
1

r = 3nm = 3 10 9 m
q1 = 2e = 2( 1.6 10 19 C )
q 2 = 10 e = 10( 1.6 10 19 C )

o = 8.85 10 12 N 1 .m 2 .C 2
F=

) (

1
2 1.6 10 19 C 10 1.6 10 19 C
= 5.12 10 10 N
2
9
4 8.85 10 12
3 10 m

K
( k = 9 10 9 N m 2 C 2 ) W

WThe Electric Field -

vectors field

(q)test

charge ( q o )
r
( qo ) ( F )

( qo ) (q)
- -

LL

( qo )

r
r F
E=
qo

EF

(5-7)

( F / qo ) ( E )
r

K(N/C)(SI) ( F )

W ( qo ) E-F(q)
F=

1 qq0
r
4 0 r 2

E-F
(q)(q )
o

W(r)

r
r F
1 q
E=
=
r
q o 4 0 r 2

(5-8)

( r ) K
r

K ( F ) ( E )

EF ( E )
r

K
( E ) E-F
KE-FE-F

KE-FEF
- -

LL

Electric Field

(N/C)

3 1021

5 1011

3 106

at the surface of uranium nuclus

within a hydrogen atom, at the electron orbit
electric breakdown occurs in air

103

103

103

102

102

at the charged drum of a photocopier

the electron beam accelerator in a TV set
near a charged plastic comb
in the lower atmosphere
inside the copper wire of household circuits

E E FE-F

E-F

E-F

WThe Electric Field Due To A Point Charge -

r

(q) ( E )
r
E=

W(r)
1

q
r
40 r 2

- -

LL

W
E=k

q
r2

EF

(5-9)

unit vector ( r )
r

( E )
KE-FE-F

ExampleE-F

( 6.8 fm ) ( r ) radius

KK
WSolution
W (5-10)
E=

Ze
Ze
=k 2
2
4 0 r
r

= ( 9 10 9 N .m 2 .C 2 )

( 92 )( 1.6 10 19 C )
( 6.8 10 15 m )2

E = 2.9 10 N 21 / C

K ( Z )
WThe Electric Potential -

-
-
KE-F

- -

LL

(q )E-F
o

(B)(A) ( qo ) test charge

(+q)

electric potential energy

(B)(A)

Kpotential difference
W
VBA = V B V A =

W A B
qo

(5-10)

W A B = ( VB V A )q o = U

W
K(B)(A)(qo)(F)W W A B
KBWVB
KAWVA
K ( qo ) WU

( qo )

( E q ) (F)E-F
W A B = U

K ( VB qo ) B

( qo )

(VB VA )
W
- -

VB V A =

U
qo

LL

UB U A
qo

W ( qo ) (q)
W = F .r
=

1 qqo
1 qqo
r=
2
4 o r
4 o r

(F)(B)(A)(r)
K

?W

(J/C)K?
K(V)

ExampleE-F

(3V)(4 10-6 C)
W E-F
K-
K(8V)-
K(B)(A)-

E-FE-F

WSolution

W-
U= q V
= (4 10-6 C)(3V) = 12 10-6 J

K(B)(A)-
W = q(VB - VA)

- -

LL

= (4 10-6 C)(8V - 3V) = 20 10-6 J

W-

U = UB - UA = 20 10-6 J

EFW

(q)

(q)(r) ( qo )

W = Fr =

qq o
1 qq o
r=
2
4 o r
4 o r
1

qq o
W 4 o r
1 q
=
=
V =
qo
qo
4 o r
1

V =

q
4 o r

W
V =k

q
r

EF

(5-11)

(q)(r)
K

ExampleE-F

(1 C)E-Fpoint charge

K(1 m)(B)(2 m)(A)

KE-F (VA VB ) -
KE-F (VA VB ) -

- -

LL

E-FE-F

WSolution
-

q
q
k
rA
rB

VA VB = k

1
1
= k q

rB
rA

1
1
= 9 10 9 N m2 C 2 1 10 6 C

2m 1m
= 4500 V

)(

W ( r ) -
VA VB = 4500 V

WCapacitance -

K
capacitor

capacitance

- -

LL

(q) storage chargeK(V)

W

qV

(C)? ?
WEF

q = CV

(5-12)

KE
-F

WFarad(SI)
1 Farad
1F

= 1 Coulomb/1 Volt
= 1 C/1 V

Gaus's low ( E )
r r
0 E .dA = q

W
(5-13)

