CHNG 2

VN CHUYN CHT LNG

 Phn loi bm

Bm th tch

Bm ng lc

Bm kh ng

 Phn loi bm
Bm th tch: Vic ht v y cht lng ra khi bm nh s
thay i th tch ca khng gian lm vic trong bm.

Clip minh ha 1
Clip minh ha 2

Bm piston

Bm bnh rng

Bm cnh trt

Clip

Bm roto

Bm ng lc: Vic ht v y cht lng ra khi bm nh s

chuyn ng quay trn ca cc bm, khi ng nng ca cnh qut s
truyn vo cht lng to nng lng cho dng lng.

Bm hng trc

Bm ly tm

Bm xoy lc
(Vortex pump)

Bm kh ng: Vic ht v y cht lng ra khi bm nh s

thay i p sut ca dng kh chuyn ng trong bm v to nng lng
cho dng chy.

Bm tia (ejector)

CC THNG S C TRNG CA BM

Nng sut ca bm: L th tch cht lng c bm cung cp

trong mt n v thi gian. K hiu Q, n v: m3/s
Hiu sut ca bm: L i lng c trng cho s dng hu
ch ca nng lng c truyn t ng c n bm. K hiu

 Cng sut ca bm: c tnh bng nng lng tiu tn bm lm

vic. Ni cch khc l nng lng tiu hao to ra lu lng Q

v chiu cao ct p H.
N = gQH / 1000, kW
Trong :
- Khi lng ring ca lu cht, kg/m3

Q Lu lng ca bm, m3/s

H Ct p ca bm (chiu cao ct p ton phn hay p
sut ton phn ca bm), m
- hiu sut ca bm

 p sut ton phn ca bm:

2 1
=
+ 0 +
.
Trong :
H : Tng p sut khi bm chy tnh theo mt ct cht lng
P1, P2 : p sut trn b mt cht lng khong ht v khong y
(N/m2), Pa
: Khi lng ring ca cht lng c y i, kg/m3
g : Gia tc ri t do, m/s2
H0 : Chiu cao hnh hc a cht lng ln, m

 P1 - p sut mt thong b cha s 1.

P2 - p sut mt thong b cha s 2.
Hh chiu cao ht ca bm

H chiu cao y ca bm
H0 = Hh + H khong cch 2 mt thong
Z1 khong cch t mt ct 1-1 n mt chun
Z2 khong cch t mt ct 2-2 n mt chun
Z = Z2 Z1 khong cch 2 mt thong

h khong cch gia p k v chn khng k

Ph, P p sut trong ng ng ht v ng y

Trng hp 1: i vi bi ton thit k hoc chn bm thch hp

Phng trnh Bernulli cho 2 mt ct 1-1 v 2-2:

1
1 2
2
2 2
1 +
+
+ = 2 +
+
+
. 2
. 2

Trong :
hf = hms + hcb tng tr lc trn ng ng ht v y, m

Suy ra :
= 2 1

2 1
2 2 1 2
+
+
+
.
2

(Z2 Z1) = Z
Nng lng (ct p) dng khc phc chiu cao nng hnh hc
(P2 P1)/g
Nng lng dng thng li s chnh lch p sut 2 mt
thong, m

(22 12)/2g
Nng lng dng khc phc ng nng gia ng y v ng
ht, m

hf
Nng lng do bm to ra thng li tng tr lc trn ng
ng, m

Trng hp 2: i vi bi ton th li bm ( c bm)

Phng trnh Bernoulli cho 2 mt ct 1-1 v 2-2

2
1

2
2

+
+
+ = +
+
. 2
. 2
(Z Zh) = h

Nng lng (ct p) dng khc phc chiu cao gia 2 p k

(P Ph)/g
Nng lng dng thng li s chnh lch p sut ng ht v y

( )/2g

Nng lng dng khc phc ng nng gia ng y v ng ht, m

Lu : trong trng hp ny i lng hf = 0 v s tn tht nng lng

1. BM TH TCH

Bm piston tc dng n
Cu to v nguyn tc hot ng
Bm pittng tc dng n gm cc b phn chnh sau: Xi lanh

hnh tr, trong c pittng chuyn ng tnh tin qua li nh c cu

truyn ng tay quay thanh truyn. Pha u xi lanh c 2 xupp ht v
y.

 Khi pittng chuyn ng t tri qua phi, p sut trong xi lanh s gim

xung nh hn p sut kh quyn. Di tc dng ca p sut kh

quyn, xupp ht s m ra nc trn vo xi lanh v ng thi
xupp y b ng li. Khi pittng chuyn ng ngc li t phi sang

tri, p sut trong xi lanh s tng ln, khi xupp ht s ng li v

xupp y s m ra v nc c y ra ngoi.

