rOd sLd tK r

5DK W
wUF rOKF WO
d

UM
wKLF V b WUMB rK
wU e'

uU _ nBK
wUMB rOKF

uHR*
UL qOK bL
ZUM* ed Wb tK b fOL

wK bL
wJU* ` bL

UIM u u wLN

bU s; b

5DK W w wUF rOKF WOd d

UFK UNb w uU _ nBK UM WOUMB uKF U fb
wb

UF d
hL( u rOF ZUM* WM' fOz
5U
ZUM* ed U db

ZUM* ed
hL(u dL ud d
WOMH dzb
Ud bz
d
u bL
WUDK Vu; b
vu UOK

rOLB
u UH
wKLF bOCM
WOHM rFM* b bz UJ bL
Vu; rd
WMu UL uG dd%

UM wKLF Vb WUMB rK UNM* WCdF uD) od

d kOH( b

UL qOK bL
`U we

WO d v_ WFD

ZUM* edwUF rOKF WOd u WuH lD uI lOL c
WMb* ed WN s 5LO vK U bUF* UuOB* w ZUM* ed
5DK tK
+ fU + uHK
pcdc@palnet.com wdJ uMF www.pcdc.edu.ps WOdJ WHB

bONL
VFA UuL oOI WOMODKH WOuB) wd UNM l{ d{ wUF rOKF WOd
V?FAK WOMu UO UM U?LN
U?U bF wMODK UNM UM .u?F?A 5 tUJ cQ UL wMODKH
UN w Wb* WdA u* WOLM wU ou WOdI1b rOI aOd UU

wMODKH
uK WOL) WD) U
u wu c lL: b oI UN s w rOKFK WOzd WKOu t w UNM* WOL sLJ
r?K?F?* b?O? v?_ _ r?K?F??K? j?O?u? b?B* t_ UNM* dUM b wb* UJU WU WUM
s UdO d_ rKF WOK; W UI uU( Xd rKF qzU s dO v W U{ VUD
bU* jzUu
w?M?N* wMI rOKF UNM* UND s v_ WKd* oOD UF c u d
U?B??w?b?M?H? U??? w?e? w?U?M?B? t?d?H u?U?? _ n?B? V??J?
UNM V UNFO .wKLF
dEM
5U' qLA UU VJ b f* lOMB qOLweM*

l?O?L? b? X?K?L? b wUF rOKF WOd uJ UN qI* UF w uU wU nB
U?? w? W?O? WOM lOu vK U?O?U? u? q?L?F? uHBK UF rOKFK WOb* VJ
Y?U??* l?O?L? w? ?? q?d?* ZUM* WOKOK% WO1uI U qL wdJ rOKF UJA
wMODKH rOKF WOu 5% ud duD WKu* UuL

UOI
UU
UI Ub v dA b_ uHBK e$ w rKF* W WOb* VJ bF
wIDM qN uKQ X{d UuKF UF s tOK qLA U0 rKF rOKF WOKL w WOU eO
V?O?U? W?D?A?_ q?zU?u? f?b?? o?zdD qB W{ dR sLC WuM d dO u
uc* WOL) WD) U l .uI
UNb uuI sc ULKF* 5LKF* 5ud WUA0 UuM
Ud UNOIM VJ WFd r

w dOG l w duD qbFK WKU WOd& UF WFd v v_ s UFD u d

s? t?O? c?? U? bI0 e wMODKH wb* UJ WLO UO( UN wuuMJ wLKF bI
d?O?O?G? u?b?? s?c? W?O?b?* V?J b U w 5BB* s sJ2 b d WUA s uN
nOQ wU w ZUM* ed UN WONM0 WFd* s WFu UOKLF s rOKF w Udu

bOu vK qLF c su w d w d

WOb ULEM* UR* v dbI dJA qe bI UNF wUF rOKF WOd
ZUM* dA* wU* UNLb UJOK WuJ WU WIbB WOdF b
s? w??U?? wMu qLF c U$ w XU w WOMu Wud UHJU dH u UL
y e?O?L?* r?u?N?? r?N?UA vK rdJA WOb* VJ bS uI w Wud UK
q
w 5UA* sd; 5HR* d ZUM*ed Wu ZUM* U' qLA tFu V
s? W?O?b?* V??J? d w 5UA* 5FUD 5Fd* 5Ud 5LLB* qLF U
oOD UM bO*
wUF rOKF WOd

ZUM* ed
wU uU

WbI
tK r
b 5 tFC wU_ sUrOd
nBKsLd
dI* WUF
uKF U s wU e' u c
u?K?F UNM s e$ U l qUJO U w Wud WOKLFU 5OMF* q UMK UMOLKF
bF 5Kd* w vK  B 5*UF tK bL(
UuN eJ b UNM* cN WOb* VJ WK K w WIK uJ WIU  uHBK
wUMB dA U( nBK UM wKLF Vb WUMB rK U s wU e' u UJ c
v?K? wMOD KH UNM* WD XU
w dOJ WOMu uN' vK UJ c l{ w
s wUF rOKF WOd q s pc bF* WD) o dI* ULK lu qBH d vK u
WKdLK uKF fb WUF b_ oOI% vK qLF w pc 5LN  tUu  nK
WOIOD qd w wKLF Vb UNM* Uu WOMH WdEM WOUM
WHK< tuB tb w b s nB c UNM tdD U s WOU_
wU uM vK XL b X UJ c sLC bI
WFd bu
p?


V?

U?
D
?


r?
K
?
F
?
*

5?

qUH
oK
U
vK
UNM*
c
UM
vK
UbN
UMKL b
lOL w WdC WKLF* WU WOzUdNJ s BH Ud bu c XUM UM
fb
uK
UO
t`*
rOLB
rKF*
lOD
YO
bUAM
UUM
eO dOu
ULF
e_
YO
s WOHB

q(
UAM
ULNM
WOMOB q
lOd
qUA
U??A? ?  s?? W?U?H?? U?b? u?I? V?U?D? l?O?D?? ? W?W
L?z?* W?Ds_
?A?_
V?

U?
M
?
*
bu WUOB
rN H duD vK d s t uFL U d s UMOLKF b U 5MuWU)
UBI
bu
W?IW??U?d?
 WOb
dbu
WUM*
cNULL*
UOIK rNKR
U?O1U
W?H?K??< w?
u?D*?F ?s?W?O?W?U?O?(
?
C? U?WKD
uKF* .bI
c wWLN*
UML bI
XO
u

q?

u?
%
w?

U?

b?

q_
S
pc
U&
c
w
wCLK
rNOLKF*
rN
WU
W
d
U?O? pc tuQ dG dOu) wd dOU* q UuMB* e lOL& XO w WKLF*
U?U?& aqOe
w?L?K?F? d?O?J?H UN
U bU:
WdFLK
UAMK
U v
uKFu_
UBH
qbB
ULL*
s bF*
WHK<
WHK< UO( U v Ud b1 VUDK uD WOB UM odWU
vK WOLKF
bu
UuFB
q r
XK
u
wMOD KH
UNM* u
w nOQ
S dF
ULu
U?N? W?OKL
w Wb*
bF*
u*b
eO
UH u
buuN
c XUM
Ubud
cWHK<
s WOd
v_
cUNuQ
U$ dE
c5UF*
sL{ UMFD
b
UMF
UNUuGA*
w
UNeO2
UUb
uWFD
pc
WG
d
UNU
qI?B
UJ
WFU
bu
W?d?& v? Wud WOKLFU 5OMF* s 5BK< q uN u 5K
W?O?b?MN
UL:
u
WUF 5uI
vuI
bu
cbO*
w UM dD
UOL

u?
u?d?U
? udA*
uLKF*
YO
w UA_
oOD
s U
u]D

UOKL
d pc
cOHM wuO1U_
WKLF* UA_
UOL
Z?U?u_
M?* e?d s
vqOBH
rNUd
rNUE
.bIUuMB*
u_ UO
Wud
UM XKL
WMU bu
5b
qJsvK
WdEM
U*
bF WOKLF
Ub
WUI
WFD UL
w UNM
UH
sJL
v
wUF
rOKF
WOd U

i?F? v?K u w WFU bu pc ud /W?O?HB `* q( UAMlOd UAM

pK vK
UIOD
u' G WU  bu w b l vK UJ
s wU
e'WOKLF
u
s UNUMUdB
U WdEM bu
W wbu
qJA uB
cN WOKLFWOu*
WdEMWd(
U* VOd
s VUD
rKF* U
bOH
uCWMU
WFU 
bu U*
.uU
WOKLF
Ub
WO LA WuL:
WFU
bu
UFO s VUD sJL v Uu u s WOUJ UC qzUu UJ c be vK UMKL bI
Ub cOHM WuN UuKF*
b?
I u?
U?J c nOQ w UMO XK w WLN* U$ w UMI b uJ qQ
bU b UMIc
d_ dO u w  l dH0 Y dOJH w U: VUD UDS UML UL

rJb 5 eU UJ c qFO UuN v nO{ bN q v UdbI UdJ
D V
s tU wK WOKIF tb WOLM w
> Wb
U1 rKFU `K * U tu UM l UO_
WUd w rU

rUJQ UMOK uK dJ 5LKF* UMu s q UMKJ UJ s WOd WFD c b
l
tK S WUI
oOuUFD
 w tKw
UJ duD WOU rNUd

uHR*
oOu w tK

Uu;

u( UU * U

_ b

UA_ u wU b
UA_ qOBH YU b

UM
UMOU* w Wd( qI d

_ b

tU UMOU* wU b

WOHB Wu  ` * YU b

WF
d bu

UA_ UOL
U

WF
U bu

WUMB rK

wKLF Vb

_ sdL

q( UAM WMOU* lUI b( b wU sdL

q( UAM ULF YU sdL
dHA lUI b( b ld sdL

WMU bu

lUI b( b

lDI 5UJ qb fU) sdL

XO u

_ b

wd wU b
dOu) YU b
dG

ld b

ULL* fU) b

WU) bu

ULL* XO u

UM

Ub d u

jzU

_ sdL

UMuL wU sdL

V We WJ

YU sdL

j WU ld sdL

dH u dd fU) sdL

WFU bu

UM vK WOKL UIOD

UbK uD  dOC%

_ b

d dHMB wU b
UuF* YU b
WG_

ld b

UUb fU) b

WU bu

UA WOHB U  sdL

Ub wd U  b

ld* UB*

WUMB rK

UM

bu

VUD ee
dO WKI s UNI U WOUMB u WO UM uGA U w ULb WbO bF Xb
W?O?J?O?U?J?O tU v WOzUdNJ WUD u YO WOzUdNJ UdLU qLF w Xd uD
V
db w bO bU WUI b? W?OU Wd
UMOULK WFUI b UNUu b
d?A?M? i?F? v?K? WKdL c w dBIM UM UMOU w b
sOuKDL U Wd

WOHB `
L

b u b

wQ U vK U `B lu bu c VUD b bF

UMOUL c w WdL e_ v dL s Wd qI d UFO
tKL WFO wzUdNJ dL e WdF
WU UMOUL ULF bM UNU Vu W
 s_ d US UL
.WUO
ULF WU UM UMOU iF vK dF

.WU UMOULK WFUI b b WId WdF

.WHKL UOKLFK WUML WMUL bb

UMOUL w Wd qI d

b

W?F?U?I? b?? W?c?G?? s?O?U?J? p?d?? q?zU? X?b? qU uD WOUMB uK WO
MotorwzUdNJ dL d sO WOJOUJO v Wb s UMOULK
u?? U?NM cHM wU G q U sO
Oz sOL
 s wzUdNJ dL uJ
UL UL
IWd qI
t?K wzU?dN?J U?O? Ud? WO? U?O
?OU?MG?
U? du U?HK?LX?U? uC?F
wU uCF WUu b
dL ed w lI dL w dL e u mubensOuL wU uCF
c XU u?CF vK ZU?M w
OUM?GL UL W?O t r? UHKL t j?O
.qJA w UL dL U Wd qI r pc tK XL uL db
UMOU iF w{dF lDI UAM q jI dL Wd
UMOUL iF b
UN dFM dD dL? Wd s hIM Wd e UNM W bO WU d
UI

Ud; u
w UM w Wb
L UdL s Uu UM
UMO?UL w? qLF?
W?Ku d?H d?L
?L qLF? vK b? q u U?bu u?D d?L
dL? uM WD?d b?F dD d?L c w b? U dOG? WOU?J UMd?OGB W?bO
U?AM w U u UL Wd? v Wdz s W bO UMO?UL eN_ iF w Wd? u
t
H

tUHUC Xu[[ q XuHU UdL bN UI Jege saw WbO rd

MW UOL KW uKOJ W uU bI UI
WUD N w dOu qL qLF s WOU bI eOL U u W dL
WIdD sJ UdL c U dOOG sJL UL dOJWU vK X pc
UI YU wU UJ _ uD pK l{u hK bu uD Ud s nK
U
uJ U UU UC uU tb

W?d?C? UuKFL UNOK `{u dL r

vK l{u name plate) r? Wu d qJ
q dL s
tUHUC uU UI dL b
XuHU UI dL UNOK qLF w WOzUdNJ WFb uIdL bN
dL t
c UO u Amper)UO b
bu WIOb w b b u dL Wd

U
wJOUJOL UB w bI UOI ULF WFzU b UM

w Wd dOG
WOUMB u rC w WU d tOK UNd w dOOG UM UMOU iF w WU VKD
dL Wd U? l UMOULK WFUI b b w? rJK d b
sUM UMLN U qOBHU dAM UNCF dF

j s cUM uL vK X b W?d dOOG d UbM uO

 tDA_
UUIL dJ dJ u u?OML_ s WOJO WObF? tFD dL
uJF qJA WKUL WFD WMUL u vK UUL UNKUI Vd UL WHK
sO dO VOd dOGB UIL dJ qUI dOJ UIL dJ

sJL WOK_ dL Wd s UBI Ue W?d qIM sOdJ sOU

W?d?
? q?I? U?IML UD s d bzUI UD qF Wd
 U
Uu uO
 fJFU
s p?L
W?HK? dF? WD?
 w q?J tD?A_ -

l W?u
? UNU? uJ U? UU? bOF? UU?
LK? qLF?
r?K
Q VO?F c b? r YO? WuN?
tD?A_ c d? WOU?J
Wb U buUAI d bF vK UD u uJ
s U{u bu UD wze VdI bOF UdOGB UdOJ sJL

qJA w UL d v U s dO
 qI
c? b?F? U?D dM t lDI tDA wuO
-
U?U?
?L? w? U??M? w? q?L?F??
? U? r? s? u?M

qJA w UL dOBI

UN UM UMOU w Wd qI WKO eOL

c? e?O?L? UL p UNLEF w uO
 WUu uJ
UNULF UM Ub w WOUF Wd
 s UMOUL
r
M U

fUF

wI s qu
w v

WIOb w sO U d w
. b U qJ s dOG WDARPM
u??H? s?? l?M??B? U??M?M??
?L?? d???
o?O? q?I?M? U??L? p?O??? u?O?M?L?_
w qL?F?
U ?
OK? b b W?d?K
UL qJA w UL UM

d sO qOu WKOu qLF
deM
UN? b w? W?U? WL?E?M? uJ? w? b?U?L?
W?M?O?U?? q?? U???M? U??M?O?U?? i?F? w? q??L?F???
?
.UL qJA w UL UHWOHB
U?M?O?U?L? i?F w Wd qIM d WKO bu
.uGCL uN WUu dL UIML WU

u? U? i?F? vK dF w Wd qI b vK XdF bF VUD ee

ZML WMUL W p q s UNIOD uI UOMUL ULF

WU UMOULK t U U
U U V tOK ld qJA WOzUdNJ uIU WFUI Ub b WU WOzUdNJ UMOUL
W
 s WO
UHCH dO qLF U b
tMU qJ tOu WOD_ ULF
eK bM n_ _ w UULJ UEM f
dLU UHOE UNDO UMOUL vK WEUL
WUOB
 b bM wzUdNJ UO qB
d X Wd WU w w UU WMUL jC uI
rKFL d S WMUL qLF

dO lD ULF bM sdU WUF  uF rbI
ZML ULOKF V
UMOULK W WUO d
qLF w b q UM jH UN qOGA
Wd s nu v UNU UE qLF s UN u WMUL UI
ZML u ld qLF UU s qKI w dL
 uB sOUJ
 b vK WEUL
UNUO UNe bF p UNUI bM t WODG uKUM UA s UD u vK WEUL

b WK
WO qL qL
WUu dU s bL
WU w Wd bB

s wzUdNJ dL uJ
? d??L? W?d? ? dL bN dL b UI

sOL
 v Wd UNUu qIM w WDA_ r
IM
UU
LK WD
L dO UU
LK WD
L WDA_ qLF
-

WU UMUL

b

WU WOzUdNJ
X ,UNULF VOd VUM dD qGAL w rEM p vK UM UNKI UNL dJ c eOL
vK l{u WOA lDI qL YO UNULF WFO V
WMOU qJ WUM WU
 d l UNMU w
qzU UN?UO UNULF d? UNM u q e UNu i?F v dDM W UO?KLF d
UMOUL c w Wd qI d UNb bM UNUd Vu W
 s_ d
V?u?? d?u?O??L?J?U? U?N?CF U?O? q?L?F? U?N?C?F? `??Q d?O?? u?D? c? u?D? b?I
UNb V
UM U UJ nK Computerized Numerical Control CNC
dIMU WOKOLJ UOKLFK d tO dDM U c WOHB `
L dAMU WO_ UOKLFK u U UNML
tU U WOUL WO WuL vL
bF UOKLF uI U UNM p dO qOJA sO
K
U?M??M? UMS UNO Wd qI WU WOzUdNJ qL b vK XdF
bF V?UD ee
WOzUdNJ WOHB `
L W UNuQ dOUML UMOUL c qLA UM qGA w WU iF
UNM qJ W
 d ULF VOd YO s ud

SAWS) dOUM*
nKcOHM w t XuK dOu s UMOUL c t UL UL UM tKLF
U r s bF
-
.UNULF UNU UNUJQ UMOUL c
dO u U dAMK UNM wuD dAMK u? U UNM w{dF hIK u U UNM ULF bF -
U? q?d? w d?OU?M?L c? qL?F?
?a? sO?
K? u? UO?M?M? dz r?O?I??
L
WHKL

Circular sawWOMOB UAM lOd UAM

qJ nK jOL sM
 uH s d s U u t qJ v t
r cN wL
t?F? W?O?UJ l wbF qJO vK X UAM u t??U?u cHMO c hI u V
Ub tUM
W?d? l? d? w?u?D? d?AMK We e WHKL Ue V
tU sJL WU V
tCH
W
K tODw{dF wuD dAMK
WO e_ s UAML c uJ
WO{d W

 UD

t?O?K? X??? b?FL s lMB q?J?ON

U??H? U?? u??J? U?A?M?L? e? l?O?L?
lUB UH VUM
r?? U?C? b?F?L? s? l?M?B W??