(q)
r

( dA ) (A)(dA)

K ( dA ) ( E )
r

( dA ) ( E )
(dA) ( E ) (o) ( F )
r
0 EA = q

W(5-14)
(5-14)

(A)(dA)
W(V)
KEF
- -

LL

V = Ed

(5-15)

E-F

-
(A)
(V)(d)
K(-q)(+q)
r

E E F-
(fringes)

(A)(d)

W(5-15)(5-14)(5-12)
o E A = C Ed
C = o

A
d

(5-16)

W(5-16)

C = o r

A
d

EF

(5-17)

(r)
K

- -

LL

WCapacitors in Parallel -

in seriesin parallel

( C1 ,C2 ,C3 ) E
-F
V1 = V2 = V3 = V
q = q1 + q2 + q3

W(V)

W(q)

E-F

connected

in parallel ( C1 ,C 2 , C 3 ) -

K(V)(B)

( Ceq ) -
K ( q1 + q2 + q3 )

E
-F
W
- -

LL

q1 = C1 V , q2 = C2 V , q3 = C3 V
q = q1 + q2 + q3 = C1 V + C2 V + C3 V = V ( C1 + C2 + C3 )

W
C = C eq =

n
q
= C1 + C 2 + C 3 + ... = C i ...
V
i =1

(5-19)

K(n)
W(C)E-F
C = C1 + C2 + C3

WCapacitors in series -
in series

KE-F

E-F

connected in series ( C1 ,C 2 ,C 3 ) -
K(V)(B)

(V) ( Ceq ) -
( V1 + V2 + V3 )
KEF

- -

LL

E-F

( V1 ,V2 ,V3 )
W
q = q1 = q 2 = q 3
V1 =

q
q
q
,V2 =
,V3 =
C1
C2
C3

W
V = V1 + V2 + V3

W
Ceq =

q
q
q
=
=
q
q
q

V
1
1
1
+
+
q +
+
C1 C2 C3
C1 C2 C3

1
1
1
1 = Ceq +
+
C1 C2 C3
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
C eq C1 C 2 C 3

(5-20)

W
n
1
1
=
C eq i 1 C i

(5-21)

K(n)
WStorage Energy In A Charged Capacitor -
(V)(q)
(V

= 0 )

(V

= V ) ( q = 0 )

W(q)
V =

V +0 1
= V
2
2

(5-22)

- -

LL

K(V)
W ( V ) (q)
1 1
W = q V = qV
2 2

(5-23)

W
U =W =

1
q2 1
qV =
= CV 2
2
2C 2

(5-24)

(5-24)

ExampleE-F

( C2 = 600 PF ) ( C1 = 200 PF )

K(120 volt)

K-
K-
WSolution
-
q1 = C1 V
= ( 200 10 12 F )( 120 V )
= 2.4 10 8 C
q2 = C2 V
= ( 600 10 12 )( 120 V )
= 7.2 10 8 C
q = q1 + q2
= ( 2.4 + 7.2 ) 10 8 = 9.6 10 8 C

- -

LL
-

C = C1 + C2
= ( 200 10 12 ) + ( 600 10 12 )
= 800 10 12 F
C = 8 10 10 F

ExampleE-F

( C2 = 6 PF ) ( C1 = 3 PF )
K(V = 10 volt)
K-

K-
K-
WSolution
-
1
1
1
=
+
C C1 C2
=

1
1
(6 + 3 ) 1
+
=
3 PF 6 PF 18 PF 2 PF

C = 2 PF = 2 10 12 F

q = CV
= ( 2 10 12 F )( 10 V ) = 2 10 11 C

W
q = q1 = q2 = 2 10 11C
V1 =

q
2 10 11C
=
= 6.67 V
C1 3 10 12 F

V2 =

q
2 10 11C
=
= 3.33V
C2 6 10 12 F

W
Vt = V1 + V2
10 = 6.67 + 3.33 = 10 volt

- -

LL

Summary

W
F( N ) =

q1 q2
q q
= k 122
2
4 o r
r

K(9 109 N)
K

W
E( N / C ) =

F
1 q
q
=
=k 2
2
qo 4 o r
r

? ?W

WK

V ( volt ) =

W A
1 q
q
=
=k
qo
4 o r
r

WEF
C( farad ) =

q
V

C = o r
- -

A
d

LL

1
1
1
=
+
+ ...
C eq C1 C 2

W
Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...

