1

Introduction to
Entities, Attributes, and
Relationships



Conceptual Modeling
: Entities, Attributes, Relationships

Conceptual
Modeling ?

- Entities
- Attributes
- Relationship
Modeling ?
Conceptual Data Modeling Physical Data Modeling
?
Entity Model Table ?

?
Modeling
,
, Model

 Conceptual Model ?

System

Physical Database Design

Conceptual Model

Conceptual Model
System (Sponsor)
Model Design
Physical Database

Entities Relationship Diagram

Table Database Object Model

-

Model Business

Tables Database ?

Columns Tables ?

Constraint Database Object (require) ?

(Metaphor)

(Solid Plan)

?
(Architect)

(Architect)



Model

(Sketches)



Conceptual Model

(Easy Change)

Model

Model

Design (Technical Design)

Model Design

Entity Relationship Model

Entity Relationship Modeling

-

Model Business
(Implement)

Diagram

Modeling ?

Entity Relationship Modeling Modeling Business

Modeling
Business System

Model Business Business

Entity Relationship Modeling
Business
Diagram
(Check)

 Entity Relationship Modeling

Entity Relationship Modeling
-

Model
Model

Conceptual Data Modeling

-

Business
Model
(Implement)

Model

Entity Relationship model tables

 Database

Database
Flat file data model:
-

Database Model Store File

File Link File

Model Redundancy

Model

Hierarchical data model:

-

Database Model Database file

Link

Top Database Parent Database Parent

Child Child Parent Child Database
Parent Database File Link Pointer

Model

Network Data Model

-

Database Model

Hierarchical data model

Link Child Database

Redundant Data,
Search

Model Database Expert

Model

Real-Life Application

Relational Data Model

-

Database Model Link Entity

Business

Redundant Data Normalization

Search Data Index Attribute

User (Implement)
DBMS

Entities

Entities
Entity
-

Business

: (Object) , (Event)

Entities Instances

Entity
Entity

-

Entity

Entity Business

Entity Business

Entity (Class) (Type)

Entity

Entity instance Instance Entity

Business

 Entities (More on Entities)

Entity Instance
:
-

Entity

Entity Instance

Entity
o Person Product
o Require Skill Level
o Election

Instance Entity Entity

Violinist Instance Entity Job Violinist Entity
Instance David Oistrach, Kyung-Wha Chung.

Entities (Sets)
Entities (Sets)
- Entity Instance
Business

Entity Job

Instance
Entity Modeling Process, Entity
Table Row Table Instance

Entity Modeling Properties

Instance
Entity

(Set Theory)
Entity Relationship Model Relational Database

Attributes
Attributes
- (something) Business
-

single valued Property Entity

:
o (Describe)

o (Quantifies)
o (Qualifies)
o (Classifies)
o
Entity

Attribute ?
Attribute Entity Attribute

Property Entity Entity

Entity Attribute (Entities Have Attributes)

Entity Attribute
Attribute

Entity

(Values and Data Types)

Attribute Attribute

 Attribute
Attribute

Attribute Single Valued

Attribute Entity Single Valued
Instance Entity Attribute

Attribute Examples

Town of Residence Attribute Employee Attribute

Attribute
Single valued

Shoes Size Attribute Business

Business
Attribute

Family Name Attribute Single Valued

Volatile Attributes
Attribute Volatile () Attribute Age
Nonvolatile Attribute Attribute
Birth Date Age

Relationships
Relationships
-

Business

Entity

Entity

Entity Relationship

Relationship Entity Relationship

(Dependency) Entity

Relationship :
An Employee has a JOB An Employee performs a JOB An Employee holds a
JOB
An Employee apply for a JOB
Relationship
Entity Relationship

 Instance Entity

Employee JOB ?

Mandatory Optional Relationship Employee?

Employee JOB ?

JOB Employee ?

Mandatory Optional Relationship JOB?

Job Employee ?


