a dng sinh hc, Bin i kh hu,

v Cc mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k (MDGs)

A DNG SINH HC V BIN I KH HU: MI LIN QUAN TI I NGHO

Bin i kh hu ang e da s a dng sinh hc, cn tr vic hon thnh Mc tiu Pht trin
Thin nin k ca Lin Hp Quc (LHQ). Bo tn a dng sinh hc v duy tr tnh ton vn ca
h sinh thi c ngha quan trng i vi vic gim tnh d tn thng ca con ngi trc s
bin i kh hu v hon thnh cc Mc tiu Pht trin thin nin k (MDGs).

MC TIU PHT TRIN THIN NIN K 1: XO I GIM NGHO

Mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k u tin l nhm xo i gim ngho tn gc vo nm 2015.
Nhng mc tiu c th trong Mc tiu pht trin Thin nin k 1 bao gm vic gim mt na
dn s (i) ang sng mc thu nhp di mt la mt ngy v (ii) ang gp phi i ngho.

Vai tr ca a dng sinh hc trong xo i gim ngho

kim k sinh nhai ngi dn sng cuc sng t cung t cp thng ph thuc nhiu v
trc tip vo s a dng sinh hc. V d, khu vc nng thn ca Zimbabwe, cc sn phm
thu c t t nhin chim ti 37% tng thu nhp ca h gia nh, v khu vc kh hn ca
n , ni sn phm thu c t t nhin thng chim t 14-23% tng thu nhp ca nhng
ngi dn nng thn ngho, v vo nhng thi im hn hn th n chim t 42-57%1 tng
thu nhp . Phng thc m mt h gia nh ngho tm kim thu nhp v p ng nhu cu c
bn ca mnh thng l nhng hot ng sinh k c lin quan ti mi trng t nhin. V d:
khai thc nhng ngun li chung v d nh c, t chn th hoc rng c th to thu nhp,
cung cp lng thc, cng c, nhin liu, thc n cho gia sc v vt liu xy dng. Do
nhng ngi ngho thng b nh hng nng n khi mi trng b xung cp, hoc a
dngsinh hc b mt i, hoc kh nng tip cn ca h ti nhng ngun ti sn chung b
hn ch2. Cc ngun a dng sinh hc ngy cng tr thnh tm im ca nhng chng trnh
tn dng vi m, trong nhiu chng trnh da trn nhng hot ng sinh k thay th ph
thuc vo vic s dng bn vng c tranh, c v lm sn ngoi g.
a dng sinh hc cng c ngha then cht i vi vic duy tr v tng cng an ninh lng
thc3. Bo tn v duy tr t khng b nhim, nc sch, nhiu ngun gen khc nhau, v cc
qu trnh sinh thi l nhng thnh t quan trng ca mt h thng nng nghip bn vng v
nng sut v tng bc xo i gim ngho.
S bin i v a dng ngun gen cng c bit quan trng i vi nhng vng t khng
thun li cho canh tc nng nghip, ni m s bin i gen thch nghi vi cc iu kin mi
trng v d nh nn khan him nc v s bc mu ca t mang tnh quyt nh n vic
duy tr hot ng sinh k da vo nng nghip v chn th ca a phng.
1

IUCN/DIFD/EC: Bo co tm tt v a dng sinh hc: mi lin h gia a dng sinh hc v i ngho. Online at
http://www.undp.org/biodiversity/biodiversitycd/BioBrief1-poverty.pdf
2
Roe, D., 2004. Nhng mc tiu Pht trin thin nin k v Bo tn Qun l s giu c ca t nhin v sc kho
ca x hi.IIED.
3
Scherr, S. J. a dng sinh hc v an ninh lng thc. Online at http://www.undp.org/biodiversity/
biodiversitycd/biodev3.htm

Ngoi ngun ti nguyn nng nghip trn mt t, cc yu t khc ca a dng sinh hc cn

c bo v m bo an ninh lng thc bao gm thu sn, m ngun thu sn li ph
thuc vo vic duy tr h sinh thi, v d cc vng t ngp nc, nhng cnh rng ngp mn,
v rng san h, to ni tr ng v thc n cho c4

Cc tc ng ca bin i kh hu i vi xo i gim ngho

Theo d bo, bin i kh hu s
lm gim ti sn sinh k ca nhng
ngi ngho, v d kh nng tip
cn ti ngun nc, nh ca, v c
s h tng. Bin i kh hu cng
c mong i l c mt tc ng
tiu cc ln nhng c ch phng
chng thin tai truyn thng do
tng tnh d tn thng ca ngi
ngho trn th gii trc ni lo lng
v nn hn hn, l lt, v dch bnh.
Nhng tc ng ca bin i kh hu
ln cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
v nng sut lao ng dng nh
s gim tc tng trng kinh t,
gia tng i ngho do gim c hi
to thu nhp.
Theo d bo, bin i kh hu cng ng thi lm thay i tnh hnh an ninh lng thc ca
khu vc. Nhng thay i v lng ma v nhng s kin thi tit khc nghit dng nh s
lm gim sn lng cy trng nhiu vng khc nhau. Nc bin dng cao dn n mt i
nhng vng t ven bin v nn xm thc ca nc mn, c th lm gim nng sut sn xut
nng nghip5. S vi ho v san h i mu trng dng nh s lm gim sn lng c, hn
th na cn e da ti an ninh lng thc6. Nhng thay i v sinh cnh sng cng ang c
tc ng tiu cc ln lng protein c t sn bn, c bit l vng cc.