W
U=

1
qV
2

- -

LL

Self Test Exam

K
W

(2

cm)(a) E-F

(3.0 10-6 C)(30) ()

K ( q1 ) ( F1 ) K

E-F

- -

LL

W
K ( p ) E-F

E-F

W
( p ) E-F

E-F

W
( d = 1 10 3 m ) capacitor

K ( C = 6 106 F )

(V )

W ( q = 6 106 C )

K (V ) -
K ( E ) -

( 0.5 10 6 C )
-
K
W
( q2 = 20 n C ) ( q1 = 10 n C ) E-F
K ( a = 30 cm ) ( q3 = 20 n C )
- -

LL

K ( q1 )

E-F

KEF

- -

LL

Unit Five Exercises & Problems

(30

(-3 C) (2 C)

K Kcm)

K(18 e)

( 3 10 9 C )

K(1 nm)

(3

nm) ( 120 10 9 C )

K
(1

N/C)

( 5 10 6 C ) ( 0.5 10 3 kg )

(1 m)

( 0.5 10 5 N / C )
W ( 10 10 2 m )

K-
K-
K-
W

W
K

- -

( q 2
( r2

LL

= 6 10 6 C ) ( q1 = 5 10 9 C )

= 5 10 2 m ) ( r1 = 10 102 m ) (A) ( q 3 = 3 10 6 C )

K(A)E-F ( r3 = 3 10 2 m )

( q 2

E-FE-F

= q 3 = q 4 = 3 10 9 C ) ( q1 = 3 10 9 C )

E-F ( r = 3 10 2 m ) (A)
W
K(A)-
K(A)EF-
(A) ( q5

= 9 10 6 C ) -

K ( q1 ) ( F15 )

E-F
- -

(202

LL

cm2)

K(0.4 cm)
K-
K(500

V)

-
K

K-
K(8) (0.4 cm) -
KK

(3 F)

K(2.8)
W(60 P F)
K(2 kV)-

K(3 10-8 C)-

- -

LL

Optional Problems

(a)
E-F

(Q)

K (C)

E-F

E-F
( q = 1 10 8 C ) (5

cm)

E-F

- -

LL

WIntroduction -

( B )

permanent magnet

electromagnet

K

r
EF moving charge B EF moving charge

EF moving charge

r
B EF moving charge

Hans Chrictian Orested

WEF

-
K

- -

LL

-
K

J -
K

-
K

K-
WThe Magnetic Field (B) -
r

(q) ( E )
( q o )
r

W ( F ) ( F )

r
r
F = qE

(6-1)

( B )

K
r

( B )
r

( FB ) ( v ) (q) ( B )
W(q)

r
r r
FB = qv B

(6-2)
r

( v ) ( B ) cross product ( FB )
EqF
(6-2)

- -

LL
r

( v ) ( FB ) -
r

( B )
r

E -F ( B )
r

W ( FB )
E -F EF
( vr )
r

( FB ) ( B )
E-F

E -F
K

-
r
FB = qv B sin

W E-Fparallel or antiparallel
(6-3)

K()
r
FB max = qvB

Wdeflecting force-
(6-4)

K( = 90)
r

KEvF(q) ( FB ) -
r

KE-F ( FB ) -

KE1F
- -

LL

E-F

(v)(q)-
r

KE FB FE B F

K(B)(v)-
r

E FB F(-q)-

KEF
r
tesla (SI) ( B )

W(6-6)

B=

FB
qv

EF

Newton
( Coulomb )( meter / sec ond )
Newton
=1
( Coulomb / sec ond )( meter )

1 tesla = 1T =

1T = 1

N
A.m

W
Ampere =

Coulomb
sec ond

- -

LL

Gauss

KGauss meter

1 T = 104 gauss

K(SI)

KE-F

at the surface of a neutron star (calculated)

108 T

an electromagnet

1.5 T

10-2 T

10-4 T

near a small bar magnet

at the surface of the earth

10-10 T

in intersteller space
smallest value in amagnetically shielded room

10-14 T

E-F

ExampleE-F

( B = 1.2 mT )

( 5.3 MeV ) E-F

K ( m p = 1.67 10 27 kg )
WSolution

W ( FB )
FB = qv B sin

- -

LL

E-F

W
K=

1
mpv2
2

( 5.3 10 6 eV ) =

( 1.67 10 27 kg )v 2
2

W
( 2 )( 5.3 10 6 )( 1.6 10 19 J / eV
v2 =
( 1.67 10 27 kg )

v = 3.2 10 7 m / s

FB = ( 1.6 10 19 C )( 3.2 10 7 m / s )( 1.2 10 3 T )(sin 90 )