() Design Table

Entity Relationship Models Diagrams

Entity Relationship Model (ER Model) Entity Attribute
Relationship Model Entity Description, Data

type Constraint Model Diagram

Model
Entity Relationship Diagram (ER Diagram) Model
Model Model Diagram
Business

Graphical Elements
Entity Relationship diagramming Graphic Element

ISO Standard ER Diagram

Oracle Oracle diagramming

technique Oracle Designer Tool

Entity

 ER diagram Entity SoftBox Entity

Entity Box
Entity Box
Entity Name

Box Size
Entity
Entity Entity

 Attribute (Attribute Representation)

Attribute Entity Box *

Attribute mandatory optional

Attribute
* Mandatory: Attribute Business
o Optional: Attribute
Business
Attribute Entity Diagram
Attribute Design Table

Attribute Diagram

Attribute ?
Design, Attribute Column

Mandatory Attribute Not Null

 Relationship
Relationship Entity
Relationship Relationship Shape
Relationship Degree Relationship One
Many
One Many

JOB
Employee Employee JOB
Relationship
Relationship
Diagram Model Model

Mandatory Optional Relationships

Relationships mandatory optional attributes . Mandatory
Relationships (solid line) optional relationships
(dotted lines).

Relationship Relationship
Relationship Employee JOB Model
optional relationship mandatory relationship

Relationship

Every EMPLOYEE has exactly one JOB or, alternatively:

An EMPLOYEE must have exactly one JOB.

JOB Employee
A JOB may be held by one or more EMPLOYEES.

 Relationship

Relationship Entity1 Entity2

Each entity1{must be | may be}
relationship_name
{one or more | exactly one}
entity2

Relationship
Design Relationship foreign key foreign

key column optional relationship non mandatory foreign key

columns

Relationship Diagram

Relationship Diagram

space Diagram
Relationship

 (Data and Functionality)

Conceptual Data Model

Conceptual Data Model
Shoes Size Employee ?
Business ?

 (Type of Information)

?
Kbenhavn, Bremen
Icon Column

City
Name of the city (such as Kbenhavn)
Weather type (such as cloudy with rain)
Icon of the weather type
Minimum temperature
Maximum temperature
Wind direction arrow
Wind force
Forecast date

 ?

Business (geographical
knowledge)

German cities (Bremen, Berlin Munchen)

French cities cities

- Report

-

(Next Step)

 Entity ?
Attribute Relationship

City Country Entity Attribute (Name )

Weather Type Wind Direction Entity Attribute
(Icon, Description) City
Entity Forecast Attribute

(Date, Minimum and Maximum Temperature Wind Force)
Relationship

COUNTRY and CITY

CITY and FORECAST
FORECAST and WEATHER TYPE
FORECAST and WIND DIRECTION

Entity Relationship Diagram

Relationship
-

FORECAST CITY CITIES

FORECAST

CITY COUNTRY COUNTRY

CITY

FORECAST WEATHER TYPE WEATHER TYPE

FORECAST

FORECAST WIN DIRECTION WIN DIRECTION

FORECAST

Graphical Elements (Other Graphical Elements)

Graphic

Element

ER

Diagram

Entity Attribute Relationship

4
-

Subtype Entity Entity

Unique identifier # Attribute

Relationship

Arc Relationship

Nontransferability symbol
Relationship

Graphical Elements
Graphical Element ER Diagram

ER Modeling
(Representation) ER
Modeling Business Entity,
Attribute Relationship Business

Summary

Conceptual models Model

Business Model
model

model

data conceptual models

(implementation)

Entity Relationship modeling

ER model
Data Model

Entity Relationship diagrams
Diagram ER model Diagram
Business
System

1-1
Entity, Attribute Instance
Entity instance
attribute instance Entity 3 Row
concept

 1-2
Entity

: GUEST, HOTEL ROOM Attribute
Attribute Entity Entity

1-3
Diagram?

 1-4
1. relationships Model

2. Relationship

 1-5
1. Relationship Model

2. Relationship PERSON HOTEL

hotel business.

