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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﳋﺮﻃﻮﻡ – ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺀ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻃﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻼﺳﻔﺔ ﻣﻨـﺬ ﺍﻻﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﲔ ﻫـﻲ ﻫـﻞ‬

‫ﻧـﺤﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﻴﺪﻭﻥ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻥ؟ ﻟﻘﺪ ﺍﻇﻬﺮ ﺑﻘﻨﺎﻋـﺔ ﻛـﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﻮﺑﺮﻧﻴﻜﺲ ﻭﻛﺒﻠـﺮ‬

‫ﻭﺟﺎﻟﻴﻠﻮ ﻭﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻛﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻟﻘـﺪ ﺍﻛﺘﺸـﻒ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﻚ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺋﺘﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﳒﻮﻡ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺑﺪﻳﻬﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﻤﻜﻨﺖ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﲔ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺮﺕ ﻣـﻦ ﻋﻤﺮﻫـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺎﺭﻧـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﳌﺮﻳﺦ ﺃﻣﻜﻦ ﻃﻘﺴﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺤﻪ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﳊﺎﱄ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴـﺘﻘﺮ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﻐﻄﻪ ﺍﳌﻨﺨﻔﺾ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﻨﺔ ﺟـﺪﺍ‬

‫ﻭﳍﺎ ﻏﻼﻑ ﺟﻮﻱ ﲰﻴﻚ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳒـﺰﻡ ﺑـﺄﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫــﺮﺓ ﻛــﺎﻥ ﻃﻘﺴــﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿــﻲ ﻳﺸــﺒﻪ ﻃﻘــﺲ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﳊــﺎﱄ‪ .‬ﺍﻇﻬــﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳــﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺽ ﺃﻗﻞ ﳌﻌﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﲟﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ %25‬ﳑﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ‪ .‬ﻓﻼ ﻧﺪﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺩﺍﻓﺌﺔ ﲟﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﻐﻄﻰ ﺑﺎﶈﻴﻄﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ ‪ 4‬ﺑﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴـﺚ‬

‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺛﺎﱐ ﺃﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـﺔ )ﺍﻟﻌﻀـﻮﻳﺔ(‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻠـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻇﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺮﻛﺐ ﰲ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﺕ )‪ (recycles‬ﻷﺯﻣﻨﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﺍﳉـﻮﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤـﺎﺭ‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴ‪‬ﺔ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ )ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺍﳉﲑﻱ(‪ .‬ﲤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺨﺰﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺗﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ )ﻭﺑﻌـﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨـﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴ‪‬ـﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺛﺎﱐ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﺨﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﱄ ﺍﻟﻐﻼﻑ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻐﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻮﻧﻴﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺷﺎﺡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺨﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺒﺎﺷـﺮﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻏﲑ ﻧﺸﻂ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﳌﺮﻳﺦ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻔﺘﻘـﺮ‬

‫ﺍﱄ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـﺎ ﻟﻔﺘـﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠـﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻃﺎﳌﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻛﺘﻠﺘﻬﺘﺎ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﲢﺘﻔﻆ ﺑـﺎﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟـﺪﺓ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺎﺕ )‪.(accretion‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺮﺍﺕ ﺿﺨﻤﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺯﻣﺎ )ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ‪ +‬ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ( ﺗﺸﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ )ﺿـﻮﺀ(‬

‫ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻔـﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻳـﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺟﻴـﺔ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻠـﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺘﺮﺍﻕ ﻭﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻳﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺟﺎﺫﺑﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟـﻨﺠﻢ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﳌﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﻋﻨـﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻨﻔـﺪ ﺍﳍﻴـﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﰲ ﻗﻠـﺐ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﳌﻌﺎﻥ ﻭﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﺒـﺪﺃ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤـﺪﺩ‬

‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺇﱃ ﻋﻤﻼﻕ ﺃﲪﺮ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﳍـﺎ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ ﺗﻌـﺎﺩﻝ ﻣﺌـﺎﺕ ﺃﺿـﻌﺎﻑ ﻛﺘﻠـﺔ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺗﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺣﻴﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺠﺎﺭ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ "ﺳﻮﺑﺮﻧﻮﻓﺎ"‪ .‬ﺇﺫﺍﹰ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﱵ ﳝﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ‬

‫ﻧﺴﻜﻦ ﰲ ﻛﻮﺍﻛﺒﻬﺎ؟ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ؟‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﰲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻋﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻮﺍﻛـﺐ‬

‫ﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛـﺐ ﻟـﺒﻼﻳﲔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻨﲔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺍﺳﺨﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻭﻗﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﱴ ﻟﻮ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﻛﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﻛﺎﻷﺭﺽ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﻮﻡ ﰲ ﻣﻨـﺎﻃﻖ ﻳﺘـﻮﻓﺮ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻓـﺈﻥ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻟﻦ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺗﺒـﺪﺃ ﻭﺗﺘﻄـﻮﺭ ﺍﳊﻴـﺎﺓ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﻛﺜـﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﺷـﻌﺔ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴـﺠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟـﱵ ﺗﻨﻄﻠـﻖ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﻮﻡ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﺨﻤﺔ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻜﻔﻲ ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻗﺼﺮ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﲑﺓ ﺗﺸﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺎ‪‬ﺎ ﰲ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﳌﻌﺎ‪‬ﺎ‬