= 6.1 10 15 N

WMagnetic Field Lines --

E-F

K(S) south pole(N) north ploe

W
r

K ( B ) -
-

- -

LL

K ( B ) ()

K-
-

K

E-F

(N)
(S)

-
WThe Magnetic Force On A Current-carrying Wire
KE-F

(L) (I) E-F

(B)(A)
K

- -

LL

E-F
r
(q) ( FB ) E-F
W(6-6) ( vr )
r
FB = qv B

W
q = en ( LA )

(LA)(L)(A)

(e)(n)

FB = en( LA ) B sin

(6-5)

W (6-5) ( I = e n L A / t ) ( v = L / t )
FB = ILB sin

r
r r
FB = IL B

EF

(6-6)

K ( L )

(6-6)
( FB )
r r
dFB = IdL B
- -

LL

K ( L ) ( FB ) ( dL ) ( dFB )

ExampleE-F

(30)(12 A)(0.5 m)
( 2 10 2 T )

WSolution
W(6-5)

FB = ILB sin

I = 12 A
L = 0 .5 m
B = 2 10 2 T
= 30
FB = ( 12 A )( 0.5 m )( 2 10 2 T ) sin 30
= 0.06 N

ExampleE-F

K(28.0 A) ( B )
r

( FB ) ( B )

K(46.6 g/m)EFE-F(mg)
WSolution

( FB ) (mg) E-F
W(6-6)
FB = mg = LIB
B

mg ( 46.6 10 3 kg )( 9.8m / s 2 )
=
LI
( 1m )( 28 A )

= 1.6 10 2T

K( kg / m )(SI)EF
- -

LL

( 46.6 10 3 kg )

E-FE-F

EJ F -
WBiot-Sarart law, Magnetic Field Du To ACurrnet
Biot-Savart E - F

KE-F

E-F

(dL)E-F
K (r)(p)(dB)(I)

(dB)

(p)EdLF

1
r2
dB I
dB sin
dB

- -

LL

dB dL

W(p)EdLF(dL)()
dB

dB =

0 IdL sin
4
r2

IdL sin
r2

W
EJ F

(6-7)

permeabiliy constant ( o )
W

o = 4 10 7 T .m / A
1.26 10 6 T .m / A

(dB) E-F

(p) (r) ( dL r )
r

W(6-7)
r

I dL r
dB = 0
4 r 3

(6-8)

- (6-7)
K

ExampleE-F

K(I)ErF(p)
KE-F
WSolution

(I)

-(r)

KE-F

- -

LL

E-F

(p)
(6-8) ( - 0)

WE-F

r
r o IdL rr
dB =

3
4 r

(p) ( rr )
r

W ( dB ) ( dL rr )
dB =

0 IdL sin
4
r2

dL r = dL r sin

r
sin dL
B = dB = 0
2 0
r2

WE-F

- -

LL

sin ( ) = sin ( ) =

R
L + R2
2

r = ( L2 + R 2 )2
r I
R
ds
B= o
3
2 o
2
2 2
Ls +R

I
L
= o

2 R 2
2
L +R
I
B= o
2 R
r o I
B=
2 R

2
o

- -
r
B
.ds = o I

WJ
(6-9)

(R)
r
B . dL = 2 R B

2 R B = o I
r I
B= o
2 R

K-

(0 - )( - 0)
W(+, -)

- -

B = dB =

o I
4

LL

dL sin

r2

R
, L = R tan
L
R
R
sin = , r =
r
sin

tan =

R d sin
o I R sin3 d
=
sin2 R2 4 sin2 R2
2
sin
o I o 2
o I
[ cos ]0
=
sin d =

4
4
o I
B=
2 R
B=

o I
4

K(0 - )(- -)(dL)W

(6-9)

ExampleE-F

(I)
K(r)
WSolution
r

B . dL =

WErF

dL = 2 r
B ( 2 r ) = o I

B=

o I
2 r

E BF
- -

(6-10)

LL

WThe Magnetic Field of Solenoid -

E-F
(I) (n)
K

E-F

( B )
(abcd)

K
( I o )
K
r
r
r
r
r
B
.
dL
=
B
.
dL
+
B
.
dL
+
B
.
dL
+
B

. dL
b

(cos 90) (90) (da)(bc) ( B )