1-6 Recipe
1. Ralphs famous Raving Recipes

2. Entity Attribute
3. relationships Diagram

2
Entities and Attributes
in Detail



Entity Attribute

Entity concept of subtype supertype entity

Business ElectronicMail Inc

 Data Information

Data Information
(synonyms)

Data:

Information: (Data)

 (Data)

Conceptual Data Modeling

Conceptual data modeling Business Business Data
Business

Business Data

Physical Data Modeling

Physical data modeling

Software Hardware

Design 5

Database

Electronic Electronic
spreadsheets File

Relational Database
System System hierarchical
databases network databases
System semantic databases object oriented
databases

Data Warehouse
Data warehouse
Logical Database data warehouse database
Online Analytical Processing
(OLAP)
Data warehouse
(Transaction System)

Call (Store) Call
Call

 Entity
texts, notes, brochures screens
Business entities, attribute entities
Instance entities

Entity
Entity

Entity

Entity
Model

Entity

 modeling process

(Be Aware of Synonyms)

Business

...also known as ...
( Avoid Homonyms)

Business

Reserved Words

Entity

Database
Programming
Relationship Entity
Entity
diagrams Model contex

 Electronic Mail
Business Electronic Mail Email User

Electronic Mail (EM) Mail System User

Web

User Message
-

User Email Address 30

Password Email Address
User

User

User name, country,

birth date, line of business
-

User (Sent) (receive) Email Email Message

Text Attach file Attach file File
spreadsheet

Message
-

Message folders User

Folder Inbox Outbox Wastebasket Folder

Screenshots Compose Email Message Screen Maintain

Addresses screen

User Electronic Mail Address Message

Mail E-mail Address System
Message (

Database ) Message
-

User Template Message Template

Message

User Reply Message Reply, User

Message Message
-

User Alias Email Address

 Entity
Entity Electronic Mail
Message Entity
Message User
User ?
Message EM User
message ? Message
Attachment ?
Message EM User Message
(Text) (Subject)

 Message (External Source)

EM User ? ?
Message EM User EM
User Message (Text ) (Subject)

Message EM User Email Address

EM User Email Message

System Message
Message EM
User
Message EM User Message
(Text ) (Subject)
process

Entity Life Cycle
Life Cycle Entity
Life cycle Entity Entity Instance

 ? ?
?

Entity Message
-

Message ?

Message ?

Message ?

Message
Compose Screen, Message

? Message Field
To Subject Field
Send Key
Message
System Message ?
User Delete Key? System Receiver
Message Message System

Message
Message

Message ? Message

Message
? Message ?
Message
(Draft)

Message
?
Draft Message

Message ? Draft Message System ? DRAFT

Entity Message ? DRAFT Entity
?
Template
Template ? Template Message Template
Message Template
Entity Message ? Entity
Functionality
Entity

Functionality System

Message System Function

conceptual data model

Business
User Electronic Mail

Address

Message

Mail E-mail Address System

Message Message

User Create Template Message Template

Message Template
Message
User Reply Message Reply User Create
Message Message
User Create (Alias) Email Address,

 Functionality System Functionality

Functionality
high level

Functionality

Attributes

Attribute ? ?
Attribute describe, quantify, qualify, classify, specify Entity
Attribute Property Entity

 Electronic Mail Entity

Attribute Instance

Entity Attribute
Attribute Name of COUNTRY
Attribute instance Name of FOLDER

 Attribute
Attribute Column Column
Attribute Reserved Word

Id, No, Descr, Ind(icator)
Attribute Amount, Value, Number
Attribute Amount Paid, Estimated Value, Licence No
Date

Indicator Attribute at the endStart

Date, Creation Date Purchase Date

Underscores( _ ) Attribute

Attribute Entity

Entity Attribute

 Attribute Context Entity

Context Attribute Name

Model Entity Dimension

language


Acapulco swimming trunks Akapulko Badehose

Redundancy
redundant attributes Attribute
Attribute
physical design decision
Attribute Date Instance Created User