W

U?N?O?K? d?A?M? W?O?K?L? UM VA l{

qJON

ld WK

w?? u?? D? ? d?? A? ?M? ? U?? U??N? O? K? X??? ?

d r
 UNM uJ U UUw{dF

U?O?KL UM qOb qLF

dAM U
U uJ U UU w WHKL dAM
wuD dAMK W
w{dF dAMK W
dOG W

s pH? X VKD? V
dOG? W
q?J??A?? k? j??I?? W?U???? b??M? W??M??U?L??
UL
dOGLWe `{u WOMOB UAM

ld I qB iH ld WK

UAML? uJ dOUM?L c w dC b?M WU V

U?AML W? iH
Wb UMUL w UO WOKLF riH ld WOKL w dL u t
H
tDO vK sM
 rK tJL r uJ U UU dD uH s d u

u? V?
? d? v? d? s? U?N?UM b UNKJA nK UM
s? U?b? UMQ

 s Wb u UM w{dF lDIK tM rUM qLF

tKOGA bFL VA dAM
w Y WU UMQ
vK_ s VA s WFDI qB UAML pL
UNJL bFL s WFD u
 w
WODG VA uI sOHU qLFO dAM UM VAU UAML UJ qOKI wu uI
qOGA UM lUB W sOQ lUI b

UAML r V
u tuI nK WUDU qLF UAMLK Wd bB u dL
l?U?I? b?? U?A?M?L qOOL U I qB ?O?L? W? UOI WU WK
UUO

UO UAMLK qOOL uJ UG_ iF w qOGAK WuKDL We V

UAM*U WU) W  d
o?O??D? l? t?U?L?FU WU WdFL q tULF uD sL UAML UN b w WOUF Wd
K dE
UNL tULF u W
 s_ d WUMF
tULFU WU WdFL bF UAML ULF b
UAML UM Ue pd UUIL j{ b
qLF uM UAML WUM s bQ
U?L?F?? l? UAML wuD dAM W sO bO ddL b
dF WKOK lDI dA bM pc WU lb WFD
rKs be YO UdA dL WFDI u
 d j{
l WFD

U?E?M? l?{ s?O??U?M?L? c?? q?LF U b

_ UO UULJ
tDO UAML vK U UA X lI b C lD d b
t
H UM VA WFD WeU pc U_ WOD l{ ULF UAML WeU s bQ
.qd vK WJOL
 lDI dA
UF sOe ULF b l Ue b UAML ULF b
WIeML WdF ULF l dOJ lDI dA bM bU
L VK
WUM Wd
dAM WOKL sJ dU UNHK fO t VU uu
UAML qOGA q W
 WOD u s bQ
qLF UN bF tUI s bQ uBI Wd
 tuK bF UAML vK qLF uJ

UAM* c vK r w UOKLF
U vK b cU dAM U u WFMBL WOFOD UA w{dF wuD dAM
YO rOI
 qOJA sO
K d Wdz WFd U qL qzUL rzUI dAM UOKL cOHM
p r nO WuK
 lD qL WOUJ l UOMML dAM `KB
p r nO W c vK rEM dz dA WOKL cOHM tOUJ UM

 UAML c vK UcOHM sJL w UOKLF s UCF `{u uB

Band saw

WKA q( UAM

uD dA w qLF
UO{d

UOu UA_ dAM qLF

uI U{ ULK t WEL V UL WLEML dO UJ_ WOMML

jdAUAML d qI

UAM* U

w jI


WHKL UAML e wU tOK X bFL s lMB qJON

wQ UL w
u??H? d?e? b?b? s? l?M?B? U?D???F?
qJON

w?U?D? j?d?A vDG ,q?B?M? d?b?? b???

uOML_
q??B? ? e?? s?? t??? U??L? q??B? M?  U??M? W??U?L??
W?U?D? W??? U?L?N?D?u?? d??L?U? W?O?KH
Ub

UD

F c dD V
UAML r b

jdA

UNUO uJ bFL s lMB W vL

WUD
WuUD

U d A d L  l DI  r b  b 
U A M L  U O d J  U F
W U G d O UML  iF w  W  c W U sJ L d AM  UM
WuL
U?NU?L?F? WO?U? W U?N?OK? bu? UL?W t?
b

U d A d L U A _ d b b 
d rK?\ pL
? uH s? jd u ?

dA?MK tM idF q?LF
WHK?L dAM UO?KLF UOIK Z?KH sM
 r sO? U d
UOMML u_ dAM lOd rOI
L
UAML w?U vK UN? W u? bu qO ? s WuL? ub Wu?L
qLF UM nK v dN u b WUI vK UAML bU
L vK qLF tHK
p bM WuKFWdL UD e ld  uLF WKB U v bA qbF iI
uJ wGM UL jdA b UAML b
U?M? q?L?F? U?U s lUB WUu bFL s uJ U U??U? t?O WOD w UD WOD
V _
UAML H lD bM WU qLF

s? U?A?M?L? d? j??C? n?K?? U_ v WuKF UD W qLF

jdA j{ WK
p s WUG U d bI UUD
v tM Wd qIM U UU W r l Ud tu VUM Wx Wd bB u dL
uO
 WUu WMUL

UD jO uO u U w U u UL UAML jdA u V tE

sedL sO WUL nF{
q WKA UAML WU  W
 d
p? `?{ Z?K?H? U?IIA W s uK F vK `OB qJAU jdA l{ s bQ
qLF uM VUM bO uM

CH bF s UHOE UNDO WM UL WU vK WEUL
W{UHC dO WUM qL f f
p `{ UOMML dA bM WU dAM WOKL UM nK v VA V U
U qJA vK qLF UM UULJ W
 UE b
qLF uM VUML jdA UAML UO
lDIL WO uDWdzb lDI dA bM WUML WuKAWFD ULF
dAM WOKL UL bF tUI s bQ uBI Wd
 tu bF UAML vK qLFU b b
VU uuU UL
 b l qLF UM UAML nK uu
p qKUAML
p?L?
? W?K?O?K? l?D?I? d?A? b?M? W?U?? l?b? W?F?D ULF
WeU WUFU

q(jdA UAM vK cHM w UOKLF

l qJA wdJ UUMJ UG w qLF

U vK UO{d

UOu
dA WFMBL WOFOD UA_ dA
q UAM vK dI U
 sO
K qL
.WU UuK V
rOI
 dO dA
WHKL UM UL wpOU uUM uM UL w UOMM u dA
WHK UJQ WU UuK qL

WOMM WLOI
 UA_ w U
 qL
UM UL w ULF UUO CH s hOd wFOD VA s sOU qL
p `{ Wd WOKL q UA_ iF wzb eON

WDA
pLKFL WUFU cH
wDdA UAML n WId
lOd UAM vK VA s Wdz Wd qL WOUJ
p qLF `KB w UMOUL bb WuK
 lD qL WId

b WK

rFM V
.WOMOB UAM vK cHM U r s UOMML u_ dA
.Ue b ULF WOMOB UAM vK dAMK WOUJ UM
.tULF q UKH

UuM
 q UAM uJ V
U?M?O?U?L? c? d?O?C b vK WHKL UMOUL vK UA dAM WOKL U nu
.pc
.dAM UMOU ULF bM UNUd V U W
L b
dH qL
W?O?u?D? W?e vK lDI dA bM lbK WU WFD ULF V
.dOJ lDI dA bM ULF
d?L? W?F?D?I? W?e?U? q?LFK tMUL s bQ V tMUL ULF q
.qLF cHMO c lUB pc UdA

WOHB Wu `L

b

w UNOHB UNu
WOFOD UA_ `
 UL w s uM c qLF

t? Wu
`
 w qLF
WHK UUIL u Surface Planer):ud`
L WMOU
q?LF WOUJ UM WOHB tM U vK U?I? UNUJL UN{d vHB YO UA d
q?? W?O?F?O??D? U?A?_ W?u?
? `?
 UA_ qLF
UL WU UOd UA d
WLzUI We qOL bF UN
 UA_ VK sJLUL UH vK UNOHB

ud WMOU e

UNze lOL qL WMULK fOzd r

 u qJON
lUI b u
 s iHM qLF bM UMK d_ uJ w W w WOU_ W
WcG bIL
uJ qLF bM lUB s bF_ W w nK W
sOUJ
K lUI b u
L ULz
s?O?Od vK eJd bFL s u u sOUJ
 u
nU c q UNOd sOUJ
 bF nU u

sOUJ s d YO sOUJ
 b pc WMUL r V
uL dD nK
V?A?? W?FD eOd uL vK U?u?L U vK U?O?I? d wbF UN w We
`?
?J? U?O?K?L? b?M dC bM WHK U vK We qOLtu l WLzU W UN

UA
U?O?KBH W
 wb qLF
U?F? sOM VA bFL s UD u wu UDG
b WFD
tcG bI bb tU V
UND{ U qeM ld qLF
jC
WOzUdNJ WUDU qLF WMUL r l Ud tb VUM WM ULK Wd bB udL
uO
 WUu UU uL v tM Wd qIM

udK W  d
sOUJ
 l{ W U_ UD u s bQ
dU qLF u u sbO ddL b U
WKOKI UUL
 `
 bM WU VA WFD qLF
U d
O qd WMOULK d
O WN vK n
dO oLF VA `
 U
l? W?MUL qOGA q VA d bIL WOI_ We pd
WLzUI vK UND{
qOUM
 b b W ULQ UHC dO VUM U b
oMF WD WOuJ
qLF bM UULJ UEM _ w l{
u w WU `
LU b q uBI Wd
 W uK s bQ
p qKU
qLF UM W
 UDG uL wU WODG tO UL bIU We pd
W?O?b?F?L? W?U Vzu W s UuK s bQ bF WFDIK dFIL d_ tu `
L b
pL
 r dF d r UNM
Xe l{ lML`
L UM VA e qON
 W vK u
 UJ s qOK l{
UL Ud `
L UOKL iF w UJ

r s UNu qI w lDI `
L
Wb WUOB
WU rOA sU rOA WdL e_ Xe
UNDO WMUL nOEM
dC XC ULK sOUJ
 dOOG
WMUL nu s bQ qLF s UN bF W
 UD l{
UNLOA UNOe bF UNULF b bM p UAU WMUL WODG

Thickness-machineUH WOHB WMOU

UNu
bF UA_ UUL d WOHB WMUL c qLF

WM?OU vK UA? tAd U?

 qLF tO?UJ UM ud? vK
w UNU
 p `{ WU UOd UuKAU UH
WMOUL e q u bFL s lMB qJON

tKK? UO{d? uH q?JON ju? u

? `D w W?
`?
L? UM? W?FD?I? V? q?ON?
? t?OH?K? WO?UU??u?D
WMM
 WO?U_ uL wU v?K UuD vK_ s? UNu
`
L bF WFDI V
 U
K WOHK `
L q WFDI V

U deM WUu ULNO Wd qIM YO uL l Ud
UH W

qLF WMM
L WKF o
Wd b bFL s lU UM
nK v UND b vK qLF WcG UM WFDI XO vK
u??L? pd vK qLF WOzUdNJ WUDU qLF dL
UH w WuKF UuD_
UL u wOd vK eJd u uuLsOUJ
 uL
td? tF jd? sOUJ
? XO? nU t u?d w

sOUJ
 uL

bF VA V
 U
K d `
L q WOA WFDI V
 WMM
 ULb UuD WLEM
UA UL
K b? qJA UOKBH d W?ObF lD UNuD UD c q? bu`
L
`
L WOKLF qF d ud b ubU
WOU_ W l iH p uKDL pL
 WcG bI jC qLF
jC WK
uKDL bIU
UH e lOL wDG bFL s u UDG
tOHB `
L UMOUL W
 s_ qzU
UNKOGA q qLFK WMUL WeU s bQ
W wU sO WU
L u s q r s UNu qI w dOBI lDI `
L
w? W?OHB `
L WOKL qON
 W vK u
 iF l{ l UAM d W nE
.p qKjI UO_ iF
d X qLF UM UH q dEM
ULu vK fO wu vK VA qb UH bM tOU pH sJ
ud vK UNd UNN `
 bF UH vK UA_ `
L
WKu UA_ uJ UbM bU
s dC
UMOUL iF w t eU vK d uH nOu vK bO dF
UH vK qLF q UAM jH UN qOGA r
bu uAK rK s be vK uIFL bIU WcG sJ

Wb WUOB
d_ dH sO UcA r sOUJ
 b s bQ
uKJ w u UL dC V
WMUL XOe rOA r
UUL
 r dF vHB

WDA
ud vK Wu
LL UA_ WUN Wd{ u V d
u
J UH vK bOKI dO U
 cH
WOMOB UAM vK Udz

UU
d cH
UH vK WOMOB UAM vK WU q `
 WOKL cH WFWuK qLF r

b WK
.WOHB `
L UMUL W s U WF d
`OB u d
WOHB `
L UMOU vK WcG bI uJ
.rK

rK

sO U d `
L sOUJ b
.sOUJ

sOUJ

sOUJ
ud U b

vK UH vK VA lD WOHB V

.ezU sOU

u

wu

WOHB `
L vK UA `
 sJL
.r s be uD -

.r s qI uD

u Q

bu tK
.WOMOB UAM vK cHM UOKL fL b
q UAM w qBM UAML d UOMML dA sO tF d
r sedL sO bF r UD dD rK q UAM jd u b
.WOMOB UAM vK dz d qL WId d
q UAM vK lDIL WOuD lDI dA r nO
ud WMU vK WcG bI U
UL UH ud vK t
L uL
 u dB u U
qOGA UM UH w VA WFD V r nO
UH w u vK UA_ `
 b V U
.UO_ iF w ud UH W vK u U l{ b qK
UM UMOU w qLF
Wd qIM WKO d d
t V U dL uCF w wMF U
UN jdA u U
r nO q UAM W UO b c U

bu

ULL* XO u

WbI
uKDL qJA r uJ iF UNCF l UA_ qOu? UM UNM w uGAL r
_ U?K dIMU u UA_ qOu d vK VUD ee X dF o UL
WbL WObFL d XO v W U{U c WU d UNKF lOL bM d uL U UdO
bUL uL s dOJ UM UdO iUIL qO e BHL q UA_ l UM UG w
XO pc UM UG w WbL uL s UdO l UNCF l UA_ XO UM UNb w
W?b?L? uL v?K VU?D Ue?e dF? b?u c w? b v?K uG?AL U?A_
UOLU UOK WML UM UG w b WFzU ULLL XOK

WO b_ oI% bu c UN bF VUD ee pM lu

UNb WLOK dD UA_ XO w WbL uL vK dF
UNb sU UM UG w WbL ULLL vK dF

XO u

b

dG dOu wd dOUL w UM WF vUNHOMB sJL sJ nK XO u uM
Nails: dOU *

UNMuJ bb bF s uMBL ULF

dOUL u d WHKL UFL s dOUL lMB

d qJ U dD uD YO s WHK WOQ w
U l?DI uJ? dOUL? c s Wb?IL Vb? U d UL? se s U?LL u?J
UA_ w U?NO r? YO dJ U?M UG w dOU?L b UO?L UUCO UF?d Udz
UU?IL w UM fO?U vL

qJ vK dOUL s u UM WdDL WUu UNOK dDU

U?M pc wzuN UF jGC? d WUu UA_ w dOU?L s uM c XO r? WHK
Wd?DL WU?u X U? UNM WO?ML_ b? vK UA?_ XO? qLF? w Wu?H dOU?L
U d WDu X c UNM WUF
dOU * ULF
U?e? u?D?? U?e? bM iF UNCF l UA_ XO UM UG w dOUL qLF
V?K?D?? w? UG_ w dOUL b dJ UA_ l d iF XO u WU
U?u?D? U?G? q bF ULO UNCF s UNJ VKD UbM UNCF l UA_ XO bM pc Wd
sA oUM
d?OU UM YO qJA uD YO s tKL U dOUL s VUML uM UM U
Ue XO w Ue U gO XO ub UL WIOb UG b
U???  d??D?  U??L? ? L?  u? V?U?M?? Y?O? r? v?? r? s?? w??N? d??O? U???L? W??O? U?
tKJ tu ULL u UNOK sO VK w d uKOJU u_ w dOUL UULF

dOUL u_ u

dOU * b
WId
WO U l UA_ XO w dOUL b bM
U W U?U ULL u uJ V uM UOI YO s WUML dOUL UO
oKHK UA_ dF b p s d U WOA WFDI pL
q_ vK VA pL bIL VA d s bF YO VA w ULL XO UJ bb
uUAU tOK dDU tUJ w ULL XO r ULLK WbL d vK nOH dD qCH
X? U?dI W U?b?I? W?e? qb v OL VA w ULL e uJ
Wb fHM _ ULL U fUF OL tOK c ULL
l{ uJ V VA UO U u qJA WOA lDI `D vK dOUL XO bM
WHU q b n w dOUL
v?K? t??O q ULL UJ VI qL qCH WOUI UA_ XO w dOUL ULF bM
tu s VI oL UL dD s U UdD WAd VI qLF

ue s U?HOE U?u??? u?UA uJ u YO s VUML uUA b

e p VA `D u s ULL d bM dD pM WUF l dG

VA `D u qH ULL
VA UO U uL UL wM U uJ vK UNOK dDU c UM dOUL wM V
WKOK WOA WFD l{u pc WU bM tUJ s ULL d w WKF WULJ b
VA `D vK WKF WULJ UJ e qH WUL

dOLUL lK WId
dOLUL wM WId

dOLUL XO WId

b WK

WO qL w dH 
WOUe luI w gO XO UL qLF
UA_ vK WOJO WObFL WO de lDI XO UL qLF
WUu

qJ vK UL X

b WU bM tUJ s ULL d

b VA `D u qH ULL e

wd

b

?u? W?u?I? iF UNCF l UA_ XO p dJ UM UG w wd b

XO pc UdO qO e BHL q UM UG w WKLFL ULLL d XO
ULF s p dO WOA `D_ vK gOdJ U

wd u
u?J?? t?U?L?F?? t?eO u qJ WHK UJ WOQ WHKL UFL s wd lMB
uJ wd u iF VbL d WMML U uKF d w WOz e W s wd
wQ UL wd ULF b U qJ uKF d qJ Wb b

fU `D  wd
q?? d?? X?O??? w? U?L? ?u XO w iF UNCF l UA_ XO w qLF
lOu dH qLF gu WA b wd s uM c b bM vd qO e BHL
lDI s UdO BHL qO e w pc VA `D u s wd e qNO

b wd
v?K? W?O?J?O? WObFL lDI XO w wd s uM c b U?b wd uJ
W?b? gu V pc `D u s d nB d YO iUIL U?F q UA_
wd s uM c b bM VI

d nB wd
WOJO WObFL lDI XO bM wd s uM c b d nB qJ vK d uJ
u s U wd uJ YO p dO b vK UA_ XO bM pc UA_ vK
wd s uM c b bM gu WA b WU pc `D

wd wd
sOFD s wd uJ b vK UA_ XO bM wd s uM c b
t?O? X???O sM VI wd w bu t fUG `DL d wd tA w?d
deL d
X??? YO pHLK o tO bu t dJ nB d wd tA deL d
qOL dEM U de d c uJ wd w uuL VI qb
iF UNCF l UA_ XO bM wd s uM c b wb ld wd
wd s uM c b bMWUD  bM WU UA_ l UFL XO w
bu UHL WUu wd X wd uD wd dD s qOKI q WAd VI qLF
`D u vK wd vI WUML WIA `OUH
X?O??? w wd s uM c b U?A?_ l?OL wd fU `D wd
d??J luI XO d l u_ lOL Ue bM WU UNCF l UA_ lOL
WFMBL UA_ w qLF bM wd s uM c b
WAd VA w VI qLF wd s uM c b bM
s? V?I?? l?O?u? l? w?d uD wd dD s qOKI q
w?d?? s? u?K?F? e?? d?D? U?? W?A?d? u?KF nBM
V?? V?K?BL d pHL s wb UHLU
wd qJ
wd s uM c b UFL wdWuU l wd
qL bM dOJ pL WU UNCF l UA_ XO bM
bOdI UG WOA nI_ UUMJ qUO
w?d?? s? u?M c b l?O?L?? wdq b wd
lD s uJ iF l UNCF l WOA uGAL lOL bM
V?A?? w??F?D? p?L? s q UNu qb s WMM rK d?D?I? uJ WuD_
UdI rK bIL UF UNFOL dL
W?u?D?_ d?D? s? d? d?D s be d nB wd u b? b?A wd
u nB s q tu uJ WuD_ w qb YO sM tU UdI rK bIL
rK bIL WuD_