(ab)(B = 0)
r

W ( B ) (cd)
d
r
r
r
B
.
dL
=

B . dL = B h
b

EnFEcdF (ab)(h)
W

r
B = o I n

Kidial

I o = I ( nh )
r
r
B . dL = B h = o I n h

(6-11)
solenoid (6-11)

(N)(I)toroid

- -

LL

r
B ( 2 r ) = o I N

B=

o I N
2 r

E BF (6-12)

(r)(6-12)
K
WInteracting force-two parallel currents -

(Ib) (Ia)EdF

KE-F

E-F

( Ba ) (b)
Ba =

W(b) ( Ba )

0 I a
2 d

(6-13)

E-F

W(6-5)(b) ( Fba )

Fba = I b L Ba

(6-14)

( Ba ) (L) E-F
Fba = I b L Ba sin 90o =
Fba =

o I a I b L
2 d

0 L I a Ib
2 d

W (6-14)(6-13)

EF
- -

(6-15)

LL

( L Ba ) ( Fba )
K(a) ( Fba )

(a)
(b)
W

E
FE F
K

ExampleE-F

(d) E-F
W ( I a , I b )
d = 5.3 cm, Ib = 32 A, I a = 15 A

K(40 m)

WSolution

E-F

KE-F
W (6-15)

- -

I a = 15 A,
d = 5.3 cm

LL

I b = 32 A

L = 40 m

o = 4 10 T .m
I I L
Fab = o a B
2 d
7

( 4 10 7 )( 15 )( 32 )( 40 )
2 ( 5.3 10 2 )

= 7.24 10 2 N

- -

LL

Summary

magnetic field

(SI)
W(90)
B=

FB
qv

1T =

1N
1N
=
1 m 1 A.1 m

1C
1s

( I ) ( L )
r r
FB = I L B
r r
o I dL r
dB =
4
r3

W ( B )
WBiots-Savart law-

( I )

r r
B
.dL = o I

WAmpers law

WAmperian Loop

W ( r ) -
B=

o I
2 r

B = o I n

- -

W-

LL

K ( n )
B=

o I N
2 r

W-

K ( r ) ( N )
W

Fba =

o I a I b L
2 d

( d ) ( I b ) ( I a ) ( L )
K

- -

LL

Self Test Exam

(B)Biot-Savart-

(c) E-F

(ADJHA) ( R2 ) ( R1 )

K(I)

E-F

( 5.3 10 11 m )

K ( m / s 106 v = 1.3 )
K

K ( q = 1.6 1019 c ) ( me = 9.11 10 31 kg ) W

W
KEF

- -

LL

Unit Six Exercises & Problems

( 2.6 mT ) (23)

K ( 6.5 1017 N )

K-

K ( eV ) -

( 4.4 A )

(1200) ( 2 cm ) ( 95 cm ) solenoid

K ( 0.3 A ) ( 10 cm ) ( 25 cm ) (200)

K ( 18 A ) ( 2.6 cm ) ( 13 cm )

K ( 1.5 T )
KKEA{F
K

KK ( 23 mT )

( 5 cm ) toriod

K ( 0.8 A ) (500) ( 1.5 cm )

K-

K-

( 40 A ) ( 12 102 m )
K

- -

LL

Optional Problems

r
v = ( 2 106 m / s ) i + ( 3 106 m / s ) j

r
B = ( 0.03 T )i ( 0.15 T ) j

K-
KEF-

W
r
v = ( 40 km / s ) i + ( 35 km / s ) j

W
r
F = ( 4.2 10 15 N ) i + ( 4.8 10 15 N ) j

- -

LL

AppendixEF
Physical Constants

273.15 C

0K

acceleration due to
gravity at sea level
(Washington d. c.)

9.801 m / s 2

absolute zero temperature

6.022 10 23 particles / mole

NO

Avogadros number

1.6022 10 19 C

charge of an electron

8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2

constant in Coulombs

6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2

gravitational constant

9.109 10 31 kg

me

mass of an electron

1.673 10 27 kg

mp

mass of a proton

Plancks constant

2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )

speed of light in a vacuum

1.67492 10 27 kg

mn

mass of neutron

8.85 10 12 F / m

permittivity of space

4 10 7 T .m / A

permeability constant

6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s

Conversion Factors
1.661 10 27 kg = 931.5 MeV / c 2

atomic mass unit

1.602 10 19 J

electronvolt

1 N .m

Joule

1 V .C

Joule

6.242 10 18 ( elementary ch arg e units )