Subtypes Supertypes
Entity X Subtype
Instances Property
Attributes Relationships
Attribute functionality
Subtype Entity X Entity X
Subpertype
Subtypes Model constraints Subtype

Subtype Property Entity X

Supertype Address Subtype USER LIST

USER LIST Attribute NAME To Field

Message
Inheritance
Entity COMPOSITION

Supertype MESSAGE, DRAFT TEMPLATE Subtypes

Attribute Relationship Supertype Entity

Diagram
Every MESSAGE (DRAFT, or TEMPLATE) is a COMPOSITION

Every COMPOSITION is either a MESSAGE, a DRAFT, or a TEMPLATE

 Subtype
Entity relationship modeling ER model Subtype
Entity Subtype
Subtype Entity
Subtype ? Subtype

Nested Subtypes
Subtype Subtype

Subtype Level

Attribute Relationship Level

Subtypes

 Entity Subtype
Instance Subtype
Business

Subtype (Implementing Subtypes)

Subtype Entity

Table Table Super entity

(Summary)

Entity

Business Entity (Tangible), (Intangible)

(Event) Subtypes Entity Attribute Relationship
Entity


1. Book Entity
publishing company book reseller

Entity Book
Entity Attribute

2.

ER model Text Entity

Entity
Relationship

1. Entity 15
Moonlight Coffees
Summary

2. Entity
The coffee shops.

The Moonlight employees.

ER Model

3
Relationships
in Detail



relationship Entity

Relationship
nontransferable relationships

Relationship Attribute
Relationship Attribute
normalization conceptual
models

Relationship (Establishing a Relationship)

 Relationship
-

Entity Entity
Model

Entity Model Entity

-

Entity Electronic Mail

System Relationship MESSAGE USER Message

Message
-

Entity recursive

relationship Message Reply Message


Relationship
-

perspective Passive is owner

of is owned by parent of
/ child of composed of / part of
-

Preposition

, Relationship

Consists of / is part of

Is classified as / is classification for

Is assigned to / is assignment of

Is referred to / referring to

Responsible for / the responsibility of

with, in, of, for, by,

about, at, into

 sent to receiver of ?

MESSAGE USER ,
Relationship received by receiver of

Optional Relationship
-

Must every MESSAGE be sent by a USER? No

Must every USER be sender of an MESSAGE? No
Must every MESSAGE be sent to a USER? No
Must every USER be addressed in a MESSAGE? No
Optional
Yes Relationship mandatory

Relationship

mandatory ElectronicMail
MESSAGE User MESSAGE

User User Relationship

User System User
-

Relationship mandatory
Relationship
Model optional

 Degree Relationship
-

Can a MESSAGE be written by more than one USER? No

Can a USER be author of more than one MESSAGE? Yes
No Degree 1
Yes Degree Many or m

Relationship

mandatory many Relationship A B

mandatory A B
A B

Optional many relationship ,

Email USER ,1 Message

degree Message
ATTACHMENTS Business
ATTACHMENTS MESSAGE 4 Degree<5

Diagram

Nontransferability Relationship
-

MESSAGE User Message

mail system
MESSAGE
-

relationships property

connection property
nontransferability Nontransferability Update

Foreign key Nontransferability Diagram

(diamond-shaped) Relationship

Relationship nontransferable Mail

System User File Message Folder

User Folder, File Message Folder

Relationship
Relationship Degree
-

One to many (1:m)

Many to many (m:m)

One to one (1:1)

Relationships1:m
1:m relationship E-R Model

(a) Mandatory Relationship Model

entities Relationship

Entity

(b) Optional 1: mandatory m Relationship
(d)

90% Relationship

(b) (d) Relationship

Entity 1
Entity many Context Entity

(c) Mandatory 1: optional m Product Bundle

Model Bundle

Optional (b)