UM UG w WKLFLUOd u

sOa
UMOF

b WKF u YO WKFU bFU u_ w wd U

wd u qJ u WKF vK
WO uD U V wd b bM
uM d qJ uD YO s wd s VUML UO
d_ e WUM WAd VI qL dL WUu wd UJ bb
d? w?d?? b??? b?M? p? W?U WAdU wd UJ lOu gu qL
WbL fUG `DL
W?A? b?? sJL c u d qJ d YO s VUML pHL b
W?d?? w?zU?d?N?J? b?IL sA pH u w XO pH WU
s? q?O?K? l?{ q?C?H? w?d?? X?O?? w WdDL b bO nKL WOD
WuNK wd UM vK rA uUB
w  p WHU q b n w uJ vd `D w wd s b XO bM
VA aH oKH
UO_ UU wd w oA dL U uJ V
U?d?D? W?Ad c U VI qL V q b lOL wd WuUB wd b bM
wd dDI U

U dDI U UdD WAd VI qL V wd WUu UF VA s sOFD XO bM

U dD s q UdD WAd WOKH WFDI w VI WuKF WFDI w WbL wd
qJA w UL qOKI wd

s sOFD XO
bU UF VA
wd

WOA u XO w wd b

b WK

WO qL w dH 
s wd lMB
lD b s tO u lOL wd b
u s wd b u_ BH XO bM
wd u V WUu wd X
qJA WAd VI Wb lOu r VA `D qH wd e bM
wd b VA vK W de WOU W XO
oLF VA w VI qL r WOUI WU UNCF l UA_ XO bM
dDI wd u
wJwd UM vK rA uUB s qOK l{u

dOu


b

wQ UL UNUM U V U b v dOu rI

db WOA) dOU * WOA) dOu)

WOUI UA_ s lMB rK - s UdD d qJA WOuDWOA UC s U w
e? w UI s dG sOJL p weK eL UNM fK wU jOL uJ UNM
b? UL i?F l U?NCF U?A_ XO? w WO?A? dOu? b?W?U??L U vK bU UL
WOA u w WUL Ue
WO uD l WOA dOu ULF bM

u_ XO bM
qLF c WOA dOU dU uJ U UNML Ue s u_ XO bM WOA dOu qLF
uQ UDGL WFMBL UA_ qOu bM qLF UOH uJ U UNM WOFOD UA_ qOu bM
.sOOL UJOuH uIL pO
U W tu WOA WFDI pL U uU dD uJ YO VUML uU UO

WOA WFDI pL
q?L? q_ vK WOA WFDI pL bIL d s bF YO dOu l{ UJ bb
b?I?L? W?Od WFDI w eM `D WuKF WFDI VI d YO WUML WAdU VI
WuKF WFDI pL nF{
wA uU `D vK VI qb WOA WFDI vK d l{
nOH dDU uUA bU uU XO uU vK rKI d Wb t WHOH W qL

WOA) u WU Ue WOA) dOu) b

bM
dGU WOA u lOL
WKu `D WU V Ub WOA dOu l{ UJ sOOF
b U VI uJ qCH bL uU dD U UdD WAd tMOOF r w UJL w VI qL

U?dI r b?I?L? W?O?A WFDI pL s d uD uKDL dDIU wA uU dOC

uU d
r vK uUAU tOK dDU tUJ uU XO r uU `D vK VI w d l{
UdI rK bIL d d dD s cHM v dL d s VI w uU e
d UHU nOEM sONu s U e_ h

dOuU W 

WOJO WObF* dOu)

q?J? v?K? d tO qJA fK wU UND WOJO WObF UuD s U w
b?M? `??H?M? W?u?D?_ q?F c uD wK v bL WuD_ qH s b wuD oA nd
XO u WU s be UL wd l{
l?{ b?M? u?U?? q l bM WuK WObF WFD UNKb qb s WMM WObFL dOu uJ
XO w uI WUL Ue VI q w uU Wu lOu vK qLF wd
b?? j?zu vK WOA uGAL UA_ XO WOJO WObFL dOu b
.b vK XK WObFL UeU WUF sJL UL WOML_
WO uD l WObFL WOJO dOu b bM
UOI uM YO s dOu c s VUML UO
WU WAd b w VUML VI qL b vK WOA WFDI vK uU UJ bb
VUM WOA WFDI w VI qL UdI r + bIL uU u s be oLF bU
WbL wd u
WdDLU tOK dDU b w VI qb uU l{
uU u uD YO s WUML wd bU uGAL WOA WFDI XO

WObFL WOJO WOA dOu s WHK u

b WK

WO UdH 
WOA WFDI pL wA uU dD uJ WOA dOu WUu WOA lD XO bM
........... bIL VA d UL wA uU lu bF
.......................... p wA uU `D vK e qLF
.......................... XO w WOJO dOu b
........... oLF ....... dDI b w VI qLF WObF dOu ULF bM
vK qLF WObFL WOJO dOu w o u

dG

b

l iF UNCF UA_ qOu XO bM uI WUL U vK qLF w uL s dG bF

UdO WbK WObF WOJO u s UM UG w WKLFL UU uL s UdO
U?b?I WMdH dB cM b YO bI cM UA_ XO oB w qLF dG d
UUMB uD l WI uL dG s WHK uQ WOA uGAL U w uKUF UF
dG s u b UM UM UG w WbL WI uL WUM uD bI uBF d vK
Ub Ud u_ c r UM UG w b

wuO( dG
U?_ W W?UL?OJ? u?LU? nE?M u?L c? c?R Y?O U?N?UE U?u?O? u?K s l?MB?
wMO qzU v u UOK dNBM v WOU d W v s WU WO w l{u VzuA
w VJ VuI qJ cQ pL WKOK `zd `B Vu qJ vK d WObF u vK VJ r
bF V UO qJ vK eM d WObF qUM
sU wuO dG tOK oKD pc sU u dG s uM c qLF
sU wuO dG ULF WId
UL l{ pe UL qb s wKD wbF U w WdGK WuKDL WOLJ l{u p dG b
lI WOKL We U `B dG c v WU s dH d UOK dLGM v tOK
l{u cL dG WOL bIL UL s WOL tO UC dUL dO dK dG idF

WOLJ U dOJ Uu w l{u oKF qJA UL d d U w dG u c Uu

tH dG s wUU Wu W d? W v UL sO UM vK l{u r WO U

sd W tJUL qI d W fH v
WBB WOA WFD UdH bU tdG dL e vK dG s WUM WOL d
OK dK tdG dL e idF sJL jdLU UNOK jGC UF lDI lOL r pc
U u U WdG q
dAI oB w dG s uM c b UL dUH ULU WKK UL WDI jd bF bze e

U d uU WOKLF c w b
wQ U WE V wuO dG b bM
dU UM v dG idF b
UM vK WKu d Uu UI b
d d bze dG b b
qLF w Wd v dG s uM cN WdG WOKL U
dLU UL w WdG WOKL w WbL wdH l{ V

wJOUM  wzUOLOJ dG

qzU qJ vK u_ w d u d{U UdB w UM UG w ULF dG u d u
iO_ dGU dF iO tu e
UOKL w b UL WdGK U w UM UOKL rEF w iO_ wJOU dG qLF
V UL ULU nH YO Wd WUF fUJL X u_ f w UJOuH dAI fOK
vK p bLF UU v s dG n v d d jdL WUu dGL lDI vK jGC
bF tKJ `B sHF Wud dK UI u WML WdA ULOKF U V u d
ULU dQ UH tu pO q UH

Contact Glue: u UL d UH' ld dG

uMOH U uKLK UC WU UcL w cL U?DL uK s dG s uM c lMB
dAI oB w tb sJL UdO d d d UNF u w dJ u_ w d u
UOMML dzb WuL dO UJ_ w WU UA_ vK X w uK UJOuH
u UH ld UL d ULF WId
uI Wu nOEM s UNIB dL `D_ dOC
.tULF q dG Ze pd -
WdG jA dG WU UdH WUu UF ULNO dL sOFDI w `D vK dG d
`D WU V
d vK dH bLF UL WML WdA ULOKF VWIO s d UD d
tL bM WeK rb dG `B WcL UL d YO u

W?OA WFD WU WKb WUu WUL q_ ULb vK jGC ULNCF sOD oB
.UG s dGL lDI UF WE l t UH Wd dG s uM c UL Wu
VA U lUB w UA_ f w WU UM UG w b dG s d u UM
WOA uGAL U WFMBL

WdG
d?_ u?L? U?A?_ X??? U?N??O?? dL e_ vK dG d w WU qLF
_ c sp dO  WOMM Wu UD XU UA_ l WL
iILU X c wUM dFA s dG Ud lMB UdH

VcLU dQ UL We qJ vK _ uO WUu

. qJA dEUL dGK
p?O???? s? WFD w W?d?G?? j?A? W?MML WUH

uD r s fOUIL WUL qOK wbFL `OHB

WI d ULU

UMOM sM UN d b r d
qJ dEU qJA `D vK dG s
tKH w iI t wJO wbF U wWdG WKb

s? d?G? q?I?M? u?I?L? Z?MH s WuD tKH X o

qJ dE UEU tdG dL `D v Uu
q dO UUL Wu `D WdG bM WdG WKb b
WOA `D_ vK UJOuH dAI fOK u_ f
u UH ld dG d WOKL w WKbL b

WdG*
dG l{u YO d qb ULb bFL s sOzU s U w
bBL WKB uJ UL d_ Uu w UL l{u wKb Uu w
WdG
dGK
pOU
dG
ld
UH

qJ dEUIU Ud UL UL s UM vK l{u d

s UN bF bO UNHOEM p WdG vK WE UL V
WU UM sO dG d b UL dGK WcL ULU WdG WOKL
UM_ WLN wGK UL dG

WDA
d?G? u? v?K? d?F? p?M?J? W?I?D?M? w? U?? W???M?L? l?UBL b Ue r
u q qLF UG_ _ lMBL c w WbL
W?b???L wd u vK dF UA_ l t WObF lD s pz l Y
UNu sO U VA vK lDI c XO w
UNM q sO U WHK UUOI dOUL s b lL
dF UdO dOU wd UM d lO L Ue pz s b l r -
u w d uL u_ vK

b WK

WO UdH 
UL sU wuO dG c
s u UH ld dG lMB
bM UH ld dG b
UOKL w ULU iO_ dG nH
dG bIH sU wuO dGU qLF bM Wu W s d W U
VA vK jGC V iO_ wJOOU dG bU UF VA s sOFDWdG bM
.................. b dG nO d............... WUu
vK dG dH WdG WKb b
V WdG WOKL s UN bF

ULLL

b

UA_ dO d u UM UM WMN w WbL WOzd UL w UA_ dFL s

WMNL c w UA_ v W U{ UM UNb
uGAL w UNU UO?KLF UOIK UNCF l U_ e XO? UdC s uL c bF

u_ w UL Wd UOKL du b pOUA u_ w `H UOKL q WOA

WU WU dL q?JON qJA UN?CF l UA_ qOu l?OL UOKL w pc? U b
p dO UNO u UJL d_ sze w UL r dO U lD U bM
U ULLL UNOK oKD WOA uGAL U_ uFU UN sOF w WO U{ uL c
UJ?_ u_ bF? U?LL?L U?Nb??U uG?AL? c U? r? t v?MF?L UL?L? WL?K
p dO UH_ UL iUIL q ULF d VUM vL u q vK oKD U_
UFL s uMBL UNML UNM WuMBL UL UOI r qJA YO s UNCF s ULLL nK
p dO Ue pO WHKL
s UNFMB w uGAL U w tbO dG WQ ULF VUML uM UM U
UM UG w WbL ULLL

bU:
lOL XO bUL b s dG r dO WU U_ lD lOL UOKL w qLF
uKDL qJA o uKDL r qJA iF UNCF UeON UNKOBH bF WOA lDI
v? b WFDI UNKI wzUN qJA UM qGA w UNO sJL r dOJ uGAL
UdO VUJL sJ sUQ ULF lu
V?U?M??? U??_ U?J?_ W?H?K??? U?N? U?L? WOJO WObFL UNML u_ bF bUL
ULF

UNOd UNJ U eK w r dO WOA lDI lOL u bUL b s fOzd bN

UM UG w WbL bUL u s d d
U?? U?J? b?F? w?K??L u w d u wJO wbFL UNM s?ze? bU
sOFD q qJA iF UNCF WOA lDI lOL u sze bU b s dG
bU u s u qJ dU VA qb dH UOH uJ U UNM WLzU W
tb WId sze
l Vu l WOHK WOU_ UOd XO d_ lOL bUL b d_ bU
bFU bUL UWHK U UJQ w bFL s d_ bU lMB bUI

UM UG w WbL bUL u

BH*
s? l?M?B U u b w UM UG w WbL ULLL r s BHL bF

b s wU_ dG UF

pO bFL s pO s uMBL UNM WHKL UFL
sOFD s BHL uJ UNUJ UNU nKL u_ b ` WOKL u BHL
sOUM qJ vK `B wJO wbF u Pen s UL WUu iF ULNCF sOKB

u?_ w? o?K?? vK We w XU VM vK X d WdL W b vK ULb X

XO w WU WId u qJ b VUM U_ UJ_ bF BHL

UM UG w WbL BHL s WHK u

ZOe* du'
sO b b vK X YO dOGB UNM dOJ WeL U b nK w ZOeL b
qHI qO e WUu WU W b l d_ W b XO WU `B
lMB UdO I U b dOGB dOJ b u nK w ZOeL b
g dU W bK wKb `D vK X U UNML u b w pO UFL s ZOeL
dH W b d t dH U UNM

UM UG w WbL du s u

UU 
du w b UL U U WIeML WOUe WOA U b w UU b
U?N?M?L? U?? U?J? b UU pO UFL s UU lMB WdL u d
U?NM q?J? vK WObF u WO vK uJ UNUUO nKL u b w UU
U b w WbL UU UNM U W d oeM UNKb dO .

qJ vK

?? W? b? q?H? w? X?? YO W b UNKb dO WuK WOKH U s uJ w WOUe

U UNUJ W b XO qNO WOKH s UIL d uJ WuKF UL U WOKH UL qb oeM
d?? q?J? v?K? U?L?N?M q sOOC s uJ WdL u d du w WbL UU
VM qH U VM vK sOFDI b X W qJ vK d_ d qJ vK WFD
e? W?d?? qON vK UU u .W?e?? lU bMB VM vK d_
UU b bM du UUO VUM uQ pO UFL s UU c lMB
WML WdA ULOKF WE V UNu nKL

UM UG w WbL UU u

UH_ qOe
iF s UNCF qO e nK UNKb U vK WE ULK b oKG qO e UH_ b
WUF u_U WU qO e UNML W b u VUM WUL XO WId qJA r YO s
UNM UNO u Ue b bL UNM U u WUF dO UNu U u
Ue UU U bK bL UNM duK bL
wKH w UL sOL VUML U VUML uM UO V qO e XO bM
s? W? b? `?D? vK X U qO e c sL qO e u V b u_ vK qO e X
dH nB vL .qO e pL bIL qb s W b `D vK t dH UNM gO dU qb
p?d?? b?M? U?K d uJ qO e qL WId dH qO vL W b d w t dH UNM
qO e U p dO U oK We VM w t b c VI w qbO qO e q s UHL
qO e s UK d uJ w qJ vK UNO UK uJO U U b w WbL

s?OOC qO e c uO WKuD WeL W b w WbL qO e U uIF u qJ vK

b wU UK v W U{U qH_ v vK_ v bM UHL Wd l Ud bFL s
bUI w U VI w qb wKH nI w U VI w uKF VOCI qbO wU UK
X?O??? bM k VUJL w UL U?F? d?u?? s? b _ qLF c edL qO e UM
W?e?? V?M? U?? o?K? v?K? X??? W?UL qOK jL bFL s lD XO UNu W UJ qO e
nK _ bM WUL Ue p qO e s U UK qJ VUM VI WFDI c w bu
W?U?F? `?O?U?H?L? s? W? d? fO bMK UNM WUF `OUHL UNML qO e `OUH UJ u
iIL qJ cQ W de uJ `OUHL iF