Nh vy trong mt chu k chuyn ng ca pittng qu trnh ht v

y cht lng c thc hin mt ln.

Khi trc quay t B A, Th tch nc ht vo ng bng th

tch ca xilanh (.D/4)S. Khi trc quay na vng cn li (t A B) th

pittng y lng nc trong xi lanh ra ngoi.
Nh vy, khi trc quay 1 vng th lng nc do bm pittng tc
dng n cung cp l (.D/4)S. Khi bm quay n vng/pht th lng
nc do bm cung cp l n.(.D/4)S, m3 / pht.

Vy, nng sut ca bm pittng

Q = .F.S.n = .(.D/4)S.n ,

m3/ph

D ng knh pittng, m
S khong chy ca pittng, m
- hiu sut th tch, v 1 phn th tch lu cht b r r

 Bm piston tc dng kp

Bm pittng tc dng kp c 2
pittng v hai xilanh. Khi pittng
chuyn ng v pha phi, th tch
khong trng trong xi lanh bn tri
tng, p sut gim nn cht lng
c ht vo bung xi lanh bn
tri qua xupp 1, ng thi khi
th tch khong trng trong xilanh
bn phi gim, p sut tng, y
cht lng cha trong xi lanh bn
phi qua xupp 4 vo ng y. Khi
pittng chuyn ng v phi tri,
cht lng c ht vo bung xi
lanh bn phi qua xupp 2 v ng
thi y cht lng cha trong xi
lanh bn tri qua xupp 3 vo ng
y.

Khi trc quay na vng, pittng chuyn ng t tri sang phi:

Bm ht vo 1 lng : F.S = (D/4)S

Bm y ra mt lng : F.S f.S = (D/4 d/4)S
(.S l th tch cn pittng ng knh d chim ch)
Khi trc quay na vng cn li, pittong i t phi sang tri
Bm ht vo 1 lng : F.S f.S = (D/4 d/4)S

Bm y ra mt lng : F.S = (D/4)S

Nh vy, khi trc quay 1 vng, lng cht lng do bm cung cp:
F.S + (F.S f.S) = (2F- f)S .
Khi trc quay n vng/pht lng cht lng bm cung cp:
n.(2F- f)S .

Nng sut ca bm pittong tc dng kp s l:

Q = .n.(2F - f).S, m3/pht

thy r hn s khc nhau lng cht lng c cung cp bi
bm pittng tc dng n v tc dng kp ta xem th sau. Khi trc
quay na vng (180), bm cung cp c cht lng.

 Bm piston tc dng ba
Bm pittng tc dng 3 cng tng t nh bm pittng tc dng
kp nhng lng nc cung cp s u hn

 Cc loi bm th tch khc

a. Bm bnh rng

Thng c nng sut nh, (0,3 2 l/s)

p sut t 100 200 mH2O.
Nng sut ca bm
Q = (.b.n/4.60).(D1 - D2).
b chiu rng bnh rng, m
n s vng quay ca bnh rng, v/ph
D1, D2 ng knh nh v chn rng, m
- hiu sut th tch, = 0,7 0,8
Vn chuyn cc loi cht lng c nht cao (0,2 100cm2/s)

b. Bm cnh trt (Sliding-vane pump)

Gm v 1, bn trong trc 2 c s rnh theo hng bn knh. Trong rnh

c t cnh trt 3. Khi trc quay, do lc ly tm nn cc cnh trt

vng ra pha ngoi v p st vo v bm, chia thn bm thnh hai vng
ht v y.

Nng sut ca bm cnh trt c xc nh theo cng thc:

=

.. 2.
30

m3/s

Trong
b chiu rng rto, m

e khong cnh lch tm, m

S chiu dy cnh trt, m

z s cnh trt

r bn knh rto, m

- hiu sut th tch

R bn knh v my (R = r + e), m
n s vng quay ca rto, vng/pht
Bm cnh trt c th to ra p sut ti 70 at v lu lng ti 3,5 l/s.

2. BM LY TM

1 gung; 2 v bm
3 ng ht; 4 ng y
5 xupp (li lc)

Trc khi hot ng, bm cn c mi y nc trong bnh

gung. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cht lng trong cnh gung s chy

theo cnh hng dng t tm cnh gung ra mp cnh gung v i theo
v bm ra ngoi. Khi cht lng trong bnh gung chuyn ng ra ngoi,

di tc dng ca lc ly tm, s tao ra p sut chn khng ti tm bnh

gung. Do s chnh lch p sut bn ngoi v tm bnh gung cht
lng s theo ng ht chuyn ng vo bnh gung.