Relationships m:m
m:m Relationship E-R Model

e) Relationship Model

:
LINE POINTS POINT LINES
DEPARTMENT
EMPLOYEES EMPLOYEE DEPARTMENT
m:m relationship mandatory Relationship
Constraints
f) Mandatory Model

g) Optional Model

Relationships1:1
1:1 relationships ER Model

h) 1:1 relationship mandatory

Entity PERSON Entity BIRTH Relationship 1:1

PERSON

BIRTH

I) Mandatory Model
Hospital Model

PATIENT
EMPLOYEE PERSON PATIENT EMPLOYEE
Model subtypes PERSON
PERSON

J) Optional , ,
Relationship Entity

System Entity EMPLOYEE System
Entity PERSON System third-party
system

Redundancy
attributes Relationships redundant

relationship PERSON COUNTRY

relationships Model

semantic issue , structure

Relationships Attributes
Attribute Relationship Attribute
relationship

attribute TYPE entity ATTACHMENT

entity

ATTACHMENT TYPE Relationship ATTACHMENT ATTACHMENT

TYPE
Model attributes

ATTACHMENT TYPE attributes

ATTACHMENT TYPE ATTACHMENT TYPE Type


Type
types of rooms single, double suite

Table Entity ATTACHMENT columns situations

Attachment Type column foreign key column

Attachment Type Column Entity Entity Attachment

Model

Entity Model

Table Relationship

Entity Model

Table Relationship Table

Space Database

Attribute Entity

Attribute Relationship

Foreign Key Attributes

foreign key attributes attribute Folder Name entity MESSAGE
ER modeling foreign key attribute

foreign key Relationship MESSAGE

FOLDER foreign key column primary unique
identifier entity FOLDER Constraint
Entity Name Attribute Name

attribute name entity name

-

Attribute relationship entity entity

Attribute entity attribute Employment Date entity

EMPLOYEE EMPLOYMENT entity

entity name attribute name redundant attribute

Message Id entity MESSAGE Id

attribute one-to-one relationship Model ,

attributes Birth Date Birthplace EMPLOYEE
attributes entity BIRTH Model

Relationship Attribute

Relationship Entity

Relationship

ElectronicMail Compose Message screen Field Label

To User Email Address Model

Relationship addressed to / addressee of MESSAGE

USER message External User

ElectronicMail external user addresses
Message
Relationship ? ?


Addressee attribute

MESSAGE Attribute USER

entity USER addressees

m:m Relationships

Model retail company PRODUCTS

A CUSTOMER buys PRODUCTS customers System

A CUSTOMER may buy one or more PRODUCTS

A PRODUCT may be bought by one or more CUSTOMERS
:
Customer Nick Sanchez buying two shirts Nick Sanchez
CUSTOMER Name shirt PRODUCT Name

 Quantity Property CUSTOMER

PRODUCT
Quantity attribute relationship CUSTOMER
PRODUCT

Relationships attributes Entity

quantity attribute Model

Table Design default design Model

foreign key Column ORDERS Table, Ctr_id (foreign key to
CUSTOMERS) Pdt_code (to PRODUCTS)

: Quantity ? Quantity

attribute Order attribute single-valued

 3 (1,2 1) Quantity property

m:m relationship PRODUCT ORDER

Order Order Header 1: m

Relationship mandatory tables Model

Relationships

Relationships Intersection Entities

1. intersection entity entity A/B

COMBINATION m:m relationship
2. m:1 relationships entity A/B COMBINATION
A B mandatory A/B
COMBINATION m:m relationship optional ( mandatory)
A relationship A A/B COMBINATION optional (or mandatory)

3. relationships Relationship
in / of
4. m:m relationship
Relationship
5.
optional A/B COMBINATION

Relationships

 System m:1 relationship External

entity PERSON CUSTOMER TYPE

table structure third-party

PERSONS table
Table

Model external entity PERSON referencing

m:1 relationship entity CLASSIFICATION

Relationships

Normalization Data Modeling

Normalization relational database concept

entity model tables
Design (conform) normalization
normalization relational database design