UG w WbL qO e u
UM

UUIK
b?M? b uI U?F? U?O?I??K? s?O??F?D s WuJ WOJO WObF lD w U r vK oKD
wOUMGL UBU qbU U ULNCF s d
b?? nI bUIWe VM vK d_ qb s W b vK sOFDI b X
WJL tO u aDL We U q r dOG b w UUIK
W?U? u?_ U?J?_ d?O?? w? p? e? bu W b vK WUI s d XO sJL
WOde BHL b bM UUIK b

UM UG w WbL UUIK u

iUI*
du U b q UL U U s UM uGAL WdL e_ w iUIL b
b b r UNOK oKD UNCF iI bOU pL UN_ iUILU XOL

W?H?K WO UQ uJ UA_ Ue pO WHKL UFL s iUIL lMB
s? U?? s?J?L?? p? b?O? W?C??I? p?LK WKU uJ V iUIL uGAL VUM
WbL WU U t W b `D w dH qJ vK uJ U iUIL s WuN UNb
WOKb du U b w
v?K_ s b d w d qLF p iUIL b s UM iOF UG_ iF w
s U e s U W b pL U u s U W b uJ VM qH_
UIU d UL w d qJA `OUHL XLL iUIL q `OUHL q sJL tKL r c dH

UM UG w WbL iUIL u

UBI*
W?U?u iF UNCF W \ l?D? b? s? c uJ WOJO WObF s U w
WOKBHL WdU `L w rOA dOU wd
sOF bIL UN bM W b UI p I U b w UBIL b
d dD d We VM vK UNO d b X YO qb s W b `D vK X
W b vK
F WObFL WOJO u d U q UM UNb ULLL s d u UM
a??D?L? Wd ueHK WU q d UJ s UNJd eK w UM UG iF w b w

V?U?M? U UJ u b w UDLU vDGL bFL s F lMB VJL wd

ULF

UM UG w b d ULL

UA
b??? Y?O? s? U?N?M?O? U? pO w uuL U_ WbL ULLL s Y
VOd WId qJA

b WK

WO UdH 
s sze bU lMB
s dd bU lMB
UOKL w BHL b
s W b vK ZOeLdu XO
Wd qON vK UU u
u qO e bF W b X c e
q q U t dOGB W b w d qL
U b w UBIL b

bu tK
UBIL UUIK BHLbUL s q ULF wU
. UNM q b qO eK u W d
.WOde BHL b bM UUIK b e b qK
.UNM q ULF dOUL u s W d
.VOdU dOUL b bM WFL uD b

.UM UG w WbL wd u s WL d
db WOA dOuK wU `D vK e u s bN u U
WOJO dOu bU b vK WOA W XO bM WFL uD w U
u UL dG bU UJOuHU j WU t WODG bM WFL uD w U
WdG vK WE UL r nO

bu

Ub d u
Finishing Materials & Methods

WOA u cOHM WDO sUL cOHM w WbO bF bU XL bFVUD ee
`OB? ULF v?K bO
Q? u cN U?IOD W?DO s?UL sL{ U?M UL w? WHK?L
VO DA  U N W K d w Q W bO  bF _ q J
u UNFu? UNULF? V W?UML Ub? UL UNU r? UbK WF?DI dOC? u VOD?A
t U U L  W K I   W M N  U b  `  W  u G A L  u   b b w  U b  WO L _ U N M  u M B L  V A  
. W F d W W I zU  UN  s 
W?O?K? d?? d sO sO U
OL q WM w?u? c?M rbI U b dF Ub
W?G??_ U?LF wMF U?b W?L?K?
U?L?F?? d? w? V?O
d w dOOG WUML UMO
dD ULF WKU UNFOL w a Xe qOUM Uu gOdH UuFL UL
UdO WKb fODG dHU d wdH WUu b
Wu UKI d_ s UA_ wL uGALK eOL

UI

OL
dEM wDF Ub
k?H?? V?A?? `?D? w? u?OF wDG UNbI Wud UB WOKU t w?
]
U? VA _
nOEM WuN vK bU U_ s uGAL
WId vK bu c w dF W?KdL c VUM WdD UA_ s WDO sUL cOHM pMJL
u q?
dOC WI?d UNuQ U?uFL r d?OCK W? uL _ UbK? WuGAL d?OC
W UNuQ dO_ tu Uu U_ Uu UNuQ WG_ vK dF UNULF WId
WOJOUM WOO
d WOAOdHWOe
UNULF d WKLFL _ u qJ WHKL Ub d UJOULJ d
 vK dFM
dA wU nB w WO U dD dD rO UNEH UNUO
b_
WO b_ oI pM lu bu c pzUN bF VUD ee
Ub bzu vK dF
UNUuJ WHKL UUb u sO eOL
bO

dOC Ub WOKLF WuGAL dOC uI

Ub uD VOd vK U uJ
d dHMB u vK dF
u q
U WOHO
WG_ UuFL u vK dF
Ub l qUFK WUF W d vK dF
.wdHU Ub d vK dF

UbK uD dOC

b
b

nOEM Wu s u?D b w dOC WOKL r? t uD dOC u vK U?b u bLF

u?D? q?
U?I? W?U?? VU q
vK V q?LF??L? Ub? VA? u? UN?O? vd? YO? rO?FM?
WO uD s UbK `D_ dC uL  `OB ULFU
UH dC w
pM ULFU VA `D u X wd dOUL fODG
r? UL
UO_ u l uD VAK WOHK WN s dU dOUL XU
`L UM
sON s UNMF r UNODG
W?F?D? b???U? l?L?? WOKL UM jdL UDL ULF WO WudL e_ U W
U ULF sJL `D l UdI U udL UJL gHM v ULU WKK UL
uJLU UL
seM jHM UNM u b WUu UuA WOe lI WI uL u lOL U W
Ub UB lML lI c uO_
WDAIL r rOFM U WUu WO UH w ud vK `L UM ZUM b U W
U?L? s? U?b? n?K?? w?
U?N?M? W?O?G?L?B? u?L d WduMB UA_ w bIF d
UNF bIF UJ VI bF Wdz WOA l ULF sJL UNd UNHEM r UNO uuL
bIF s hK w

d dHMB u `D_ rOFM

Uu

UD uJ WOIL uOF q

wDG v `D_ WMF

b WK
rFM V
pM ULFU VA `D u X dOUL fDG
WDG dOUL XU
`L UM UH dC
UO_ sO tODG qNO UO_ u l ULL s bze uD uD
UDLU dC WO udL UJL gHM v WKK UL WFD qLF
uO_ seM jIM WUu UuA WOe lI dG u lOL U e
ub UB lML dG UuA Xe lI
WDAIL r rOFM UH UH w ud vK `L UM ZUM b U e
bIF d r Ub nK
d dHMB u `D_ rFM
UNu uOF q
WODG `D_ sFL

d dHMB

b

r?O?F?M?? n?O?E?M? Wu UOKL bF UbK `D dOC UOKLF r s dHMB WOKL bF
u WuF W u UOU qLFK WOB dD l pOK UIS WOKLF cN uI wJ
d?G?U? w?K?D?L? u vK WLUM qd UO WUu bOF b cM dHMB lM r
WOUMB WOFOD UNMWHK UO qLF uO U WI U

UNL u b UN

WOFOD UO( -
uB d u

d? r?U? u?? qJA WKB uB sD lMB uJOKO bO

wU uK UJOKO u
U?d v ?zU? U??O? u uJ ULI uIL u s lD vK

XOdG u
uOUJ UJOKO WObFL U
dL s uJ wFO d
n?K?? bb uOML_ l eOMFML bb uOOMGL
dL u uJ WO
d u U

d_ d u
d dHMH

t V aOK d lMB qLF b VK u tu

UNL u b UN

WOUMB UO(-
uOM*_ bO

q?L?F??? W?O?U? d? W v wzUdNJ dH vK XU

U U dNB lM?B? d?L wM tu
VA bb s q
rOFM

 uJOKO bOd
tuK oBK oU U tu WOU W X wzUdNJ dHU uJ r UJOKO dNB lMB
qLF aK s U WUM w qb UL UI WHK WuF Ub ULI s lD vK
bb VA rOFM w

uM bOd
W?U?? w? U?L? v? s?J?L? U? d? W?K U tUO
UFL pO VA rOFM w ULF `KB WuN nK
.WOUe UO_ s WuMBL uGAL

dHMB rOd
rdU WuFM Ub ULb

rd XU

r? r?F_ dH rd L rF dG_

U
rd d
ULK
cJ
b u
V rd XU
YO sA
.UNL UO

b?O?d?
X?O?dG uL WU rOd w qML UE qLF
q??M?L? w? u?I?? b? v?K rd b uOML_ bO
uJOKO
W?F?d?L Wu w UI
w?MF r?d ?? W?FdL Wu w
W?u?F?M? r?d? d
ULK
w b k

ULF

UO r

Uu dG lI W jAL U b uD sOA

sA

dAI s mLBL u W wzbL rOFMK

ju

dAIU uJL uD Wd

rU

Ub WOKL UM rOFMK

b rU

p?c? U?L?K tUI WOJOUM U wMO dG s u vK UOK WI uL uJ

ULU u VOd bF Wd WOKL UM WO bzuH vK uB r
qLF UM UG s WHOE d WFD UL wI
lUB vK dC qKIO Wd UM uN w dUD s UG UL lML
UJ s WUM d d W bF U u WFD vI
.WdK bU UL
UL qLF
d bM WHK UH rx u qJ vK u_ w d du
WO u_ d
c V dHMB ULF

Wu dN vK VJ rd WuFM W UO r

WI UL u
Wu dN vK VJ UO U u
UAI WHK u_ r

dHMB ULF
UAI WOzUdNJ dHMB WMO
U ULFU uJ wU UO Ub dHMB ULF sJL
VA s sOKH VA WFDI UFO bO U WUd
n?K? sOKH s b? W?U??K? uK UL ULF sOKHU fKL
Wu vK bU UJ d s bO wI dHMB WFD UNOK
dHMB dL WU `D
UIL VA s WFD vK dHMB oBK d qL sJL
d n
WI uLU tUFU VUM
w d dHMB WM
U

b WK
WO qL qL

uB d u vL
XOd d u vK qB
WUM w uJKO bOd
qLF
 qLF b tu d_ u

UuFL

b

WMFL bF
Ub u uGAL VA s UU Uu rz UNM q
WHK u UuFL

uD Wu b? uI UUL WOK?L w Ub o w WO?U_ qdL b

uJ s?OUFL c ULF bM UA_ UNBL? w Ub WOL
qOKI vK UuFL? bU .WOA
qB v WU V d d sFL r UNUH? bF dHMB pcK VA u s UFHd UND
D vK
UNULF UNO
d d UuFL u VUD ee pO UUL u `

dG WuF
w? q?L?F??? U?L? s? q?O?K? l? nHL dG l pe wK
u bO jK lMB
`?D? UNULF `BM WOe UuU bF ULO sb w UCO UA_ s WBOd uGAL
UNO dG uu UNLOFM WuF UNUH Wd dOJ UUL

Xe WuF
iF l UNCF UNUO jd pe UNF jK U Xe l WOU UL
bO jK lMB
UC dO UOD

UHOH wDF U Xe _ nHL

sOMd r
u?K? v?K? q?B?? v?? W?uK U WU{ sJL UL s dD UNO
U?C r pe bO uJ bOU UNDK sJL VUML

sOMd s WOL
UC r U u `D vK sF U Xe
bO e WM uL VO
d uJ cN UL s dD uK
w?D? U?? X?e? q?zu?? u?LL d e p b e
UNCF l uL c sF nHL
sOMd s qOK UC cN UH
UJQ uJ Wu uD U uD WMF w UC qLF c UAL vL WUu
UuO d
_ WuFL c bF WHK u

VA) UO WU WuF

w
WMOL WKB UA_ s uJ U U WuGALK qLFL VA UO s WuFL cR
r?OFM U?H `L? WeKL? vK UO? jd WK?LFL? UA_ C? s cR V?A u V?UM

l Z?UM sF r?OFM U ? id qO WU?u jI r n?HL dGU? qK r WF?DI

rFM n d r UNF dL e_ t sFL r ULF U `B v nHL dG
dOJ `D_ WMFL `KB uI dOGB e WuFL c qLF
U?L?F?? q?C?H? UNUO UL d v UH Ub WubL WMOL UA WuFL c bF

u s XO WKu WUO _ p dU w b oO W l dHMB WMO

U s ZUM VA u
dHMB UA s WKBHML XOdG qd s UO u UN UL
VA s b

qzU VA) WuF

u?? e s U?O?K?? l?M?B? s?J?L? W?D? U l VA s eU uF s U w
W?U? v? t?U? s?J?L? U?L?
W?U?? sO WLJ VK w kH d
uuOKdO l rUM VA
qLF WuKDL WHKL u_ l eU tKJA u_ w bu dMU WS p n sOF
UNUO u qJ vK WEULK UH Ub sb w WMOL WOUI UA_ UU q w
`D_ WODG UNOK UuL

r UO_ UU `D_ WMFL sO UdF dFA dOB Ud b

b? v?K? d l du WLb gO WFDI pb U?U?L? n q WU nB wu d r UUL

r?FM r U?U?L n v WU d?? r? b?ze? W? UUL WF UUL s uFL W

UbK eU uJ pc

UJOULJ uF
dH WuK U l uJU WcL UJOULJ s uJ UJOULJ sb w uD WMF w qLF
`D U bF UNULF qCH rFM r n d r UNMF dL e_ UN QF a dL
UNO dUDL uJ uu UNUH Wd UL Ub bF dNE YO UJOULJ s d
tu

uK* d uub WuF

W?UM WOL
l pe l bO jK dC u
ub Ub UNU dL uD WMFL b
u_ w eU uJ UNH WuGAL w bL VA UA tO UC r qLFL Ub s
u?D? UN sFL WHK uQ WF WHK VK w

UA

V?K? w? UNEH V c UNUH Wd UL UALU

WLJ

u w U lO  v tu

du r uKDL uI vK qB v dMU sOK

u? U UNdD w uL v?K dF

p?e? l? U?b? s? W?O?L?

j?K? p?M?J?L? WuFL pb

.Ub d u s UNb bb

UNULF

 lLA uF
W??? K? B? U?L? W??u??H? K?I?
s?OMd dODI bF WdL

v uKL s U Xe WuHKI qM lL s lMB

s??  o?? ? ?A? ? c?? w??U??? M? 

b? WK

W? u?J? VKB UN bOU XDG{ U?F pUL lO? L

b? s? W??U?M UBF

 qO d sO bF ULO qLF .bOU OK UN bF d sO

d?O?D?I? W?OGLB U_

u??H? UN QF WKBL WFDI iF VcO UK UJ

tULF

.UA_ pK UA

UJOULJU bF ULO sb w UA_ w

u??H? W???F? U?N?M? b?_ b?b? uQ eU UuF UM

tH qGAL w dC b eU u w WuFL vK qB bIF lOMB s WUM

b WK
rFM V
Ub o w WOU_ qdL b WMFL
uDWu b uI VA UU WF WuFL qLF
UUL

u `D vK qB v d b `D_ dHMB `D_ sFL

UCO UA_ s WBOd uGAL w dG WuF qLF
dOJ UUL `D dG WuF ULFU `BM
uK qzu e p e bO e jK Xe WuF lMB
WuGALK qLFL VA UO s UO_ WU WuF cR
uI dOGB e VA UO WU WuF qLF
WO qL qL

s lLA WuF lMB

WKBL WFDI iF VcO d sO lLA WuF qLF
s WUM WOL
l l jK u
ub WuF dC
l w WcL s UJOULJ WuF uJ
WS XH sOF WU v qzU VA WuF U sJL
sOMd  Xe uF w pe b
WUu VA UO WU WuF w VA UO jI

WG_

b

sJL se d l uLK qJA XM UM uGA U w bI cM WG_ qLF

w?U?? w?u?O? w?FO UNM UJ b vK uJ b qzU u qJA WG_ vK uB
.wUM d
Ubzu
WMOL UA_ bOKI hOd VA uD suK
WOK_ tUO qJ vK WEUL l d uK VA suK
UA_ s WHK u s lMB w WuGAL w b u vK uB
UNM u q
s c pO
(Water Stain)

wzU* UB

s? d b? oU u u uK u U?u?O Ud
u u b tM du
i?u?? i?F bUL d rH dD (Aniline)
.WOzU UMOKO vL sJL
UL?F? WG?_ d??
u w?U? u? U?B q?
WI uJ r UO_ tB WU tu U dF hd
sU UL w tuK WS dOC sJL VA `D vK
ULF
UL Wd UdH WUu UB cN uD vKD
W n q WU Wd `L V ZMH WFD
V? c nO d?O d U?I?U? u?K uJ b WOKLF dJ `D s UB s Vd
v Wd c q UO_ gOHM wUB sU ULU `D sb qCH tK bO `D Wd
UB W s Uu c WH d UB s UNUH bF U UNAOHM qI bF ULO UB cN XGU
t?u s?b? q? d?U?? U??B? b?F d qCH pc UdO s d
`D e iF s
l?OLKK d dJ UF b
WLU

W?d UNUH bF d r .U?B XO UHA Ub s sON

UJOULJ bF d
 ULF sJL qLFL Ub u V XO

(Alcohol Stain)

wuJ UB

s?O? T?H?D?M? U?N?_ UOKOuL w ULF b w uJU WuK sOKO_ WG s uJ

UO_ w d c - U??B? c XO OK WKU ULF WF UN UL
fLAK dF
WuKOK tULF bF uKL vK UJ V UJOULJ s OK nOC -wzUL UBU

WuKDL WOLJU ZbU dOC sJL tHK tUH

(Oil Stain)

we UB

W?U?H?A WOe UUbU sb w UA_ suK qLF U Xe w c u_ bF

Ub q UuL pd lUB vK U dF w oOUL Vd V gOdH WU
UU- s p bF dUO_ UU Wd `L r .OK nO ozU - b Ub d
.d
 gOdHU Ub WKd p bF wQ UUL nO
(Under Coat)fOQ

UU

w WKLFL Uu WOL

s qOKI UA_ UU U U WOKL Ub WOKL o
gloss finish lLKL Ub s WHK
q uJU UU lOLK WKd
VUML U_ U q
pO wzUNM Ub uM WUM uJ
U X WOOe UUb
U Xe UJOKL
gOd
UOu UJOUL
dKO U d

dO_ tu Uu l UuMBL U ou U sOF cR V

b WK
WO qL qL

w WOzd WG_ u
WOzUL WG_ s UuO d
bF

WOA UUL U_ U qLF
UA_ vK WG_ D qLF

UUb

b

w WUHA UUb UNM Uu UOK

VA u wH U UNM UA_ UN vKD w uL w
UJOKLJ gOdH d
 WOe Uu UNL WOFOD tUO VA u dNE
.WOJOUM WOAOd WOe Uu UMN UNO WKLFL UcLK UF U W v rI Uu

WOe Uu -
W?u?? U??K?I?? s? U?N? W?U? d?u? dOJ WOA uD uO WU
WODG vK qLF w
W?H?K???L? U?F?L? n?I_ b UM uM UA_ D Uu qLF UNO ue uu
UNu UL UNUL WOe Uu UL wKb U_ iF ozb U
UA W?u UKI s WU?u sR c fOzd qzU u? U Xe s WOe U?u nQ
pe bO
u uL U Xe sO jd vK bU qOLK uKL uL tO UC
.UHHL iF tO UC UL
sOMdU ZUM nH tUF U iO_
UM uML
Wu UKIK W{dFL UA_ Ub `KB Uu c

WOe Uu UuJ

WHK WK u qzu s Uu uJ
UNL Uu UuJ nOH W UU qLF qzu

UuJ s qzU r (Linsead Oil) : U Xe UJ c X
TOM Xe
t?u? d?B?F?L? s? Z?U?M? Xe u
qOI WU cN u U Uu dHB
Ub WUM w `KB

wKG* Xe
nOH wKGL UJ c X u
w? U?L?F?? q?N? `??B?O? tU

Ub

Wu? U?K?I? s U?A_ W?U v?K q?LF? Uu?