 Hin tng xm thc v cch khc phc

Cht lng chuyn ng vo ming bm ly tm do p sut y

thp hn p sut kh quyn, iu ny to iu kin cho cc kh ha
tan c trong cht lng bc hi to ra cc bt kh ming ht ca bm.
Cc bt kh ny cng cht lng s chuyn ng trong cnh gung. Khi
p sut li tng ln, kh li ho tan ngc li vo cht lng.
Do qu trnh bay hi - ngng t - ha tan kh xy ra rt nhanh,
th tch bt kh tng ln v gim t ngt dn n p sut trong cc bt
kh tng ln rt ln. Hin tng to ra s va p thy lc, bo mn

cc kt cu kim loi, to ra s rung ng v ting n. Hin tng ny

gi l hin tng xm thc.

 trnh hin tng xm thc, ngi ta cn tng p sut

cht lng ca vo ca bm bng cch gim chiu cao ht nh

t bm thp hn mc cht lng trong b ht.

Chiu cao ht ca bm c xc nh theo cng thc:

1

1
.

1 +

1 2
2

P1 : p sut b ht, N/m2

1 : Tng tr lc ng ht , m

Pt : p sut hi bo ha ming ht, N/m2

1 : Vn tc dng ng ht , m/s
h : Tn tht ma st do xm thc
5,62. .
=

c : h s xm thc ; c = 500 - 1000

Nhit
(oC)

Chiu cao
ht, m

10

20

30

40

50

60

65

 c tuyn ca bm ly tm

Mi quan h l thuyt gia cc gi tr : Lu lng Q, ct p H,

cng sut N khi s vng quay thay i c th hin theo t l
Q1/Q2 = n1/n2

H1/H2 = (n1/n2)

N1/N2 = (n1/n2

Tuy nhin trong thc t quan h gia cc i lng khng ng

hon ton theo t l nh trn m n thay i khi mt trong cc thng s
ca bm thay i. V vy i vi mi loi bm mi quan h trn u
xc nh bng thc nghim.
c tuyn ca bm ly tm l mi quan h hm s gia cc thng
s ca bm : Ct p, lu lng, cng sut, hiu sut khi s vng quay
c nh hay thay i
H = f(Q);

N = F1(Q);

= F2(Q)

 Mi quan h H Q ph thuc vo hnh dng cnh gung

Hnh dng cnh gung :

> 90o

Cong v pha sau ( < 90o)

= 90o

Cong v pha trc ( > 90o)

Theo hng bn knh ( = 90o)

< 90o
n = const
c tnh l thuyt ca bm Q

> 90o

H
< 90o

Hmax
Q

Q
Qmax

Qmax
c tnh thc ca bm

H
1

Hmax
3

Qmax
on 1 2 trn ng c tuyn l vng lm vic
khng n nh ca bm.

on 2 3 l vng lm vic n nh ca bm

 c tuyn mng ng
Trong mt mng ng dn, tn tht ct p khi cht lng chuyn
cng trong ng dn c xc nh bng cng thc

= 2 1

2 1
2 2 1 2
+
+
+
.
2

P1; P2 : p sut u vo v u ra ca ng dn

Z1; Z2 : Chiu cao u vo v u ra ca ng dn

2 2 ; 1 2 : Vn tc cht lng ti 2 u ng
h : Tng tn tht ma st trong ng ng

2
+
2

H
1

ng c tuyn mng ng

Hmax
2

im lm vic

ng c tuyn ca bm

Qmax
Khi ghp bm vo mng ng ta s c th phi hp c tuyn
gia bm v mng ng

Giao im A gia ng c tuyn ca bm v mng ng gi l

im lm vic ca bm trong mng ng.

 Ghp bm
Bm lm vic song song : khi cn gi nguyn ct p H v tng
lu lng Q
Bm lm vic ni tip : khi cn gi nguyn lu lng Q v tng
ct p
Bm ghp song song

Bm ghp ni tip
H

A2

A2
A1
A1

Q
Q1 Q2

Q1

Q2

Ghp song song

Ghp ni tip

III. CC LOI BM KHC

Bm sc kh
Loi bm ny lm vic theo
nguyn tc bnh thng nhau. Kh nn
qua ng 2 thi vo ng 1 lm cho cht
lng trong ng 1 si bt to thnh hn

hp lng kh c hh < l nn hn
hp ny dng ln qua np 4 vo b
cha.

1 ng dn, 2 ng dn kh nn, 3 bnh gim p, 4 b cha

Phng hn hp kh lng 4 phi t cao hn ca ht cht

lng ng 1 khong 1 1,5 m gi cho kh nn khng b pht ra
ngoi.
u im:
n gin, khng c b phn truyn ng, c th lm vic
nhit cao khi bm li tm khng ht c.
Nhc im:
Hiu sut thp (25 35%), nng sut nh. Cn c trm nn
kh v phi duy tr ct cht lng nht nh m bo nhng su ca
ng 1.

 Bm mng (Diaphragm pump)