Data Model
Attribute ER Model

First Normal Form Data Modeling

attributes single-valued

Attribute Single value Entity Attribute

Attributes
Entity name attribute name Message Subject
Message Text
Attribute multiple values entity
Entity m:1 relationship

Second Normal Form Data Modeling

attribute unique identifier Entity

Instance Unique Identifier(UID) instance attribute

attribute UID Entity

Third Normal Form Data Modeling

 non-UID attribute non-UID attribute

Attribute non-UID attribute, Attribute

attribute , entity

(Summary)

Relationships entities
ten
types Relationship, 4 1:m, 3 m:m, 3 1:1

m:1 relationship optional ER Model

relational database

ER model m:m
Relationships
Relationships attributes relationship
intersection entity relationships

4
Constraints


Constraint business Constraint
business rules Constraint
Model diagram

constraints Model
document

Unique Identifier
Entity
entity instance
Unique Identifier Entity

MAIL LIST unique identifier

attributes
Owner MAIL LIST relationship

UID Representation
ER diagram UID Entity
-

# for attributes

relationship end relationships (

relationship

Single Attribute UID

Model USER ElectronicMail attribute
Name entities attribute attribute UID
Id, Code, Name, Description, Reference

Multiple Attribute UID

Entity UID attributes Software
package Name Version Oracle
Designer version 7.0

Composed UID
MAIL LIST LIST
USER LIST OWNER List
unique pair
USER LIST instances

System LIST instances

USERS
USER UID
unique Mail System
Cascade Composed UID

 entity Relationship entity

Relationship entity

UID: Relationships Only

Unique Identifier relationships

diagram, entity LIST ITEM
m:m relationship LIST USER
Model LIST ITEM USER LIST
model LIST ITEMS
USERS

Unique Identifier (UID) entity constraint

UID attributes,

 Relationship attributes relationships

entity
components UID optional

Indirect Identification
Identification
instance entity instance entity

Identification
-

Office Buildings
code

person passport

cows
tag

Amsterdam International Airport

credit card Slot
parking event credit card
indirect identification

Unique Identifier Examples

Information-Bearing Identifiers
code,
Codes information bearing

product codes 54.0.093.81 54

product group, 0 product , 093
factory , 81

Arcs
ElectronicMail Advertisement Areas mail screens
Web contracts contracts
standard conditions customized conditions
Model entities 4 CONTRACT, CONTRACT COMPONENT,
STANDARD CONDITION CUSTOMIZED CONDITION
Model Constraint :
Instance CONTRACT COMPONENT STANDARD
CONDITION CUSTOMIZED CONDITION ,
?

Arc constraint relationships entity arc

instance entity valid relationship
relationships arc arc

Model exclusive or relationships arc

exclusive arc
constraint attributes entity

Arc Representation
Arc arc-shaped line , entity arc
relationship
relationship arc

Mandatory Optional Relationships Arc

arc mandatory relationships

instance CONTRACT COMPONENT valid

Relationship arc optional relationships

instance valid relationship
Another Arc Example

 MAIL LIST USERS MAIL LISTS

LIST ITEM USER LIST
, reference USER LIST ,

Note
-

Relationship contained in/container of LIST ITEM LIST (

print ) arc
arc

Relationship UID arc

Constraint LIST LISTS

Model

Where Arcs Lead

Arc check constraint Oracle

database check constraint ISO standard relational

database object arc
database systems

Some Rules About Arcs

-

Arc entity

Arcs relationships

relationships entity arc

Entity arcs

Arc relationships

relationships arc mandatory

opional
-

Relationships arc degree ,

Incorrect Arcs

 relationship constraints arcs

relationships valid,
arc
:

Arc or Subtypes
Relationships arc

Arc subtype construction
arc referring to

relationships LIST ITEM model

relationship left , entity ADDRESS ,
supertype entity USER a LIST
Models

Model USER LIST

model commonality commonality
USERS LISTS LIST
address To, Cc Bcc field screen
compose message