coulomb

- -

LL

AppendixEF
WMathematical Signs

>

<<

>>

<

WArithmatic Power of
10 a 10b = 10 a +b

10 a / 10b = 10 a b

(10 ) = 10
a b

ab

WAlgebra
:Fractions
b

c = b
d
cd

ab
b
a =
c
c

ac
a c
=
b d bd

a
b
c
d

= ad
bc

a
c
ad + bc
+
=
b
d
bd

:
Kx =

b b 2 4ac
2a

K x =

- -

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

x 2 + 2x +

= 0

LL

WTrigonometry
:Definitions of trigonometnc Functions
EuF u = sin EFWinverse

WK

functions

= sin 1 u Eu-F = arc sin u

K arc tan u arc cos u

y
r
x
cos =
r
sin
y
=
tan =
cos
x

1
r
=
sin
y
1
r
=
sec =
cos
x
1
x
=
ctn =
tan
y

sin =

csc =

:Simple Properties
sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

sin
= cos
2

sin ( ) = sin

cos
= m sin
2

cos ( ) = cos

= ctn
tan
=
2
tan

tan ( ) = tan

- -

LL

:Properties of a triangle
+ + =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a
b
c
=
=
sin
sin
sin

a 2 + b 2 = c 2 W =

2

:Trigonometric functions

K
W

- -

LL

sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

W
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
csc =

1
sin

sec =

1
cos

- -

ctn =

1
tan

LL

Appendix EF

- -

LL

AppendixEF

W
QW
P
Q r
l

P
Q = K r
l

W
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 3 [ T ] 1 =

} {[ M ][ L ]

K [ M ]{ L ][ T ] 2 [ L ] 2 [ L ] 1

[ T ] 1 [ L ]

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] [ T ] [ L ]
[ M ] + [ L ] 2 + [ T ] 2

+ = 0 =
2 + = 3
2 = 1 2 + = 1

(1)
(2)
(3)

W(3)
= 1 = 1

W (1) ( )
= 1

W (2) ( ) ( )
2 +1+ = 3
1+ = 3 = 4
1

P
Q = K 1 r 4
l
Q=K

Pr 4
l

- -

LL

W


(SI)
K

WW
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
F L
A v

=
1

( kg )( m )( s ) 2 s
=
( m )
1
m2
m
1 1
= kg .m .s
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
W

r2
s g
v
m2 kg m
= kg .m1s 1
m.s 1 m3 s 2

W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
r2
l g
v
m2 kg m
=
= kg .m1.s 1
m.s 1 m3 s 2

W
- -

LL

[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

K(SI)

W
W

Q
A t T4

WW
N .m = kg

m
m2
.
m
kg
=
= [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
2
2
s
s

W W
A = area = m2 = [L] 2
T = time = s = [T]
T 4 = temperatur = K 4 = [K] 4

W
=

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
[ L ]2 [T ] [ K ]4

= [ M ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 4
= kg .s 3 K 4

K
WW
= 5.67 10 8 kg .s 3 .K 4

- -

LL

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 ) = 4 cos ( 40 )

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 ) = 4 sin ( 40 )

= 3.06 N
F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 135 )

= 2.57 N
F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 135 )

= 1.41 N
F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 ) = 3 cos ( 290 )

= 1.41 N
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 ) = 3 sin ( 290 )

= 1.026 N

= 2.676 N

F=

( F ) + ( F )

(2.676 )2 + (1.16 )2

= 1.16 N

tan ( ) =

= 2.82

F
F

= 2.91 N

1.16
= 0.433
2.676

= tan 1( 0.433 ) = 23.43

( x, y )
W
K ( F ,Fy ,Fx )
W

WE-F

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 )

= 10 cos ( 45 )

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 )

= 7.07 N
= 10 sin ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 )

= 7 cos ( 60 )
= 3 .5 N
- -

F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 )

= 7 sin ( 60 )

F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 )

= 6.06 N
= 6 cos ( 135 )

F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 sin ( 135 )

F4 x = F4 cos ( 4 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 cos ( 330 )

F4 y = F4 sin ( 4 )

= 5.19 N
= 6 sin ( 330 )

LL

= 3 N

W
1 Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3x + F4 x
= 7.07 + 3.5 + 4.24 + 5.19 = 11.52 N
2 Fy = F1y + F2 y + F3 y + F4 y
= 7.07 + 6.06 + 4.24 3 = 14.37
3