UJ c dB s hOL WUu Xe c hK
sO?M_ bMN UNL b?K b w td U?J e
WOdF dB WuNL
b?B V rIM U?b? w t uJ s?OMd
sOL v

d?O?C? bF Uu w qLF WduMB U_ UL s d wUM sOMd

ULF qOK u WU dD

dO
qJA wUM sOMd q q b d UI s d wbFL sOd
U?U?B? V?? n?K?? WU WuK WD u uJ b WLU WK u w o?O?U
L
WuKL oOUL s Ub w UN uJ
Ud Uud
pe bO
iO uK
uOUJ dMF pe Ud
dH uK
UOd wUu
uK
WOLF dGL wuOUJ dL_ ud Ud bO
l dL uK
wUM dC_ dC_ UM U dC uK
UM rH u u uK
UI wM d rH dD s UOKO_ wM uK
uB sJ WOz u W UUU dH_ _ dL_ u_ vK uB sJ
uB sJL scK u_ iO_ sOuK UO b l WUH VM UNCF UNeL u vK
eL s WUM u_ qJA `{u WIU u_ eL ULNOK

wK UL bb u ZM u_ jK `C UM s
dC dH
wUId dL dH
wHM dL
wM dH dL
U u iO

U?b? w? q?L?F??? U?L?

dO
u uJ VKD w Uu U w ZM c eL UOKL
WdD bK wzUL

Uu ULF WId

W?u??F?L? n?? b?F? `?D_ sFL rOFM nOEM Wu s UMd UL
bO dOC bF
s? q? U?u??? u?J? d? n bF WuFL _ d s d
WMFL UF r dHMB d
r? UbK U??U?M? U?J?L uJ dA nO d U Uu Ub `D sb `D u
q?L?F sOMdU Uu nH nO t q
d pOL b t s b WHOH t b sb
Ub WOKL w d d wdH

WOe Uu nK v WRL U_

wQ ULO WOe Uu nK v WRL U_ dBM
UU
b uD b b
WOzUL WOMd VA d UI b
bO dO X b
w wzUN eON wzU U ULFU
Ub s WU u ULF b
 s d
Ub s bb u WU{
pUL dO UHOF{ Ub qF Wb UHHL s U

UH U dO V `D u Uu
d `D u Uu
bO tUO r q Wd VKB Ub qF UHHL s U

UUL tUH q Ub Ue w UG Wd_ u

qOUM_ WOAOdH Uu -

Ub WI VKB bze UFLKU eOL gOd WOL
UNO lHd ULMO U Xe W Uu UNM qI
U?N? s?b? V? c? U?N?I?I?A? V? Wu UKI UNO dR WA `B v ubL `D u
UH WU UN WubL uD uJ dDL fLAK W{dFL WOU uD
gOd U_ U gOd wU Ub gOd UNULF V u W UN WOAdH Uu
uI U

WOJOUM Uu -
U q WMOF d w qLF w? Uu WUM w tULF v lMBL? bUJ mL UA

l U?u c? WUM? uD r? a U?G U? q? uO? w w?bFL? U_ UO?
Uu suJ WuK oOU u
cL UL_ v UC WOJ?O u s WFMB UL UNO XKQ se
Uu n WObF WOU WOuO XO U lM s? U u UN pOUM WLK
vMF WOJOUM
sOU WIO sO n UNS dU XKu U UU u qFH WOJOUM
U?I? w? d?
? r?K?O? s? W?
U?L? d
ULKO vDF d UdH WUu WOJOUM Uu vKD
UNULF bM seM dMU WHH uJ qCH Wu UKI
u?K?? q?C?H? U?L?
U?N?J?U?L? U?b?I?H? t?_ W?OAOd WO Uu UNU u tM sb wGM
WOJO UN UL
u W s uM c l WKLFL UuFL

Thinner dM

qzU vK WLKJ c XIK b nH Thinner dM WLK

vMF
l? W?U?L?O?J? t?GO d
 WOJOUM Uu nOH `KB c
uu sOKO_ U l uKJ qUH dC CCl4 U buK

wQ U tu s bUL
uLO_ buK

UH Wz t UH qzU
ue lOL Vc
d_ UcL uJU bO eL sJ UL w c
dM ULF WOMN* W
bJ d V U UAM -
.rA WU nFC
qH_ s UbK bFL UJL WuN -
.nO
U t_ vK_ s fO
b?F? V?O?K?? d? W?U?L?J? b -
r??? v??K? q??N? ? p?? _ t?U?L?F??
.tMWOL
d
s hK U

WOFOD WFMBL UL Vc

d d ULF bM WU UUb nH
.d
K bO Vc

Laquer d

vK WUH WIO WI U
U W?cL UL d WO Wd n c Ub u s u d WLK
wMF
t ubL `D
U UO s Wd WFMB U tO UC Alkued bUJ tL lMB mL s d
 uJ
uKL w mLB W uJ qCH dM qzU w c uuKOdOpdOM iU qUF sDI
.UUFL td tJ t mLB bzU
d  eO s
Xu dOu v R UL Wd t ubL `D n
Wd dO?G WHOFC iu uJ uUB UuA Xe UI WUM Ub dA
sOMd d Wud
dH wKD UNK U UH bF uu UF b UHH uJ V U UdHU vKD
sOD_ fODG d
WuN tM WLbIU Wb UID rK
d Uu
q?B?? v?? W?O?F?O UuK tO UC r UHA d
 U u s uJ u
ubU U?C vL

Uu w td r UL
uKDL uK vK
W?U?? g?u? UL UL WFDI `D dH u
ub d
U WubL uD lOLK U sJL
UO U w qLFU UU

gOdH
mL u tUuJ r tUH bF WUH WIO WI t ubL `D wDF uI qOI qzU s U
UL
dC u WOuM UJd UOOb UOId w uLM U_ s WKOB s tOK qB c UuJ
sOId bS wQ
w? c? b?F? U?L?O? V?KB c mLB UNM qOO c d U_ s dU d
uJ gOd UuJ uJ
dU tKUF bF U Xe w c WB bb u uLDL U_ c u d
wQ UL
WFM r WOAOdH Uu WUM w qb c u we gOdH UuJ

U? XeU UcK ?U? `??B?O? b?bA sOU WuO WU v uO mLB dNB
dNBK WKU dO WO w p ZM X
dNBML mLBU eL U Xe wKG
UdO eOMGML Ud  q WObFL UHHL UC
sOMd q UHHLU ZUM gOdH nH
VzuA qBH ZeL `d

WE
d?O?GB Ue s d?O b? u t_ U??b? u?N?DL gOd ULF b `BM
U?C? t?u? `?H WIUF Ue VOd r v se s d d pc WIUF
pc  se qOKI Wb WO d XKLF b
U?G?_ s? s?O?F? u?M? `?K?B? pc nHL mLB Xe W vK bLF u gOdK
WOL
s UF U?U?H? d W d
t Ub bF ZUM `D U
ZeL w mLB ULKJ
ZeL u vK WEULK sOMd s WUM WOLJ XBI w Xe
UJOULJ
UNOK qB Luck pK UJOUdA U
U
u
vL dA UdH WOM U UJOULJ
u? w? V?O?KI l ULU qG r dA pK UNOK bu w U_ d s d jAI
WOUId UJOULJ rU u_ w U wU
uA qJ vK ZMO nH UbF WU b Wd
UNu dOG
p _ d s bOF uJ UJOULJ se bM vd V uK
WM wKO uJU c UNS UJOULJ ULF bM

UJOULJ ULF vK UE

d s bOF WOU WO w WuKL UJOULJ kH
UJOULJ ULF q U `D b
Q
ULU W Ud qLF
uJ d s Uu WUe oK rJ
ULz Wd UJOULJ q

Wd u UdF w UNULF UM WUe i

b WK
rFM V
U?KI s UA WUL du WOA `D_ uO WU
WODG vK qLF Uu U
Wu
ULF bM Uu nOH UuU ubL `D UH w d w sOMd bU
d UIA b u gOdH
jI suK Uu w oOUL u s bN
iO uK Ud Uud
pe bO

_ dH_ sOuK eL dC_ uK vK uBK
.U
U
u
vL dA UdH WOM U UJOULJ

WO qL qL

u W v Uu rI
s WOe Uu uJ
uK uK eL wUId uK vK uBK
uK uK eL Ud uK vK uBK
t_ Ub uNDL gOdH ULF b vd
s b b dODI s wbFL sOMd dC

Ub wd

b

.UN WI UL dFA UJ_ YO s u_ dO

w Ub w WKLFL _ r wdH
WO U
_ s UdH uJ
szbK VA s uMB u UdH t pL c iIL
Ub UcL WUI WI U WUu UNK w dFA rC w w wbF WK
iIL dFA sO jd
wUM nO UOU UOuO uJ b dFA
wUMBdFA eO
Xu UF{ s deM dF wd s d
dLF
rU suK wd s ZUM rKOH
ULF l e Ub s tKL U bI
d_ UcL ULK UI
UNULF WOB WIdD wdHU WUMF
q??L?F?K? w?d?H? s? s?O??U?M?L? u?M? U?O?I? q?L?F??
U qLF Wu d Ud qLF  uKDL
Wu d Ud t UOI lOD XU

U?b? V?c w UNODG bb UdH ULFU b
.U tc U qJ
]
U?O UNF? Uu w? UdH n?B v YK? s d
f?LG
Uu U w UNKL s bze Ub eMO
UNHK pc UNU vK WKF WU vK UN UNOU vK UdH qLF
b w Ud rK pL UL
UdH p
Ub WK w UdF vK WH UdH b
UL w gOdH Ub Ud b

sOMdU gOdH UJ sOMdU we ULU wzUL Ub L Ub VcL UdH nEM
v bO

UHOEM uUB ULU nEM r uJU UJOULJ uO_ dMU d

 dM
.UNEH u s WFDI nK nAM r UbK d
vI

b WK

WO qL qL

vK wdH WLO nu

s UdH uJ

w UNODG bb UdH ULFU b

rFM V
uM UOI bb s Ud ULF pMJL
Ub WK w UdF vK WH UdH b
Ub s wNM UbM UL w Ub Ud
b w Ud rK pL UL
UdH p
.ULU Ub Ud nOEM -

bu WK
Ub bzu w U
WFDIK VUML Ub U nO

WOe UuU UNUb bu VA s uMB UL wd
dOC uD d

UbK UdOC UM WduMB UA_ w WOA bIF d UL
dHMB u WOUMB UO WOFOD UO sO U
ULU u VOd bF dHMB WOKL w UNOK qB w bzuH w U
t w U dHMB vK uJL rd wMF U
dHMB d bM Ud
c w u_ w U
qLF uGAL _ Xe WuF dG WuF s q
dOC r nO

qzU VA WuF UO_ WU WuF s q
dOC r nO

p V qC ULN .Ud
sOMd s Uu bu
WOe Uu nK v WRL U_ s WL d

Ub wd vK WEULK UI WL d

bu

UA_ UOL U

t? s?J?L? c mKL WdF s sJL v tUuMB nOUJ U UOI UM qU vK sOF
s? o????U pc qLF w UNKLF w uL dA tF c mKL vK qBO tUuMB lO
UuMBL c qLF UOI qUI u
s?L? U?u?M?B?L? n?O?UJ U WOKL U UA_ UOL U v bu c w dFM
tK U dA wU nB U w UN dF u lu qBH qJA lO
W?O?b?M? U?L?? UJ_ u UUL U XUM W v bu c XL

u?G?A?L? i?F cOHM  VA WOL U pc WFMBL WOFOD UA_ u bF

WO b_ oOI bu c W bF sOK CH U qOBH d WDO
UNzd bM UA sL UOLJ U WU WdFL
UcOHM bF uGAL w qLFL VA WOL WdF
CH s WOL q
Q qGAL w duL u_ s WuKDL lDI qOBH WOHO
UcOHM q
UuMBLK  VA sL WOLJ dbI U d
d??L?K? W???M?U? l?DI r WdF V UM s VFJL dLU rUF bK rEF w UA_ U
c U WOKL d W WO
_ UMb du V r c WdFL VFJL

u UUL U

b

UU*
wQ U WdF U WLEM WObM UL buI UJ UFUI WO UJ_ sO
. {_ Ue eO WObMN UJ_ c UL
UNM qJ jOL U
qJ q WU U UF uUI UJ c WU

u(
WLEM WObM UL qL WOML UJ_
UNzUL ULL c vK dF

.ULL c q r WdFL WOIOD WK wQ ULO

OD* u

UH xdF x uD r
x x

U
WO UF_ VFJL dLU ODL u r b
r UH r dF r uD

q(
x x r
r x x

xx

VFJ*

lKC r

r tFK{ u U VFJL r b

VFJ* r q(

rxx

rzUI w uAM*
UH x YK bUI WU r

U
UF w uAM r b
r = r = r =

UH x bUI WU r( q(
x x

r x x

WDA
.{_ UL YKL WU U
.We rzUI YKL WU U
UH UO
s oI r tFK{ {_ U UK r

wb uAM*

UH x rEM wb bUI WU r

tUH r tbU
lK{ u U VFJL dLU rEML wb uAML r b
r
r
rEM* lKC* WU q(
{_ b
lKC u

U x x x

U x x
x x

r[
UH x bUI WU uAML r

r[ r x r [

r[

WuD_
UH x dz bUI WU r
x o

U
r UNbU
dD
WuD r b

r UNUH

q(
x o WuD_ r

r r xr x r x

dJ

o r

U
VFJL dLU r UdD
d r b

q(
o r

r x r x r x r x

[ [ dJ r

rzUI dN

a wb YK ld rEM wbM qJ vK bUI

WU UUF bUI { bF WU UK WOU tuD

dN d w UF b

bUI vK d s UM uLF u u dN UH uJ

UH x bUI WU dN r

U
r tUH r tbU
lK{ rEM wU d r b

lKC bUI WU q(

r x

UH x bUI WU dN r

r x

d<
u?L?F? u? U? tUH Vb d wNM dz qJ vK bUI
bUI ed vK d s UM
x o

UH x bUI WU

=dL r

U
r tbU
dD
u U VFJL dLU d r b

rtUH

q(
x o

= dL r

r x x x

r

UA
UDI qJA WU U U
dzb dD
d W Xd
dzb dD
nB uI u Xd

b WK

dLOMU UF_ rdU WMOL sOKJA WU b

dLOMU UF_ VFJL dLU w rL r b

=

d nB dzb nu

UA_ u

b

dA UHu*
WO?
_ c bU? UU? bF W?O
Q u? qJ vK? WOK?L UM?
u w WO?FOD? UA_ du?
L WeOK WdL UOI b bK pK w lL UOI UE u_ cN bBL bK
U d?LO?MU? uJO? pL
d?F U r? uD b?u iO?_ VA? u

u?Q u qJ v?K bu w?N WeO?K UOI? b bIU b? UNu?Q bu V?A u
WUL dF U Ud?I r b
bIL be a r
u u v?K bLF bu dO WO
Q U u?K eU WKB UA_ u U? gU uJ
WO
Q bu uGCL UID fUFL VA WFMBL UA WMU U .UNM uQL U_
qB v r s? be WUL U r x r x UOI uK tu W
u_ iF w r v
. WFMBL UA_ s bu uK t WU k
[u r [ pL r d r u iO_ VA s u q r

WOdH _ UOI b
/WdL Wb UOI b UHUC e vK b WO UKDBL ULKJ qLF
WOdH
. r WULmeter dL uD UO
b

r r x r

r r x r x r
gram r dG u UO b

U d uKO e WKJ c uIM wMF Kilo uKO

r x
Ud uKO sOMb sO WUL uI pc
x

wUU d (Centimeter dLOM

x x r

.VFJL dLU tL S r U tL r U S

x x

r rGK rK uIM (Milli wKK

d x x r Deci w

. r r
dG Uu VK q WF UOI qLF r Liter dK
d U VFJL dL WF
r UNL b dK s[ UNL WO Uu WK R

u?_ c vK uB sJL tUuMB cOHM WHKL WOA u_ dA qGAL VU uI
W?K?O?K?
dO UOLJ Ud sJL UA_ lO WU WU L s WHK u WO
Q
u?J? U?NOK WOKL d q
u_ c sL lb t uI c qLF u qGAL WF V
UN lO dF pc(Cube) VFJL dLU WFMB WOFO u_ r WdFL p

r[ x r x r UOI iO_ VA s Uu sL r b

lO bu UML lb w WbIMWLOI u dF UM U VFJL dL dF Q ULK

q(
pL x dF x uD uK r
[ r r[ x r x r

[ x [ u wKJ r
dF x u wKJ r wKJ sL

UM
x [

U
VFJL dL dF U r pL gbU UID VA s u sL r b
. UM

r q(

UH x bUI WU bu uK r

[ x

bF x bu uK r u wKJ r(

[ x [

 dF x wKJ r u wKJ sL

UM

x [

U
WO UUOIU UHuLU VA u d bM tFb c sLwKJ mKL b
 dF

bF

pL

dF

uD

UM

UM

q(
dH q
bF x uK r wKJ r(

[ x

r x r x r

r
dF x wKJ r mKL wKJ sL

UM
\ x \
WIdD fHM dH q r

UA
UNFO WOHO UNUUO
duL UA_ u vK dF UA_  iF Ue r

UUF

UA_ UOL U
nOC wUB VA WOL V UMOK uGAL cOHM  qLFL VA WOL WdFL
UH w CH lD
pc WOHB Wu dAMcOHM UOKL UM WFzUC CH WOL tO
d uGA qL w UNM
sOIdD c U WOKL d
W??? W?U?{ U?c?O?H?M? bF WFDI vK eU UUOIU uuL wUB VA WOL U
uGAL d w sO d pdA CHK qb Wu
U?F? U?u? v?K UM p uJ uGAL cOHM q
wUB VA WOL U sJL UL
WdF W WOLJ vK qBM CHK WMOF W p bF UC UcOHM dL WFDIK
U?A?_ d? U?U?? U??? s?O?F? c?R sOU sOU wU?A?_ c? s?L? dbI
UNUO
qOBH WOKL du qGAL w duL U u_ s W WOLJ U