‫ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %10‬ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺃﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﳍﺒﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻘﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜـﺒﲑﺓ ﻭﺗﻌـﻴﺶ ﺣـﻮﺍﱄ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴـﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺪﻭﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﺍﻛﺐ ﺑﻘﺮﺏ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺣـﻮﻝ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠـﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻀـﻌﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﳑـﺎ ﳚﻌﻠـﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻣﺘﺰﺍﻣﻨﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳚﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‬

‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﻬﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻐـﻼﻑ ﺍﳉـﻮﻱ ﻟﻠﻜﻮﻛـﺐ‬

‫ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺎﹰ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻛﺐ ﻳﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﻭﺍﳌﻈﻠﻢ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﺭ ﰲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻀﻲ ﺍﳊﺎﺭ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺳﺮﻣﺪﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﻋﻨـﺎﺀ‬

‫ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﳜﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺟﻮﺩﳘـﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺿـﻊ ﺍﳊـﺎﱄ ﻳـﺪﻝ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬

‫’‪Žžà‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﻦ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ﺍﳊﻖ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ ﴿ ‪Ş Ûaflë@Ž‰bflèäŞ Ûaflë@ŽÝžîÜ Ûa@čémč bflíe@žåßč ëfl‬‬

‫ ‪fl@ 뎆ŽjžÈmfl @ŽêbíŞ g@žáŽnžä/×@žæg@ŞåŽèÔ Ü‬‬

‫‪﴾æ‬‬ ‫‪fl ð‬‬
‫ˆ @‬
‫’‪č Ûa@čéÜ Ûč@a뎆Žvžaflë@Šàfl Ô #ÜÛč@üflë@žà‬‬
‫‪Ş ÜčÛ@a뎆vŽ žŽmfl @ü@ŽŠàfl Ô #Ûaflë‬‬

‫‪-3-‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﺖ‪ ،37:‬ﻓﺎﳊﻤﺪ ﷲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺧﻠﻖ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺣـﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋـﻞ ﰲ ﻗﻮﻟـﻪ "‪@æg@žáŽnžíc‰fl c@žÝ/Ó‬‬

‫‪@éÛìÓ@¿ë@Bæ‬‬
‫‪fl ìŽÈàfl žŽmfl @ýÏc@õbflîš‬‬
‫‪č ič@á/Øîčm#dífl @čéÜÛa@ŽŠžîË @ćéÛg@žåßfl @čòßfl bflîÔč #Ûa@âžìífl @óÛg@<a†flßžŠ‬‬
‫‪fl @flÝžîÜÛa@Žá/ØžîÜÇfl @ŽéÜÛa@flÝÈfl u‬‬
‫‪fl‬‬

‫‪@flæìŽä/ØžŽmfl @FÝžîÜič@á/Øîčm#dífl @čéÜ Ûa@ŽŠžîË @ćéÛg@žåßfl @čòßfl bflîÔč #Ûa@âžìífl @óÛg@<a†flßžŠ‬‬

‫‪fl @fl‰bflèäŞ Ûa@Žá/ØžîÜ Çfl @ŽéÜ Ûa@flÝÈfl u‬‬
‫‪fl @æg@žáŽnžíc‰fl c@žÝ/ÓB‬‬

‫‪ ."æ‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻠﻴﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﺮﺍﺣـﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗـﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﺴـﺐ ﻣﻌﻴﺸـﺘﻬﺎ‬

‫–‪fl@ 뎊‬‬
‫‪č žjŽm@bÜ@Ï c@čéîčÏ‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﻔﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﳏﻈﻮﻇﻮﻥ ‪‬ﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻴﺰﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴـﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺘﺼـﺒﺢ‬

‫ﻋﻤﻼﻕ ﺃﲪﺮ ﻳﻐﻤﺮ ﻛﻮﻛﺐ ﻋﻄﺎﺭﺩ ﰲ ﻃﻴﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻐﺸﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻌﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻭﲢﻤـﺮ ﻋﻴﻮ‪‬ـﺎ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ ﺗﻔﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺿﻮﺀﻫﺎ ﻭﺑﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻔﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺗﻈﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﳜﺘﻔﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻤـﺮ ﰲ‬

‫ﻇﻼﻡ ﺩﺍﻣﺲ ﺳﺮﻣﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺘﺠﻤﺪ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺃﺷـﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﲤـﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗـﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺋﻲ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺕ ﻟﻘﻠﺔ ﻣﺼـﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻐـﺬﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓـﻼ‬

‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻏﲑ ﺿﻮﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻈﻼﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﻌﺘﻘﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ ﺃﻥ ﺍ‪‬ﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﺮﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ )ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎ( ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﺪﺕ‬

‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﺑﺎﻗﺘﺮﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﻌﺖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭ‪‬ﺎ ﻭﺗﺒﺨﺮ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻓﻘـﺪﺕ‬

‫ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﲟﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﻛـﺎﻟﺰﻫﺮﺓ ﺣﺎﻟﻴـﺎ ﻭﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﺍﳌـﺮﻳﺦ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺩ ﰲ ﺍﺳﺘﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺤﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﺋﺬ‪.‬‬

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