( F ) + ( F )
2

F=

= ( 11.52 )2 + ( 14.37 )2

= 18.4 N
tan =

F
F

14.37
= 1.247
11.52

= tan ( 1.247 ) = 51.28

1

W
r

r
3 A = 6i + 9 j

- -

W ( 3 A ) -

LL
r

W ( 2B )

r
2B = 6i + 9 j

W ( A ) -
A =
=
B =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2
( 4 )2 + ( 3 )2 =

16 + 9 =

25 = 5

(Bx )2 + (By )2
( 3 )2 + ( 3 )2 =

9+9 =

18 = 4.24

r r
( A + B ) = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) i

W ( A + B ) -

= ( 2 3 ) i + ( 3 + 3 ) j = i + 9 j
r

r r
( A B ) = ( Ax Bx ) i ( Ay By ) i

W ( A B )

= (2 ( 3 ))i ( 3 3 ) j = 5i 0 j = 5i

( ) -
r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = ( 2i + 3 j ) . ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 ) i .i + ( 2 )( 3 ) i . j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j .i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j . j

= 6 + 9 = 3

W
( i . j = j .i = 0 )

cos ( ) =

A.B
3
=
= 0.1415
A B
( 5 )( 4.24 )

= cos 1 ( 0.1415 ) = 81.865

r

W ( A . B ) -

- -

LL

r r
( A . B ) = A B cos ( )

= ( 5 )( 4.24 ) cos ( 81.865 ) =

=3

KEF
r

W ( A B ) -

r r
( A B ) = A B sin ( )

= ( 2i + 3 j ) ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 )i i + ( 2 )( 3 )i j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j j
= 6 k ( 9 )( k ) = 6 k + 9k = 15k

K ( j i = k ) ( i j = k ) ( i i = j j = 0 ) W

- -

LL

W
r

KW N

KW mgr

W
r
f k = k N

k =

fk
470 N
=
N ( 79 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )

= 0.61
k = 0.61

W
K

r
r
f k = ma
- -

LL

W
r
r
r
v f2 = vo2 + 2ax
r
vf = 0

r v2
( 6 m / s2 )
a= o =
= 1 .2 m / s 2
2x
2( 15 m )
r
f k = ( 1.2 m / s 2 )( 0.11 kg ) = 0.13 N
r
f k = 0.13 N
r
r
f k = k N
r
r
N mg = 0
r
r
N = mg
r
r
f k = k mg
r
fk
0.13 N
k =
=
mg ( 0.11 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k = 0.12

- -

LL

W
(A)-

U A = mgh = mg( 2 1.732 )

W
K A = ( 1 / 2 )mvo2 = 0

K ( vo2 )
( B ) ( h = 0 ) U B = 0 W ( B )

K B = ( 1 / 2 ) m v2

W
W = U + K = 0
U = K
m( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 0.267 m ) = ( 1 / 2 ) mvB2
vB = 2287 m / s

K ( B )
- -

LL

( C ) -
W ( C ) ( B )
W = 0
U = 0 ( h = 0 )
U = K
0 = ( 1 / 2 ) m vC2 m 0 vC = 0

( vB )

( C ) ( vC )

W
K
K

W
W-
E = mc2

K ( 3 108 m / s ) ( C )
E = ( 0.12 kg )( 3 108 m / s 2 )
= 1.08 1016 joule

W-
E = Pt

W ( t ) ( P )
t=

E 1.08 1016 Joule

=
P
1000 W

= 1.08 1013 s
= 3.44 10 5 y

K ( f )

- -

LL

E = E f Eo = hf

( 4.14 10 15 eV ) ( 6.63 10 34 J .s ) ( h )

W ( 4.3 1014 s 1 ) ( f )

= ( 4.14 10 15 eV .s )( 4.3 1014 s 1 )

E = 1.8 eV

K ( E f ) ( Eo )
W

mgh+

0W-

1
1
mvo2
m v 2 = mgho +
2
2

KW ( ho )

W ( h )

KW ( vo )

W ( v )
KW ( g )

m
/ gh =

1
2
m
/ vo
2

v = 2 gh = ( 2 )( 9.8 m / s 2 )( 90 m )
= 42 ( m / s )

W-
v = vo + a4
( 42 m / s ) = vo + g t = 0 + ( 9.8 m / s 2 ) t
t=

( 42 m / s )
= 4.28 s
( 9 .8 m / s 2 )