U
d?z q?J vK U u WF qLF  VFJL dLU bu VA WOL V
WM CH V r pL r dDI

q(
lDI b x x o x tuD wUB r

[ x r [ x r xr x

 x wKJ r CH r
[ x [

pdA CH r + wUB VA r  VA WOL

[ [ [ [

U
p?L? r?KF l qJAU sOL bMB qLF  VFJL dLU VA rWOL V

CH pdA WOKLF n{ wd dGU UF WFL lDI r VA

q(

sOU r

r x x x

sOU r

r x x x
bUI r

r x x x

r WKLFL lDIK wUB r

r[ x CH r

pdA CH r + wUB VA r  VA rWOL

r\ [
[ [

 VA sL VU UM VFJL dL sL XLK *

q(
 dF xwKJ VA r  VAK wKJ sL
UM x [

wUB r WdF bF  VAK wKJ r vK UMKB UM sOIU sOUL qWO k

.UNU{ CH WOL U r
W??? X?U? w?U? W?O?K?_ W??M v CH W lL UMS c U WOKL w d
. CH
x wUB r wKJ r S

wUB r

CH +

wKJ r

wKJ v wUB r W

wUB v wKJ r W

wUB v CH r W

wKJ v CH r W

U
W?? [ w?K?F?H? w?U?B? r??? X?L?K? U? WFD
qLF  VA r b
CH

q(
\ x \

UA
pKGA w uGAL iF WKLFL UA_ lDI b qLF r

b WK

WO UF U UD ` U l{
ldL dL sL WOA u_ WU WdFL UA_ U -
wUB r v Wu WM CH WOL UC -
tU bF wKJ r v CHK WuL WM UC -
uGAL qLF  wKJ wUB VA r sO dH U
UcOHM q
U WFD
qLF  VA WOL WdF pMJL nO

UA_ qOBH

b

q?O?B?H? W?O?KL d V pc WHK WO

Q u qJ vK WFMBL WOFOD UA_ du
b?F? q?O?B?H?? W?O?K?L r u_ c s VUM qJA uGAL cOHM WuKDL lDI vK uBK
UcOHM dL lDIU WU Uud b
qOBH WOKL d bM WO UEL U sOF cR
WuKDL b_ WO
_U UdOC UNB
dL lDI sO b qL
WOHB `L dAM UOKL d qOBH WOKL UM U UC
WOFOD u_U WUL WOHB UNuD ` UOKL UNOK d WFMBL u_ s uQL lDI
UNOK bUFL UU dF UO_ u UU u_ hI YO UA_ UO U vd
.WFMBL u_ qOBH bM WU
YO gbU UID VA u s WO UUOIU sOFDI qOBH U S

r /dF

r /uD

. `{uL qJAU uK s hI qBH UNS

lODI q
qOBH WOKL UM u_ h

W?O? UU?L? iF? UL? sJ?L Y?O

WOFOD u_ w oIA bI sU UNHK

nOUJ sL iH p WMJL WOL q

CH uJ YO WUML WO
_U UA_ u UO
u?J? dAI UJUuHU WKL?
 W?U WFMBL u_ w dF UO_ qJ WE
WO UJ_ w kUL dEML WuI qJA WIUM

r[ x [

U
r?d? v?K? W??{u?L? U?F_ qJAU U

q?L? d
dLOMU UF_
uKDL

WK ULFU WFL lDI Q ULK qOBH WOKL d

d r uD? duL? u_ cU U? dI

r[ pL r

V?F?J?L? d??L? s?L? U? ? V?A?? sL U

UM

q(
w b qLF uI qOBH WOKLF b q

bF

r pL

r dF

r uD

UO

WOuD lDI

WOuD lDI

d? W?O?U? WLOI c wUB lDI pL s r[ b?I?L? be uK pL kL s

WOHB `L WOKL

dO nOEM WOKL v U uD _UdI r[ W?KOK

Ue lDI hI uDK WMU U
U?dI r[ b?I?L? d?F? be pc vK lDI dA WU
dAM bF Vu ` WOKL d
qJA k uK d s lD
vK uB UMMJL tS pc
b? WFD
UOI lD
v?K? uB sJLO uK uD WMU U
UOI

r[ [ x

r[ [ x

C r uK s vI

r[ x [

r [ [ x
r [ x
r[ =

C r [ uK s vI
YU uK s hI

wU uK s cR

r[ [ x

 VA u uJ cN
r [
U WOLJ c
[

r x [
r[ x [

[
[

r[ x [

[ [

[ [ x x

 VA sL
UM

x [

U
UID VA s UNKL d dLOMU W{uL UF_U j WU sO qJA
rU UF_ gbU
r x uK UO

.r pL
U??e?? w??d??? U?? l??L? ? W?U?D? e?
WUML
uKDL
W?? l?D?I?K? q?O?B?H WOKL d -
.qJA cN U qLF
 VA WOL U -
UM VFJL dL sL U u_VA sL U
UD c qLF  wUB VA WOL r U

q(
u_ vK qOBH WOKLF uI r W lDI b rOEM uI

uD

UO

uKF tu

Vu

W{UF

dF

bF

w VA WOL ] qOBH WOKL s k

r x uD
r dF
r pL

r x x wKJ rWOLJ

[
UM x [

wKJ sL

wUB VA r
b vK WMOL UF_U V
[

x x x

x x x

x x x

CHK Wu* WM U

b?IL WOUB WOLJ s be qOBH WOKL WO UNOK qB w cOHMK WuKDL VA WOL
WO uD U UMOKF CH cN WuL WM WdF U S WFzUC WOLJ
wKOBH r U
.wUB r U
CH WOL vK UMKB b
uJ dD WOKL dS
oU UL w L

[ UL w WOUB WOLJ [ wKOBH VA WOL UME

[ [ - [ CH WOL S tOK

U UL c w pdA CHK WuL WM uJ

x

[
[

r?
r qGAL w UuMBL sUL iF cOHM UM UNKLF w lDIK b bS r

UN qOBH WOKL dS

b WK

WO UF U UD ` U l{
wKJ r
CHK WuL WM
wUB r
.cOHM w pKNLK wUB r WdFL wKJ r v Wu WM CH WOL UC
wKJ r CH W wUB r

dLOMU UF_ rKF l w b vK WMOL bu

 VA u sL r V
UM VFJL dL sL

bF

pL

dF

uD

u?K pL rKF l Wb UUOIU UID VA s u sL V

UM VFJL dL dF r

bu WK
WO WObMN ULL UDL sO dH U
{_ u dML t

sOFL {_ u

wUd uAML VFJL

dL dN

s q
>  r U UF uUI d
.dJ

. uAML

.dL

.dN

r tbU
jO r tUH d r V

r?K?F l qJA w sOL ? r?L r V

.dLMU UF_

UNzd bM UA_ u sL U w WFL WIdD wU

UU du w bu iO_ VA u pL u U

WMOF uGA cOHM W UA_ UOL U w WFL dD d
WJKNL pdA CH WOLJ WuL WM vK uB pMJL nO
. uGALK qOBH WOKL d bM U sOF Uc V UE fL V
.qOBH WOKL cOHM b q
bS UOI V c b UHu wU
Q U?L?K? WFMBL UA_ s b vK WMO??L? W?O? lDI dOC qOBH WOKLF r

lDI lOLK bu pL r uK UO

bF

r dF

r uD

wKLF Vb

bu

UM

WbI
U??M? U?G? w? q?L?F??? w?? W?U iF vK WUMB rK U w VUD ee XdF
c? v?K? U?c?O?H?M? s?J?L? w?? WHKL UOKLF pc tHO WMO U q e vK XdF WHKL
V UuMBL WUMB vK XKB w dOJ WKIM XE p b UL b vK q UM UL
UMO UL c u
WO b_ oOI vK tK U U
bu c oOD bF uJ s l
u VUD ee
qLFK UeON WOHB `L dAM UM U b
dC XC
ULK UM UL cN WFUI b b
UMO UL cN W WUOB UL d
UMO UL c ULF bM W s_ d oOD
UMO UL cN s `OB ULF

UNOL_ WOU UN{dF U qJA UMOULK WO U

UHCH dO qLF U b
WMO U qJ tO
u WOD_ ULF
eK bM n_ _ w
UULJ UEM f
dLU nOE UNDO UMO UL vK tEUL
WUOB  b bM wzUdNJ UO qB
t d WU w w UU WMO UL j{ b
rKFL d S WMO UL ULF b
dO lD
ULF bM dOGU WUF  uF rbI
ZML ULOKF V UMO ULK t WUO
qLFU b q
UM jH UN qOGA
W d s n
u v UNU UE qLF s UN u tM UL UI
ZML u lHd qLF UU wJ w dL uB sO UJ b vK WEUL
U?N?U?L?F?? s? U?D?I? U?NM bM t WODG uKUM UA s UD u vK WEUL
UNUO UNOe bF p
oOD bO v UM UO VUD ee bF
VUG w UNULF VOd V UMO ULU VUD ee bM

_ u_
:Circular sawtOMOBlOd UAM
w tb qLF sJL t YO t tKGA w UM wMNL tKLF U r s UAML c bF
U? w? p?c? W?F?M?B?L? U?A?_ s WuMBL uGAL WU uGAL UG_ iF
dO dOWOFOD UA oO
b rOIL dAM

WOL WOU W d

WE
W d UNHzU W dLWOKb WOUWMO UL e dFU rKFL uI
.UNULF dOUML pc wKLF oOD q

l tULFU WU WdFL q

tULF uD sL UAML UN b w WOUF WdK dE
tULF u W s_ d oO
b oOD
tULFU WU WdFL bF UAML ULF b
d X UAML UM Ue pd UUIL j{ b
qLF uM UAML WUM s b Q
lDI dA bM pc WU lb WFD
ULF l UAML wuD dAM W sO bO ddL b
dF WKOK

rK s be YO UdA dL WFDI u  d j{

_ w
UULJ UEM l{ sOUML c qLF U b
tDO UAML vK U UA X lI b C lD
d b
UM VA WFD
WeU pc U_ WOD l{ ULF UAML WeU s b Q
ULqd vK WJOL lDI dA
UF sOe ULF b l Ue b UAML ULF b
WIeML WOU WdF ULF l dOJ lDI dA bM bUL VK
tJL VA WB tUM Wd dAM WOKL sJ dU UNHK fO t VU u
u
UAML qOGA q
VUM l{u W WOD u s b Q
qLF UN bF tUI s b Q uBI Wd tuK bF UAML vK qLF uJ

lUI b( b sdL r

sdL r

qLF uD
.UAML VU W d Wd vK UNF{ WUOBK W bF dOC WbONL uD
c? q?L?FK tUM tb s b Q bF WMO UL vK tO d dL bb UAMLqBM dOC
tDu cHMO
WMO UL s wzUdNJ UO lD

qBM UJ jO pc U
uFL UA_ UAM s WMO UL jO `D nOEM
qBM b UNF s b w W WOD l
s? n?K??? XO WKO W qJ YO Wx duL XO WKO WDu b u XO
d_

VUML UHLU UAML UU p UAMLK WL WuUB p

d{Q? V?? U?HL? XKH?M v? c? qJ? pH u?J U?AM?L U?U? n

ULNCF s ULNKB pH UL bF t WL WuUB rbI qBM l
U?N?H?OEM bF WUML tOHOJ UJL w WuUB b tUJ tF bbU rbI qBM b
bA bI UM_ U WE l UG UAM s UNUJ
UNM U v W WOD l uL XO WKO e
U? _ U???? U??U? n?
U?d?N?J? q?Ou bF WMO UL qG
U??G?L? q??
t?H?O?
u? b?F? W??? `?D? u??? X?? U?A?M?L? i?H?
l?U?I? b?? q? P? U?N?M? b? U_ p dP rbI qBM bQ VUD ee XL
bF
sJL w UOKLF iF pO aU UL u pc cOHM dL qLF uM t b
UAML vK UcOHM
U vK b cU dAM U u WFMBL WOFOD UA w{dF wuD dAM

wuD dAMK qLF uD

dAM W X UU tM UL dD vK duL Zb vK UI WFDIK uKDL dF b
tUL wuD
WMO UL qOGA q
pb duL dLU UOI W s b Q
X?
u? w? U?N?U?L?F?? u?u? s?J? r? VUML UJL w UNF{ tU lb WFD
dC
VUML
pL s rK s be vK VA pL UAML qB UH WUM s b Q

W??? d U?O?d? d?A?M? W?O?K?L?F?b? V?U?M?L? U?J?L?U? u?

u? b?F? W?M?O? U?L qOGA r

uAML WFDI pL VA W lb Wd sO WuLU
WKuD lDI dA bM bU s dC
uKDL bF vK uBK dAM WOKL d
W d dAM U s bOF U qU vK uAML lDI l{

w{dF dAM uD
qLFK WOU uD  l tOK dOG UOu dA c VA  fHM w{dF dAM uJ b

bu UOI UO{d WKu UA dA WOHO

u?_U b??? w{dF dAM W vK UeON dL WFDI lDIK VUML uD bb r

sOd s WFDI dAM `BM WHK  u UM U

W??M? O? U?L? q?O?G?A? q??
U?O?I? W?
t?M? U?L? W?e?U? s? b? Q?
UAMLK VUML UH s b Q
UAML qOGA bF WUM Wd w{dF dAM We UMOF VA d
c tLJ tOMOB s uAML WFDI bF
dAM bF ULA WOUM UU
OK
WOIL VA WFD
V q
nK v WOU We ld
d tFDI `KB b
w
V??U??M? L?  X??
u??U? u?D? d?O?G? l? W?O?K?L?F? d?J?? r?

d_ qOBH UOKL lU r WU b wMN qJA UNF{ WMO UL s bOF WML lDI qI
e UND UF uDU WU W q sJ u d s UNOK WEULK p dU

q?L?F??? u?DU WU dOB

lD
dA bM -
s? U?N??? bF uDK bL WOuD We
WKU
dOG WOuD Ue w UAML b u
uDK bL UNOK VA WFD
l{u V
.UAML u vK uJ vK

sOe ULFU bu UOI dOB

UA dA WOHO

r?O?I??? q?O?J?A? sOK d Wdz WFd U qL qzUL rzUI dAM UOKL cOHM
uB iF l p uD pO WuK lD
qL WOUJ l UOMML dAM `KB YO

UAML WKB qOOL bF p r qzUL dAM

dF UH j{ WuKDL We vK
. wuD dAM uD U r uKDL

OL UA dA WOHO

b?F? U??L? q?L? r? U??q? q?L?

U?A?M?L? UHU uKDL dL oL j{
uKDL bIU wuD dAM W pd r
dF vK uBK
W?F?D
XO uI Wdz U qL WU w
U?U OL wuD dAM W b VA
u?J?O? o?L?F? U? uKDL dL dF
Wdz uK U qL

qBM UHU

b UAML UHU tUH WOuD We bF nJ u jC r b  UOKL U

sOe b bUL
UAML UHU tJL WOuD We bF dH d jC WOKLF c r dH UOKL
dF UAML UH pL bIL tOuD We jC bze CH lDI tOKLF fJF r
dH

w? q?L?F??? w?? u?A?? q?O?B?H? q?L?

`J UOKL w UL r u_

WOA uA jO ` WOHOJ

b?M? U?A?M?L? vK V d w pc WU We ULFU p r WHK U vK dAM

w{dF dAM We qLF r WU

WHK U vK UA_ dA

tOMOB UAM vK dz d qL
qLF uD
uKDL UOI s OK
Ue UNKOGA dL VA WFD
dOC
UAMLK W dL tOU tdF XO

UNF tO UAML UL U
R WL W dL WUD vK lMBL VA s u l{
t u X tOMOB UAM iH
t?M? b?F?? U?A?ML e d UL u cL uK vK Ue d s Udb dL qLF WFD
XO
dDI nB WU
v UOb cJ WcGK VUM bI UAML l l bOU tFDI db b UAML qOGA
p?? s?J?O? w?KdL dAM rO UAML b U?? U?F db uJ vK ?U? db r
WIzU WUMF Udb UJ tLJ tFDI
d?F?I? b?? d? W?U?N?M? t?F?D?
v?K qB UAML e d s zU tFDI e d U
s? n?K??? d?O? UOKL UL cOHM WOUJ l lOd UAM vK cHM w UOKLF s UL c
duL UAML u d V d v wMN

wU u_
Band saw) q( UAM UOU

WU UG_ iF w tM qb YO qGAL w UM b U r s UC UAML c dF

r?? ? ?
q?? W?? H? ?O? ? t?? U?? ? ?
v?? K? ? X?? d?? F? ? b??
u??
_ d??zb?? U??L? w??
pc t dr
q WHO UAML U
dFU rKFL uI

WOL WOU Udc W d

b?O uM ZK?H UIIA s uK? ?F vK `OB qJAU jdA l{ s b
qLF uM VUM
CH bF s UHOE UNDO WMO UL WU vK WEUL
W{UHC dO WUM qL f b
p `{ UOMML dA bM WU dAM WOKL UM nK v WA V U
U qJA vK qLF UM UULJ t UE b
qLF uM VUML jdA UAML UO
lDIL WO uDWdzb lDI dA bM WUML tuKAtFD ULF
dAM WOKL UL bF tUI s b Q uBI Wd tu bF UAML vK qLF b
p? q?K?U?A?M?L VU u
uU UL b l qLF UM UAML nK u
u
WeU WUFU pL WKOK
lDI dA bM WU lb WFD
ULF

q( UAM WMOU* UAM* jdAlUI b( b sdL r

sdL r

tOK cOHM dL qLF uM rz s ZOKH b bb jd UAM tbL uL

qLF uD

jdA dOG QON w q WMO U

t?M?O? U?L? s? w?zU?d?N?J? U?O?? lD

W??U??
u?? U??_ W??O?D? `??
uD V WHK r
u?u U rbI jdA e uKDL bIU UOKF UD iH
t WUOB d sO VUM UJ w tEH UNLKF o w nK
.dC wJ U{ tIK l UJ w bb jdA `
U uJ vK UM_ U WE l sOUD vK hBL UJL w bb jdA l{
v?K? U?D?L? l?D?
U?A?M?L?K? Z?O?K?H?? v?K? U?H??K? W?L?O?I??L UD w s oL bIL
ZOKHK UBOB uJL uM s XU UD vK tFOL UD

b?M? j?d?A? W d U vK U??U?M? b?A? u?J YO UNUJ v? t?u?K?F? UD UU r

dLM nB WU UOU tOK jGC
.rOK UAML s b QK bOU UAML pd -
nB s be bF WOHK tOKO uJ vK jdAU tDOL qO b b j{
rK b v nB s UOU dLM

UAML dOG bM UND{ V w b b

U?J?S? U?N??O???? U?N?M? U? v? W??? W?U?

u?? t?O?D? U?S? r?