Nhng mi quan tm v a dng sinh hc v bin i kh hu ti vic hon thnh

Mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k 1
Bo tn a dng sinh hc, bao gm vic gn gi v phc hi a dng sinh hc, c th l mt
chin lc thch nghi then cht gip nhng ngi dn d b tn thng ng u vi bin
i kh hu. V d7, nhng cnh rng ngp mn to ra s bo v ven bin chng li nc bin
dng cao v tn cng ca bo. T nm 1994, Hi Ch thp Vit Nam phi hp cng vi
nhiu cng ng a phng phc hi li nhng cnh rng ngp mn. Khong 12.000 ha
rng ngp mn c trng v mc d vic trng v bo v nhng cnh rng ngp mn
tiu tn ti xp x 1,1 triu USD, nhng n tit kim c 7,3 triu USD/nm tin u t
bo dng bao. Khi cn bo Wukong tn ph mnh vo nm 2000, nhng vng d n vn
4

UNDP. a dng sinh hc v cc mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k. Online at http://www.undp.
org/biodiversity/mdgandbiodiversity.html
5
Pisupati, B. v E.Warner, 2003. a dng sinh hc v cc mc tiu pht trin thin nin k. IUCN/UNDP
6
Mng li Hnh ng v Bin i kh hu ca c (CANA). Cc tc ng x hi ca Bin i kh hu: Nhng tc
ng ti cc mc tiu pht trin thin nin k. Online at http://www.cana.net.au/socialimpacts/global/millenniumdevelopment-goals.html
7
Dharmaji, B., Raban, A., Pisupati, B., v H. Baulch, 2005. Khung hng dn cho A guiding frame for mainstreaming
biodiversity and development into National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). IUCN
8
Dharmaji, B., Raban, A., Pisupati, B., v H. Baulch, 2005. Khung hng dn cho A guiding frame for mainstreaming
biodiversity and development into National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs). IUCN

khng b thit hi trong khi cc tnh ln cn chu s thit hi ln v ngi, ti sn v sinh k.

Hi Ch thp Vit Nam c tnh khong 7.750 gia nh c hng li t chng trnh
phc hi rng ngp mn v ng thi c th kim thu nhp b xung t vic bn cua gh, tm
v ng vt nhuyn th trong khi tng thnh phn protein trong ba n ca mnh.
Vic duy tr nhng ging cy truyn thng l mt cng c quan trng trong vic thch nghi vi
bin i kh hu, m bo rng sn c nhng ging cy trng thch hp vi cc iu kin khc
nhau. Cc cng ng b lc vng t rng ln Jeypore ca Orissa (India), vi s h tr ca
Qu Nghin cu M.S. Swaminathan, bt u cng vic bo tn s a dng ngun gen
ging cy trng nng nghip nhm m bo ngun cung lng thc bn vng8 bng cch
thnh lp nhng ngn hng ht ging cng ng. D n khuyn khch trng nhng loi cy
thuc ang b khai thc qu mc ti cc khu vn cng ng, nhm lm gim s ph thuc v
ph hu rng t nhin. Vic tng th trng cho nhng ging la truyn thng v ging cy
thuc cng ng thi to thu nhp.
Bn cnh , a dng sinh hc ng vai tr trung tm trong nhiu chin lc thch nghi vi
bin i kh hu. Bin i kh hu cn ang e da ti s a dng sinh hc hin ang c vai tr
trung tm i vi sinh k ca cng ng dn c nng thn v ngi dn bn a. V d, cc
loi ngoi lai xm thc v ang thay i thnh phn loi trn nhng vng ng c t
savanna chu Phi ti vng t chn th tun lc pha Bc. Nhng thay i v thnh phn
loi ang c tc ng tiu cc ti sc kho ca gia sc v e do sinh k t chn nui. Ngi
dn Inuit vng Bc cc v nhng ngi dn cc o quc nh ang pht trin cm thy
nhiu loi ang bin mt dn i v chng ang nh hng ti hot ng sinh k da vo sn
bn v nh c ca h.
V ngun ti nguyn a dng sinh hc ngy cng ng vai tr trung tm gip hon thnh Mc
tiu Pht trin Thin nin k 1 trong iu kin kh hu ang thay i, chnh nhng ngun ti
nguyn ny cng ang phi i mt vi nguy c ngy cng tng t bin i kh hu. Do
phng thc qun l a dng sinh hc v bin i kh hu tng hp trong khun kh nhng
chin lc xo i gim ngho v lp k hoch an ninh lng thc c ngha quyt nh ti
vic hon thnh Mc tiu Pht trin Thin nin k 1.

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