- -

LL

r
( F1 )
r r r r r
( F16 , F15 , F14 , F13 , F12 )

W ( q1 )

K ( F12 ) ( q1 ) ( q2 ) -

( q1 ) ( q3 ) -
r

K ( F13 ) ( q1 ) ( F13 )

( q1 ) ( q4 ) -
r

K ( F14 )

EF

( q1 ) ( q4 ) ( q6 ) EF
K ( q4 ) ( q1 )

- -

LL

( q1 ) ( q5 ) -
r

K ( F15 )

( F16 ) ( q1 ) ( q6 ) -

W ( x, y )

q2
sin ( 120 )
a2
q2
F15 y = K 2 sin ( 240 )
a
F1y = 0
F13 y = K

F14 = K

q2
cos ( 180 )
( 2a )2

F12 = K

q2
cos ( 0 )
( 2a )2

F13 x = K

q2
cos ( 120 )
a2

q2
cos ( 0 )
a2
q2
= K 2 cos ( 240 )
a

F16 =
F15 x

1x

= F12 F14 + F16 F13 cos ( 120 ) F15 cos ( 240 )

= F16 ( 0.5F13 + 0.5F15 )
=0

( F14 ) ( F12 ) W
K ( F15 y ) ( F13 y )
W

W ( P )
VP = k

q2 q1

r2
r1

q
q
= k 2 1
r1
r2
8 10 9 C
3 10 9 C
= 9 10 9

2
2
15 10 m 5 10 m
= 9 10 9 ( 5.3 10 8 6 10 8 )
= 63 V

- -

LL

W
( P )
( P )
q1
9 10 9
r12

E1 = k

( 3 10 C )
(5 10 m)
9

= 10800 N / C

)
)

q2
8 10 9 C
9
=
9

10
2
r22
15 10 2 m
= 3200 N / C

E2 = k

W ( P )
E = E2 + E1 = 3200 10800
= 7600 N / C

W
W-
q = CV
6 10 6 C = 6 10 6 F V
V =

6 10 6 C
= 1 volt
6 10 6 F

-
W
E=

V
1 volt
=
= 1 103 V / m
3
d
1 10 m

W-
W =

1
1
q V = ( 0.5 10 6 C )( 1 volt )
2
2
= 10 6 Joule

- -

LL

W
( q1 ) ( q2 )
( F13 ) ( q3 ) ( F12 )

W
F12 = k

)(

9
9
q1 q2
9 10 10 C 20 10 C
=
9

10
2
a2
30 10 2

= 2 10 N

F13 = k

)(

9
9
q1 q3
9 10 10 C 20 10 C
=
9

10
2
a2
30 10 2

EF

= 2 10 5 N
F=

(F12 )2 + (F13 )2

= 2.8 10 5 N

- -

LL

W
W-

r
r 0 I dL rr
dB =
4
r3

( JD ) ( AH ) -

K ( c )

W ( c ) -
r r
r
0 I dL1 r 0 I R1 dL
=
Bc1 =
r3
4 R13
4
r r
dL r = r ds sin ( 90 ) = r dL

R
R1 dL dL
1
= 2 dL = 2 1 =
3
2
R1 R1 R1
R1
R1

I 0 I
Bc1 = 0 =
4 R1
4 R1

W ( R2 )
Bc2 =

0 I
4 R2

Bc = Bc1 + Bc2 =

0 I ( R2 R1 )
4 R1 R2

K
W

r r
FB = q v B = q v B sin ( 90 ) = q v B

W
- -

LL

FB = me a
a=

FB
me

v2
r2
F
m v2 m v
B= B = e = e
qv e r v
er

a=

( 9.11 10 31 kg )( 1.3 106 m / s )

= 1.39 10 4 T
19
11
( 1.6 10 C )( 5.3 10 m )

- -

LL

References

WArabic References
??

??

??

??

K-

K-
KK-
KK

??

??

??

??

K
K---
-

K
??

K-
- -

LL

WEnglish References
1-

"Fundamentals of physics"
Halliday. Resniek. Walker. Fourth EditionK John Willey & sons. 1997.

2-

"College Physics"
Francis Weston Sears. Addison - Wesely. 1984.

3-

"Electric Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias. Mc Graw - Hill. 1967.

4-

"Electronics"
Millman & seely. Mc Graw - Hill. 1951.

5-

"Menill Physics Principles And Problems"

Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1995.

6-

"Electronic Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, 1997.

- -

LL

Contents

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