W??U?M?F? l? U?d?N?J? q?O?u? b?F? t?M? U?L? q?O?G?A?? r?

t????? w?b? U??U? u?
u? c??
q?L?F? b? r? j?d?A?K? ? j??C? q?b?FU r

p?? U?? G? ? q?? ? ?
W?? M? ? U?? L?  n??

w?K?L?F? o?O??D?? b?M? ?D?K? W?M? W?L?OK tH

u
qJA w UL bUALK

wKL oODq( UAM ULF sdL r

sdL r

.t?O?K? w?K?L? o?O??D? d? q??

U?NIOD UAML cN t d UFO V

q(jdA UAM vK cHM w UOKLF

l qJA wdJ UUMJ UG w qLF
.UM Ue ULFU p r U vK UO{d

UOu WFMBL WOFOD UA_ dA

.WOuD dAM W ULFU uJ q UAM vK dI U sOK qL

UAML q wuD dAM

U?F???? d? q?J?A? d?A?M? r?? V?A vK o rOKF WU UuK V rOI dO dA
FtudL uD
u????M?? U??L? w?? U??O??M????M?? u??
d??A??
U???M?? U?L?? w?p??O?U??? u??U?M???
w? U??? qL? u?
_ d?A?M? W?H?K???L?
r UI? bF Uu?K o WL?OI? UA_
w?w?u?D d?A?M? We? t?U?F?U? o?O?D??
WbO UH? ULF s? b WIU? UG_
ULF bF UA_ eON UN d
.q UAM
o? U?M? UL w ULF UUO CH s hOd wFOD VA s sOU qL
WU UuK
W?O?K?L? q??
U?A?_ i?F?? w?zb?? e?O?N??
Wd

WdL dHA UJ qL VA e d bb

oOD
e?K? b?M? tU lb WFD
ULF l qOb wuD dAM We tUFU wuD dAM r
w?uD dAM We UMO UL iF w du tO{d dA We tUFU w{dF dAM r
oO
b dO dAM w p UA_ vK UI l{u UF l
UOMML uD vK U b v WuL uJ bU dA qL WFDI rOKF bF UOMML dA r
qBHM Y?O vMML dAM r UOMML c uD s bOF rK W?UL wNM UdA dL
Wd b UAMLK vMO UU CH lDI

UOMML dA

W?? U?? U?? H? ?u?? L? ? l?? D?

q??L? W??U?? w??
W?? J? ?O? ?L? ? t?? F? D?
d??C? ? p??L? ?  W??K? O? K?

b?? v?? d?H? r? u?K?D?L? V?? q?J?A?

u?? U??L? U??U??L? W??N? U??A? ? u?J? Y?O? l?D?

v?K? l?{u? w??l??D?l?D?I iF U

VMJ U
rOI dOG dAM

l?L?? U?A?M? u?I? v?K? t?M? U?L? c? v?K cHM w UL_ s UHDI c VUD ee bF
UL c w pUuKF U d WMO UL c vK cHM UL s bb UuKF

WHK U{ w q UAM ULF WOHO

YU u_
Planer ud Wu `* WMOU UU

UNb sI qJA UOKLF pK r YO UNu? UA_ ` qzU r s udWM U bF

w? W? d rQ d? c e q W?HO W?HK?L ud e? vK V?UD ee? XdF b?F
w WOL WUMB rK w UNdF
sO UJ l{ W U_ UD u s b Q
dU qLF u u sbO d b U
WIO
d UA_ ` bM WU VA WFD
qLF
U dO bI uJ WMO ULK d_ VU vK n

b d dO oLF VA ` U

WLzUI vK UND{ l WMO UL qOGA q
VA d bIL WOI_ We pd
oMF WD WOuJ qO UM f b t UL Q UHC dO VUM U b
qLF bM UULJ UEM _ w
l{
p qKU u w WU `LU b q
uBI Wd W uK s b Q
qLF UM W UDG uL w
U WODG tO UL bIU We pd
UNM WObFL WU Vzu W s UuK s b Q bF WFDIK dFIL d_ tu `L b
pL r dF d ` r
v?K? u?? U?? jHM s ?O?K?
l{
U?? M? ? V?? A? ?? ? e?? q?? O? ?N? ?? ??  t????? 
i?F? w? U?? X?e? l?{ l?M?L`L
UL Ud `L UOKL
r s UNu qI w lDI `L
b? b?M? U??G? s? U?N?E?H?? W?M?O? U?L? W?O?DG
UM ud WM UL WOHK WOU_ U l{ `O{u
qLF

UNLOA UNOe bF UNULF

dHAlUI b( b sdL r

sdL r

.sdLK W bF dOC

sO UJ j{ UN ULF l udK u

qLF uD
tM UL s wzUdNJ UO qB
W WOD WOM UU tLzUI We l
tMO UL r uL sO VA s sOH WDu sO UJ u XO
v?K? q?LF bA WOKL YO sOJK XL UDGK tL wd bA p v_ dHA e
p? u??L w sOJ UDGK U nu UU wd WOd X c UDG WOd
VUML UHLU
s??O? U?J?? w?
U? p? W?F?U??
VO dK UeON UNOD sO UJ UJ nOEM

s? U?zU?p?c? U?? n?u??? w? U?DG sOJ XO r wA sOHU uL XO
rK s be sOJ d UH uJ YO wd b WOKL w U UU nBML
dJ uKF r
d U jC UN WDu WOU_ t s wKJ UH j{ UDG s
sO UJ lOL
U?J? w? tKH l{u Ude s sOUJ iF bu
VOd jC WOKL UM eK bM sOJ l qON U
uKFL r
dU jC UN ULF l sO UJ w
U VO d WOKL dJ
U_ WOD pc UNUJ We U
WOHK t vK VUM dF Wu VA WFD
ULF sJL jC UN u cF
X?O??? f?H?M? s?O? UJ w
U tOKLF dJ l XO VO d bM lUI bK UL qLF
d q uL
r uD r UNFDI Wu VA WFD
l{u tU c w qLF W
s b Q sJL
s O  F s O W  U   u J  W e  W b U  v K t F DI  c v K W  l { s O  v K
U?? vK? b?b ? l?C V?A? W?F?D
b? s?OJ?? d? Y?O? bO?U? u?L? db?
v_ WDIM
tOA WFDI W d bI k VOd fHM uL db _ UNUJ v tFDI U
wU sOJ W d qFH
t?
b? u?J? d? q?J? t?O??A?? W?F?D?I? W? d? w? d?H? W?E? sO UJ w
U tOKLF dJ
dL lOL w WOA tFDI W d U

WMOU* c vK cHM w UOKLF

w? UOKLF r s dF Wu `L -
l??? p? c?O?H?M?? W?M?O? U?L? c? vK d
WO uD
Ub UNze bIH qLFK WMO UL dOC
U_ UD We l{ lUI
U?u?K? s? b? Q VA WFD
dOC
bFL vB WU VzuA s

UN r r tFDI fHM `L WOKL UF

v_ dL w UNu

bI j{ bF dFIL idF tuU b

tMO UL qOGA WcG

tu oUD l p r tFDI d `

tLzUI vK WuCL We vK uLL

b dL tu r r dK `L U

WFDIK X uJ WKuD lDI w bU s UC
q?O?N??? p? W?U? W?D?u? t? q?L?F? q??
u?? U?L t t ` sJL
u _ fJ UL w qLF w UA p uJ `L UM tA W d
tKD WI uL pUL s nFC

U?N?ULF sO UND WHKL UMO UL UL_ UF dO VUM qJA lDI VOd
td w
d_ tFDI s WN dJ wze `L p UD qQ tuJ UA qL
o V
WFKC v lDIL WFdL lDI qu uKDL V We qOOL p VAK U qL -
qJA w UL

wbU WObM lUI qLF We qOOL bF VA `

ld u_
Thickness machie UHWOHB `* WMOU UF
V?UD ee pO ud WMO U vK UNu UN bF UA_ WOHB WMO UL c qLF
.WOL W s_ d
e q WHO tMUL e dFU rKFL uI
U?N?K?O?G?A? q??
q?L?F?K? W?M?O UL WeU s b Q
r s UNu qI w dOBI lDI `L
w WOHB `L WOKL qON t vK u iF l{ l UAM d W nE
.UO_ iF
d X qLF UM UH q dEM
. U?L?u?? v?K? f?O? w?u?? v?K? V?A qb UH bM WOU pH
sJ
ud vK UNd UN ` bF UH vK UA_ `L
WKu UA_ uJ UbM bU s dC
teU vK d uH nO
u vK bO dF
U??H?  v??K? q??L? F? q??
U?A?M? j?H? U?N? q?O?G?A?? r?

bu uAK rK s be vK uIFL bIU WcG sJ

lDI 5UJ qb sdL r

sdL r

qLF uD
WMO UL s wzUdNJ UO qB -
WU
u WOD l -
tDI vK w sOJ uJ vK UH r l wA sOH WDu uL XO -

`L UOKBH d lD

udU VAK
V UKWuD
`L bF VA

VA l WuD
W

sO UJ WcG u

sO UJ u
UH WM UL w{d lDI

b?F? u?d? w? U?L? _ s?OJ pH b -

nBML s UzU X bbU b te
ULFU wd b WOKL w U UU
U?N? s nK c U jC UN
ud j{

.t sOJ vK jGCOO tK wd bA vK v d sOJ l sOH iF UM ***

sOUJ w
U tOKLF d -

W WOD l tbL sO UJ W -

v_ WKuK W wb UU u
u l tM UL qGA -
UM{dF bF UHK WFUI b bU UML
bF VUD ee cJ
UNOK r w UOKLF pO UHK W d

UA WOHB sdL r

sdL r

qLF uD
WcG bI UBIM VA pL vK UH j{ eON -
eK bM t vK u s w l{ -
UM jH UN qOGA -
W?d?? m?K?? v?? U?E?? W?M?O? U?L? q?O?G?A? -
WuKDL
V?A?? U?S? b?? W?MO UL VU u
u -
t?u?M V Ud o UL wu vK
v uLL tu uJ UNOHB dL lDI
v? U?? t?u? U?H? W? vK qH
vK

U?M?? u?IO UH nK h nI V -

WU qu vK UNF{ UA_

uKDL pL vK jC bF WUML WcG bIL t l bF d d dJ U -

dJ bM UUL WuL dOG WN ` sJL -

bu WFDIK `L WOKL

tuK tuJ lD qL
tuKA tuK tuJ VA WD
qL bF p WMO UL c vK tuJ WOA lD
qL sJL
s? d?? _ l??? dF tuKA qL sJL UNKL uKDL WuKL tFDI w UOI d bIL tF
X?O???? t?u?K??A? W?UN Wb vK tO{d VA WAO XO bF p WKLU `J WOKL r v tFD

`J `L WOKL UM VA

pL tuKAK pL d uL bIL UH W j{ tuKA vK lDI l{u `L WOKL r
WcG bI UBIM UNK dL tFDI qd
uKD u UL tFDI VK r v WUML WcGK t l l dJ `L WOKL r
w? W?u?KF WN s tuKA s U?J?L? q?
_ W?N vK WuKL tFDI w dIM uJ vd
t VFB UOMN

d{ UNJ V

U qJA UMOULK tb WUOB

WU rOA s U rOA W dL e_ XOe
dLU UNDO WMO UL WUE vK tEUL
d?C? X?C??
U?L?K? s?O? U?J?? d?OOG
W?M?O? U?L? n?
u? s? b? Q?? q?L?F? s UN bF W UD l{
UNULF b bM p UAU WMO UL WODG

U?N?U?H? u? t?K?d?L c w p dIL WU UMOUL p UM{dF bF VUD ee cJ

WU{ U?F? U p sOU UNULF bM .U?N?U?d Vu W d WHK L UNULF
b pc WHK L UMOUL vK UNIOD UcOHM sJL bu c w dc r UOKL UuKF
oOuU p sO UMOUL vK

bu

UM vK WOKL UIOD

WB dI* Xu

jzU sdL r

sdL r

sdL b
qOBH WLzU UA_ lDI WIOb UUOI d WId VUD dF
WKAUAM dI UAM UH ud vK qLFU WIU bu w
VUD tLKFU oOD
UD_ s WUu W  qzU d U c vK qLFK WOB dD U
wK UL UOKLFK b UO UL WK u sdL cOHM
Wu `L ud
pL WOHB UH
dI UAM
WIOb UUOI o
w{dF lDI wuD lDI -
dH qL -
.dL qL -
UA_ qOu w
dG b
UD_ Ue WdG bF uGAL j{ w
UOI jC b
UUb b UbK dOC

 ULF
n tO?K l{u WHK sU w
X UL? UdO uNI UA w tOK l{u a?DL w
X
UdO

WuKD* u*
b x x rK UF bu VA
b x x
b x x
b x x

rK dOU

d?M?O d U dK U r d?O? U? iO d rU d sA d
UFK wd b WObF U

W
b* _ bF
WbO bF bM
UH ud dI UAM WKA UAM v W
U{U
vK qLF bM W  s _ ULOKF Ud V c

qLF uD
rK wK UL o
dL rdK UI
WIOb UUOIU WuKDL UA_ WLzU dOC
UO

VA u

pL

dF

uD

rd

Vu

bu

uK

bu

wKH

bu

dN

dOU

q UAM bU lODI WOHB ` s WLzUI o

WuKDL UA_ dOC
WOMOB UAM UH ud
UL UJ Vu lD rOKF
ULb qO _U bO mdH WOMOB UAM bU UL qL

 + + ruD

bU nOEM WKA q UAM W bU dAM Vu lD w

uI OL rOKF
rUM sA dL WbO UH
W? w?K?H?? d? u?K?F? d? rOKF
WLBH bze e_
w?
r?K? d?? r?K? o?L?F? d?
q?L?
n??K? ?  s?? W??O? K? H? ? W?u?K?F? u?
d?
Vu w
dH qL pc qb
W? b???U? s?O?d??L? s?O? q?b? s?
dI WOMOBUAM

 rUM sA d uU Wd U F s lDI nOEM

WdGK dOC
U jdL d wJ l{u WOA lD r s d uD jd

WdG Ud
iO d
ULU OK WKK UL WFD
UO d WLzU W
UD_ Ue j{ jdL WDu sdL lOL UL w
dG l{u sdL WdG
UL WFD id qO bU bze dG nOEM
rOFM Wd oOb UOI YO s dNEK dOU
WFD dOC n v sdL d

 r dO ULU dOUH dNE XO

nK s wd bU WObFL UF XO
UbK dOC
b uI WMF
rUM d uU Wd
bO uBF dUH ULU WKK WHOE UL WFDI sdL `
U UH bF bO rUM uU Wd

Ub
d U dK bU fOQ
UIU bL b rUM uU Wd
u b UbK bFL cL dU Ub

sdL WUN

WB dI* Xu

UMuL sdL r

sdL r

sdL b
rd o
lODI WLzU UA WIOb UUOIU WLzU dOC VUD lOD -
sdL w
u qL uD VUD oD -
U UK WK
wA UL WMA dOuU UA_ qOu
U qL w
dUE nB dUE _ WK
uA U
w
q l U dI WK
WK q qLF WUML W U bO qLFK W
U{U VUD b -
tUJ w
U lOu s VUD sJL -
U
b j{ BHL VOd s VUD sJL -

WE

db pc w UL u vI vK UA s bM d

u u U o
sdL UUO w
dOG qGAL rKFL sJL
UUM d UL bUI tu UUN

ULF
b sdL c b sJL UL dd VU l{u WOBA d_ kH UMu uJ qLF
.UHK WU

W
b* _ bF
wU UIML ud UH dI UAM WKA UAM v W
U{U WbO bF rEF

WU uKD* Xu
WuKD* u*
lODI WLzU o
bu VA -
lODI WLzU o
dOU
-
dMO d U dK U iO d -
rU sA d -
b iUI -
r jd BH -
wd wd -
r rK WOA dOu -
r dO U -

ULOKF U U c pOK pc WOzUdNJ vK qLF WbO bF b X t

F s
dO WUu W
 s
_

 qLF uD
l? r?K? w?KUL o
dL rd o
WIOb UUOIU WuKDL UA_ WLzU dOC -
w?
r?K? o?L?F? d?? u? U?d
WOKH WuKF

qOBHWLzU b
UO

WOKH WuK

Vu

VA u

pL

dF

uD

rd

bu

bu

U qH W{U

bu

U t

bu

U Vu

bu

U nK

bu

U qH gO

bu

UMuLJ dN

dOU

U U

dOU

U
UOu

bu

W
WOu

bu

U
UO

bu

U
b uA

bu dA fK fUF /bu

V?M?? ? U b bu VA u lOL p lODI WLzU o

UA_ dOC
d
uL UA_ o
uKDL dF vK uBK VUML
dI UAM UH ud bU lODI WLzU o
UA_ WOHB `
bU U F o
qb s rK oLF d qL WOKH WMuLJ t WuKF rOKF
VUML qO _U nOEM WOMOB UAM