, arc supertype/subtype
construction supertype/subtype construction arc

More About Arcs and Subtypes

Arcs Subtypes models 5
context
Model 1 2 models

 instance A P Q
P As Q As subtypes A
Model 3

Model 4 subtypes entity A supertype R

P Q
models 3 4 Model

Model 5 model 5,
instance B instance Q Model 3 4

Hidden Relationships
subtype relationship subtype supertype
Relationships arc , relationships
mandatory 1:1 is/is relationships

Domains
attribute constraint
attribute domain
Domains
-

Yesno: Yes, No
Gender: Male, Female, Unknown
Weekday: Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri, Sat

conceptual data model entities

attributes : Code Description domain entities referred

to many relationships
( model A ) system

Alternative model code entity CODE
CODE TYPE, Model B
Model A relationships entity B
entities tables

Domains , (positive integers)

(particular value) Model
constraint

Some Special Constraints

entity relationship model

constraints
, constraints

Model constraints document

Categories: Examples
-

Conditional domain: domain attribute

attributes entity

State value transition: attribute

attribute

Range check: attribute instance

Front door check: valid relationship

Conditional relationship: relationship

attribute( entity )

State value triggered check:

attribute

Range Check: Example

Constraint: Employee salary salary job employee

State Value Transition: Example

Constraint: Marital Status employees

Conditional Relationship: Example

Constraint: CONTRACT Standard Indicator Yes,

CONTRACT
COMPONENT CUSTOMIZED CONDITION
Derived Attribute?
attribute Standard Indicator CONTRACT
derivable contract CUSTOMIZED CONDITIONS
standard CONTRACT

Rules May Lead to Attributes

constraint Model ,

model program
constraint
rule:
Standard Indicator No
CUSTOMIZED CONDITION CONTRACT

CUSTOMER

Rule procedure model

indicator entity CONTRACT Ready To Send
status

Boundaries

5
Modeling Change

Introduction
Attribute Transfer relationship
System
Attribute
dimension Model
Lesson Aim
Time Business Context , Entity

Modeling Time
Model Time Role Entity events
Model PURCHASE, ASSIGNMENT Property

Property entity date date

and time event date and time unique identifier

 Date Start, Expiry, End Date data system

Gas January 1
System Long New Years Eve time
dimension Model System

operating systems database systems date
time 29-OCT-1983 10 1983

Database systems Oracle time component date

dates
Model attributes Format Date

System dates
nonidentical Information

System dates

Attribute

Entity DAY
System
planning system public holiday
?

DAY
Attribute Relationship Model Entity

Model planning system Task Assign

Employee Model , table TASK_ASSIGNMENTS date
column foreign key column DAYS table

Date and Time

, Oracle DATE colum date time
Column Date Time

Modeling Changes Over Time

Date and Time Model System

Context Embassy Information System,

,
model entity ASSIGNMENT mandatory

attribute Start Date optional End Date Start Date Model

UID ASSIGNMENT model
employee ,

employee

Jacqueline Chili Morocco

System , instance
ASSIGNMENT Start Date

End Date Redundant?

attribute End Date ASSIGNMENT redundant
Jacqueline
End Date Jacqueline Chili Start Date Morocco

Countries Have a Life Cycle Too

Embassy Information System 80
USSR Zaire ,
USSR Zaire Zaire, :
Democratic Republic Congo Zaire USSR

concept country
, country lifetime
information system

Time-related Constraints
Constraint time dimension
:
-

ASSIGNMENT COUNTRY
Start Date ASSIGNMENT

: End Date Start Date

business : ASSIGNMENT Start

Date ASSIGNMENT EMPLOYEE
Start Date End Date ASSIGNMENT EMPLOYEE

constraint , End Date

ASSIGNMENT

COUNTRY ASSIGNMENT ,
Start Date ASSIGNMENT

attribute Start Date constraints