Derive the shape function and stiffness matrix for one- Dimensional quadratic Bar element?

Consider a quadratic bar element with nodes 1, 2 and 3 as shown in fig.

u1, u2 and u3 are the displacements at the respective nodes. So u1, u2 and u3are considered as
degrees of freedom of this quadratic bar element.
Since the element has got three nodal displacements, it will have three generalised
coordinates.
u=a0 +a1 x+ a2 x

-----(1)

Where a0,a1 and a2 are global or generalized coordinates. Writing the above equation in
matrix form,

a0
a1
a2

----(2)
2

1 x x {}
u=
At node 1,u=u1 , x=0
At node 2,u=u2 , x =l
At node 3,u=u3 , x =

l
2

Substituting above equation in equation(1)

u1=a0

-----(3)

u2=a0 +a1 l+ a2 l 2

u3=a0 +a1

l
l
+a 2
2
2

------(4)
2

() ()

--------(5)

Substitute the equation (3) in equation 4 & 5

u2=u1 + a1 l+a 2 l

u3=u 1+ a1

l
l
+ a2
2
2

------(6)
2

() ()

u2u1 =a1 l+ a2 l 2

--------(7)

-----(8)

a1 l a2 l 2
u3u 1=
+
( 9 )
2
4
Writing equation 8 and 9 in matrix form

{ }[

l
u 2u1
= l
u 3u1
2

{}[

l
a1
= l
a2
2

l2
l2
4

]{ }

l
a
l2 1
a2
4
1

{ }
u2u1
u3u1

[ ]{
{ } ( ) [ ]{

l2
l 2
a1
1
u2u1
4
= 3 3
a2 l l l
l u3 u1

4 2 2

{}

a1
1
=
3
a2
l
4

l2
l 2
u2u1
4
(10)
l
u
u
3
1
l
2

a1=

4 l 2
( u2u 1) l2 ( u 3u1 ) (11)
3
l 4

a2=

4 l
( u2u1 ) +l ( u3 u1 ) (12)
l3 2

Equation(11) becomes,

a1 =

2
2
4 l u2 l u1 2
2

l u 3+ l u1
3
4
4
l

a1=

3 u1 u2 4 u3
+
(13 )
l
l
l

Equation (12) becomes,

a2 =

4 lu 2 lu 1

+l u3l u1
3
2
2
l

a2 =

2 u1 2 u2 4 u3
+ 2 2 ( 14 )
l2
l
l

Writing equation (3),(13) &(14) we get,

[ ]{ }

1
a0
3
a1 = l
2
a2
l2

{}

0
1
l
2
l2

0
4 u1
l u2 ( 15 )
4 u3
l2

Substitute equation (15) in equation (2)

[ ]{ }

1
0
3 1
2
1 x x l
l
2
2
l2
l2
u=

[(

0
4 u1
l u2
4 u3
l2

3
2 x2
{ u }= 1 x+ 2
l
l

x 2 x 2
+ 2
l
l

)(

{ u }=[ N 1 N 2 N 3 ]

{}
u1
u2
u3

{ u }=N 1 u1 + N 2 u 2+ N 3 u3
Where shape functions are
3
2 x2
N 1=1 x + 2
l
l

N 2=

x 2 x 2
+ 2
l
l

N 3=

4 x 4 x2
2
l
l

)(

4 x 4 x2
2
l
l

)]

{}
u1
u2
u3