WLBH bze W UNLOKF U qH W{UF dOC

WdG sdL lL dOC U qH W{UF Vu WOKH WuKF nOEM Wd

U UL n v sdL d UOI dL UD_ j{ WeU jC sdL qJO WdG

b?IL bU rK U?dD WAd rK o?L?F VI dOu WOA dO UL UJ rOKF

W{UF XO Vu w
pc qH_ tu w
WUL Ue WOA dOu XO wzUdNJ
U qH
r dO ULU tO uKDL UOI o
WMuLJK dOUH dNE dOC

mdH dAM Vu U w

_ rOKF

 mdH dAM WU nK tu U w

_ rOKF
dI UAM W bU U Vu t w
dL qL

8
6

Ue j{ l dGU U lOL nK tu Vu qb s U lD Wd

UD_
dO ULU tO U U eON
Ue rOFM UH U s U nOEM

U UNOK dOO Vu vK UNO gO dOC

u?J? Y?O?? d?? u? j??{ p?c? W?uN tUJ w
tu j{ tUJ w
U l{
U
b U sO WKUH UF vK rK pL WOA WFD XO Vu uL tu

U?I?M?L? W? b??U c

U dO dIM qL UOuD w
dIM rOKF U
b qOBH w
qLF
wU

 dI UAM WKA UAML W bU s_ qL s_ rOKF

u?A?? d? qb s UOd UOuD w
rK o?L rK d? d qL
dI UAM W bU

WOKH WuK WO

w
d vML WOu
dO vMLO W
b
BHL lu

W
b w
vMLO WOu
dO

W
b w
d WOu
vMLO

 uKDL UOI o
bu VA uA dOC
pL fUFL VA s
uA uJ sJL WE

bu dAI fK
rK

U??
b?? K?  w??? d??? l??O? L? ?
d?_ n?O?E?M r uA
u??A? ?  n??O?E?M? W?O?K?b?
Wd

W??
b?? w?
v?M?L?O? W?O?u?D? k?
rK U? rK d? dO
dH qL sJL UL UOuD wU s
sO
b UI bM UOuD w
fUFL
. lOL q

 n v UNd jdLU UNFOL U

b WdG -

WUML wd bU q_ XO

wU wKb tu d_ s UNHOEM U
b VdA
W{UF WOu w
rK oL nBM bIL dO WOuD w
qb s vMLO W
b w
d
qL
UIU qLF r rK d pL nB bILU tu s dO W
bK vMLO
U qb s UNHOEM U
b Wd
U
b vK BHL XO
UNUJ w
U
b XO

UUIK WUML UU U
b j{
UbK dOC
WUML UuFLU uI `D WMF
rUM sA uU Wd
U UL n v td dUH ULU WKK UL WFDI sdL `
rUM uU Wd
Ub
U UL n v sdL d d U pc dCL dK UL Ub
UIU qLFL rUM uU Wd
d b d UL Ub
U U
bK iUIL VOd

sdL WUN

V WetJ
sdL r

sdL r
WB hB( b

ULF
u?U?? U?N l{ sJL UL WOUe U{dFL iF VJ UHKLK We c qLF
w?d? WDu UNM b lL UNL dOJ sJL UL uKDL V UUIL dOOG UNOK ueHK
ULLL u w
UNOK X
dF w lL

WuKD* u*
WOFOD dAI 5
O*U fK
MDF lMB
VA
dLMU UUOI
b pL d u
x [ x x Vu
x [ x [ x [ WO{d bu
x [ x [ x [ Wd u

x [ x x [ qOM WFD
x [ x x U

x [ x x dNEK XOe
VAUOU
r wd tu u pO dUU
dNEKr d?O U b? t?KOD q pO l b? u
dK wM pO l
x x U U
b w U _ qOMK pO U b wD l s wd r
b?? u?? b??U? U?e?K? u? n?B? ?B?H? b?? t?U? u? n?B? ?B?H? x [
.VA BHL [wd tF

WKLF* bF
Wb UMOU uL bI wI
bI d_ fOK WMOU WOMOB lOd UAM WU UMOU
s pH

wb UH gu WA Ub qb qLF UH p d nOEM Wb b

U rK W d uU WdD s

WOMN* W

WbO bF pc UNULFU WDOL W  d lOL Ud l WU UMOUL ULF V
lUB
. D b V sze b V WuKDL WOLJK W  VA u UC bF

qLF uD
uD r u bu dF WOMOB UAM vK UNBI qJONK W  WOA lDI dOC
Ud l vK qB YO uK
UOI w
jO dOG wuD dAM q uK s qOM d WOUJ UM

. oU b w
sOL uKDL UOI vK UNFOd U
b dOC

 uKDL UOI V qOM lD dOC

lDI uD b WN s tFMBL UA p d fOK

rd w
UL b d WOIL W d_ fOK r tHOEM U
bK wKH d fOK

WbO UH nOEM Q tKL UA_ d nOEM

b b w
u_ V d fKL VA s u
d r buI r Vu lD h
dB_U
u_U
rK pLrK dF WFDI u vK dNEK WJL wM d

h dH bF UAML l
d p dH bF wIL dF fH vK We qJ bu l h
buI w
Ue

[ b w
bL V sOOIL sO
d d h

uI ed rOKF rd vK WMOL UUOI V Vu vK WF_ buI ed rOKF
V UNAu rK UdD WAd c
U VI UNI nK s U _ s r bF vK
qKsON s gu `BM s_ wd

r? o?LF rK [ U?d?D? W?A?d? U?N??I WF_ buI vK uI ed q rOKF

U UL Vu w
UL nK s r U _ s r VI ed bF

s? s?O??F?? u?J? U?N?O UUM W  lD l{ WdL u

d UJ sU rOKF
nK s bF fH vK nK s WF qb vr bF vK U _
t?F? U?b? U? _ s? bUL WOJO UeU qH s vKH bUI vK qOM XO
n?K s r w?d?? W?O?H?K?? t?FDI X tJL lOL bF Vu l XOK UM
UND w
YU wd ULA s tK sOLO s rbF wd W w

UNUJ w
u
dK lD XO
WUNM Wb s r bF vK VM qJ sOF Vu WUN w
tFd l XO

.uKL iO_ XMUL s dNEK WFD dOC

.lOL bF UNMU w
u
d l{

 buI l Vu WU s wd WDu qJON lOL -

dO ULU dNE XO Vu l w U _ qOM XO

W{uL UF_ VrK oLFrK UdD WAd BHLK WOA U

b VOI
qJA w

u nB d BH w UNUJ w
BHL XO
hBL UJL w
WJL Vu l BHL XO
UNO b VOI

lOL qOBH UOKLF wO{u r

UNOK iUIL BHL VOd bF UNMU w

Ue U
XO
b rUM d u p UH  tHOEM bF U pO d dJ `BM
WOUJ l W uKF UUOI tJ VODA lOL qOBH WOKL UMON b uJ VUD ee cN
dC bM p tKLFL dA sO L uK tUI pO Ue s_ wd b
ULF sJL uDL V UUOI dOOG bI U U vK te qL sJL VKD
U?L?F?? b?M? UJU uHU fK WFMB UA ULF bM dUE db WOA dO UL
V?I?? Y?O? V?Od WId fHM dbU wd b sJL dAIU WKL WOFOD UA_
U uJ WOA d uI c w
e r wu oLF VUML dDIU buI w
dbK
Vu pL W
U

qLJ r.r?K w?u?? bUI w

db d s be c
U dO VI qb s Vu VI uI
o?? q?L? U
b u
d dNE VOd r Vu buI s q oBK dG WDu lOL WOKL
.Ud

WE

Pcdc.edu.ps luL vK p VJ lOL WOHO `{u w WI dL WdL uB k

j WU sdL r

WB hB) b

sdL r
sdL b

r UOIL sdL jU rd VUD uI

rd o
u w
OL W bb VUD uI
.uKDL qJAK UIUD uJO u tLd c rd o
qLF oOD VUD uI
UA_ jOAI d VUD dF
UH ld dG bU lMBL VA vK pO uH oB lD WId VUD dF
d_ nOEM UJO uH oB bF bze W WId VUD dF

ULF
W UF sU _ VUJL w
W
UOC d w
pc uOC W
d WAOFL W
d w
ju WU qLF
WU Xu.qJA fHM LJ j WU rI lM r YO UuL v qGAL rI rKFLK sJL

WuKD* u*
qOBH WLzU UUO o
bu VA
qOBH WLzU UUO o
tuK lMB VA
tu UO o
WOJO szb UJO u

dMOddK U

b? W?O?JO U UH ld d iO d rU sA U bU u
b q WOJO l WOJO UeK WUM wd

W
b* _ bF
WbO bF bM Uu WbO bF
wU UIML dI UAM UH ud WKA UAML
UJO
uH lD bM WU dI UAM
vK qLF bM bUL l d WA WOu UEM qLF c

qLF uD
r UOIL fUF dOU
vK wU w U jI sdL r

570
30
80

250
500
50

35

35

wQ UL rd o
qOBH WLzU dOC

UO

VA u

pL

rd

wFO VA

WO U WuK W{U

wFO VA

WOKH WO U W{U

wFO VA

WOU WuK W{U

wFO VA

WOKH WOU W{U

wFO VA

lU WOKH u

wFO VA

fUF lMB

tuK jA

wFO VA

tuK jA

wFO VA

tuK

UJO u

wU UIML bU dIM qL rd o

q_ w
dIM UJ rKF

wU UIML W vK dIM qL rd o

WO U _ WOKH WuKF W{UF w
dIM rOKF
n?? d?? WKA UAM W vK s_ qL WO U _ WOKH WuKF uF w
s_ rOKF
wU UIML W vK dIM qL dNE d UAMLU
d??L?U? n?O?E?M?? W?K?A? U?AM vK bze dA WO U _ WuKF uF w
uI qJ rOKF
rUM sA
.r sOOU sOuKF sO{UF sO bF WE

750

40 30

WO U _ WOKH WuKF uF q_ wd lOL

dG uF pc qb s q_ nOEM

s_ n d? WKA UA?M W vK s?_ qL WOK?H WuKF? WOU u?F w

s_ rO?KF
WKA UAM VUML qO _U WuKF W{dF w
s_ sO ju mdH dI UAM vK
dI UAM vK n d WKA UAM vK s_ qL WOKH lU_ w
s_ rOKF

sdLK wKJ qJONK wd lOL

lU_ WOU uF Wd nOEM uF q_ Wd VdA
n v sdL d bze dG nOEM UD_ Ue j{ sdLK qJON WdG

.dI s s lU_ WO U _ WOU uF lOL qL WU w

tu dOC
rK rK lMBL VA s tu lD -
W W vK dAM uKDL UOI o
jAI dOC -

UH bF tu l Wu bze nOEM u_sO

d jOAI -
UH bF tu l Wu bze nOEM Vu sO
d jOAI -

.dFU r uDU r Ue uJ WE l tuK UJO uH dOC -

WMML dG WU
bU WUD t `D UJO uH WFD vK UH ld dG d
-
.oBK teU dG UH dH UG s bOF sOFDI d
.lD - b UdI r pL UdI r d r uD WOA b dOC -
UJO uH WFD UNu
l{u WUD t `D vK WOA bI l{u oBK dG WeU bF -
.d_ lOL s Ue j{
e?J?d? v? sOLO UO UU ju s b?
? d? u?K bu WOA bI V -
.UOK tu vK UJO uH WFD
.WHOE Wu WOA lD bU d_ vK jGCU eOd l UJO uH tu vK jGC -
WHOH W qL l d UHU d nOEM rUM jL dL bU bze W -

1100

20

590

qJON `D Wu nOEM

d w
W?Ad qL? sJL? dG WO?JO? Ue? b?U WU?D qJO? vK t?u XO?
tu

UbK dOC
U UL uI -
UH bF Wd nOEM dUH ULU sdL ` -
Ub
dK UL U U -
UH bF UIU qLFL rUM Ue uU Wd -
l  dU d b Ub -
dM UL WKK UL WFDI Ub UUI s tu nOEM

sdL WUN

dH
u dd sdL r

sdL
WB s
e
ndF

u? UF UdEM w
nK dHL UOI uM dd WHKL UJ_ iF U ud sO
WFMBL WOFOD UA_U qOGA

UdH b s pc UMMJL U r VUM WOuL WO WOKb dd UUO lC

wK UL w WOKL u_ w
WOuLM WOU d
u w UdO WOde
r x ddK wKb UOI
r - _ s WdH `D UH
r
r x

d WN s
UH
q_ WN s
UH

.d v UJ
s
tKI dd p qN v XU dO qJA UOuD l
WOHK WO
U
_ UOd lL .qu b Wu
U l
VA wd d_ bU
qLFU p r W?KK uD w
q?J?A? v?K `{uL dd qLF W  UOKLF sdL c w
dF
WO b_ oOI U bF sOK Vd oO qJA UcOHM
qLFK W  WHKL lDI jOD rOKF U w
WOKLF VUD b WOLM
UN b d w WOA lDIK WU b b
qOBH WOKL d VUML UOIU VA u UO
cOHM w
WOKLF uD qK WE
WHKL WOzUdNJ b w
UNL U

UHu*
WUML WG ULFWOUJ l W
UHA UUbU sb r[ pL bu VA s dd qGA
.qO uB l wd ULFU UOuD l sdL c w
lL UOd -

dLMU UF_

W
 u*
U b vK UI W{uL WOU UID VA s ubu VA
b r Wu U l wd
UdI b r VA wd
WUM WOLJ d
tG d UbK dOC u VUM U

 WbO bF
WU bF bM WuLL WbO WOzUdNJ iF

.WOHB `L dIM W WOMOB q UAM

qLF uD
WuKDL b_ oOI WKK uD WKd q cHM qd b vK sdL c U r

v_ WKd*
j?D?? v?K W{uL UF_ VuLdLOMU w
UB UOI WuKDL lDIK b b
oU qJA k dd r

UO

bF

pL

dF

uD

VA u

WFDI

d WNrzu

bu

q_ WN rzu

bu

UOu

bu

WuK UO{d

bu

WOKH UO{d

bu

WuL U{U

bu

WuL U{U

bu

WO{ rzU

iO

WO{

UI

qOBH WOKL d WO u YO s WUML VA u UO

n{ WuKDL WO bU b vK WMOL lDI vK uBK UNdA u_ lODI
WOHB WOKL d Ue
CH W qOKI p U{d q_ r WCdF pc dB_ r WKuD lDI hI
WuKDL UUOIU u_ bb WOHB `L WOKL d

 WOU WKd*
.dLKLU WO cOHM qd
U
u vK UF_
WF_ l?D?IK wU tu d UO
U l{
UOuD rzuI
. qJA w
UL UOuD vK UK rOKF
.d_ bU ULF bM r WFDI u uJ

qJA w
UL WF_ rzuI vK dIM rOKF

WA ULFU WU W vK dIM WOKL d

qJA w
UL r dD

UL UK u s r
bIL be dIM oL

UL qGAL w
d
uL W vK sOK WOKL d
UL qJA w

nB dIM qJ VUMO d d UK nOEM

.dz

j??{ r?zuI q_ l UOuDK wd lOL

U U l{ bF lDI p
WO_ Ue
q??J? A?  w??
U??L?  t?? U???  d??I?M? l? U?? q?J?
UL
r wKJ uD k *

WU WKd*
WOKH WuKF WO{dF lDI vK UK rOKF
U l{ d tu bb bF
r pL r UK u .UNOK

W?O?{d?F? lDIKW?F?_ r?zu?I? v?K dIM rOKF

r dIM rd k

r W vK r oLF dIM WOKL d -

idF qO _U tHOEM

sOFDI sOK WOKL d

W?u?KF s?O??F?D?I vK uI dA

W?F?? ULFU U??K? bF r u?D
WuK WUM

d d bF r?zuI l WF_ lDI lOL

tHOEM UK

U?d r?K?I? U? l?{ b?F lDI p

rK

WFD q UJ vK b U

WFd WKd*
WuLF lDI d vK UK rOKF
r pL r UK u

d??I? M?  r??O? K?F?

l??D? I?  v?K?
l?D?IK
W?u?L?F
dIM u
r?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
d?? F? 
o??L? F?  r??

r

W?A? U?L?F??U W v?K? d?I?M? W?O?KL d

rK UdD

d r W?u?L?F? l?DI sOK WOKL d

tHOEM UK d

b?F UNJ
r q?L?F? W? s? bQ lDI lL
UNOK U l{

u?_ U?O?M??M?L? h
W??u??K?F? W?O?I?
_ l?D?I? v?K?
U?LFU U?NDOD bF
qJAK WuK WUM WF
rd vK `{uL
d WbO edH d q UAM
W vK u_ c dA sJL
.d WDAIL bL dL ULFU u_ nOEM

WOI
_ l WuLF lDI lL
U?? L? ?F? ? U?? w??zU??N? q??J? A?
dG
W?O?KL U?H?U? sONu `
VdA
v?K? u??? l?O?L? d?
WUM WA l dd WbO edH ULF qCH u W d qJA

W
U) WKd*

d WKuD rzuI qOJA WuK WI qL

dOBIK

dAM WOKL d lDI jOD

Wd jA d ` dAM WIDM nOEM

dIM VU wKb d UMU u lOL d

WOuD lDIU U

dG ULFU rzuI l wd lOL

u

VA wd VUM q b ULFU wd l lL UOuD q U qJA dd lOL

r Wu U l
u

WU WKd*
l WO{_ u UNOK eJdO wKH wKb dd jOL vK r x lDIL gO VOd
r wd dG ULFU qJA vK `{u u UL WF_ rb uF Ud
d

gO c dOC qGAL w d uL UA_ C s

UH sJL
.aUI iO bu VA
hBL UNUJ bUI u l{
WdHK WK U WLb WID uJO uF vK eOd bUI u UO j{
WMFL Wd `L Ub WOKLF dOC dd p

VUM uK WG bF VAK wFOD uK vK UH Ub WOKL d

ld* UB*

WOdF ld*
WOU_ qOGA u
UM wUuF uF sb 
WOUMB WuU WKdLK UM wUuF uF sb 
.UL WOUMB WuU WKdLK UM uF sb  -
UL uBL UM u u  b wLN

.weML U_ rO
d WUO dHM fu
.dO WOM_ uM
WUM dHM fu -
.dO UOKOuL U_ WUMdHM fu-
.UOO /fKd U_ U UOMIuF R
UL bL UL-

WOM_ ld*
9- B.G Stuttgart- Leipzig,Holzfachkunde , 1998.
10- G.A-Sodeberg, Finishing Materials and methods, 1959.
11-B.Deyba , Technolegie fur Holzberufe , Germany,1996.
12-Carl F. Peterson GL., Catalog, Koberhavn , 1965.
13- Fr- la Berge,General Shop Bench Wood working, U.S.A 1962.
14- C .Bertsch, Basic Home Carpentry, New york 1958.