CH 09

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JWDD027-09
P2: PBU/OVY
QC: PBU/OVY
T1: PBU
JWDD027-Salas-v1
November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
CHAPTER 9
SECTION 9.1
1. y1 (x) =
1
2
2y1 y1 = 2
1
ex/2 ex/2 = 0; y1 is a solution.

2y2 y2 = 2 2x + ex/2 x2 + 2ex/2 = 4x x2 =
0;
ex/2 ;
y2 (x) = 2x + ex/2 ;
y2 is not a solution.
2. y1 + xy1 = xex
/2
y2 + xy2 = Cxex
3. y1 (x) =
ex
;
(ex + 1)2
/2
/2
= 0;
Cex
;
(Cex + 1)2
is a solution.
not a solution
+ x + Cxex
y1 + y1 =
y2 (x) =
y2
+ xex
/2
= x;
ex
1
1
+ x
= y12 ;
= x
x
2
(e + 1)
e +1
(e + 1)2
y1 is a solution.
y2 + 4y2 = 2 cos x + 8 cos x = 6 cos x;

y1 = 4e2x ;
y2 (x) = 2C cosh 2x,
y1 is a solution.
1
Cex
1
=
+
= y22 ;
(Cex + 1)2
Cex + 1
(Cex + 1)2
y2 + y2 =
4. y1 + 4y1 = 8 sin 2x + 8 sin 2x = 0;
5. y1 (x) = 2e2x ,
y2 is a solution.
not a solution.
y1 4y1 = 4e2x 4e2x = 0;
y2 = 4C sinh 2x;
y1 is a solution.
y2 4y2 = 4C sinh 2x 4C sinh 2x = 0;
y2 is a solution.
6. y1 2y1 3y1 = ex + 18e3x 2(ex + 6e3x ) 3(ex + 2e3x ) = 0; not a solution

7
y2 2y2 3y2 =
(6 + 9x)e3x 2(1 + 3x)e3x 3xe3x = 7e3x ; y2 is a solution.
4

7. y 2y = 1;
H(x) = (2) dx = 2x, integrating factor: e2x
e2x y 2e2x y = e2x
d 2x
e y = e2x
dx
1
e2x y = e2x + C
2
1
y = + Ce2x
2
2
8. y y = 1;
x

H(x) =
2
dx,
x
integrating factor: x2
2
x2 y 3 y = x2
x
d 2
(x y) = x2
dx
1
x2 y = + C
x
y = x + Cx2
481
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
5
9. y + y = 1;
2

5
5
H(x) =
dx = x,
2
2
integrating factor: e5x/2
5
e5x/2 y + e5x/2 y = e5x/2
2
d 5x/2
y = e5x/2
e
dx
2
e5x/2 y = e5x/2 + C
5
2
y = + Ce5x/2
5
10. y y = 2ex ;

dx,
H(x) =
integrating factor: ex
ex y ex y = 2e2x
d x
e y = 2e2x
dx
ex y = e2x + C
y = ex + Cex
11. y 2y = 1 2x;

(2) dx = 2x,
H(x) =
integrating factor: e2x
e2x y 2e2x y = e2x 2xe2x

d 2x
e y = e2x 2xe2x
dx
1
1
e2x y = e2x + x e2x + e2x + C = x e2x + C
2
2
y = x + Ce2x
12. y +
13. y
cos x
2
y= 2 ;
x
x
4
y = 2n;
x

H(x) =
2
dx = 2 ln |x|,
x
x2 y + 2xy = cos x
d 2
[x y] = cos x
dx
x2 y = sin x + C
sin x
C
y= 2 + 2
x
x

4
H(x) =
dx = 4 ln x = ln x4 ,
x
4 4
x y = 2nx4
x
d 4
x y = 2nx4
dx
2
x4 y = nx3 + C
3
2
y = nx + Cx4
3
x4 y
integrating factor: eln x
= x4
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1

14. y + y = 2 + 2x;
H(x) =
dx,
ex y + ex y = (2 + 2x)ex
d x
(e y) = 2(1 + x)ex
dx
ex y = 2xex + C
15. y ex y = 0;

H(x) =
y = 2x + Cex
ex dx = ex , integrating factor: ee
ee y ex ee y = 0
d ex
y =0
e
dx
x
ee y = C
x
y = Cee
16. y y = ex ;

H(x) =
dx,
ex y ex y = 1
d x
(e y) = 1
dx
ex y = x + C
y = xex + Cex

1
1
y=
;
1 + ex
1 + ex
H(x) =
integrating factor: eH(x) =
ex
1 + ex
17. y +
1
ex
dx = ln
,
x
1+e
1 + ex
ex
1
ex
1
ex

y
+
y
=
1 + ex
1 + ex 1 + ex
1 + ex 1 + ex
x

e
d
ex
y
=
dx 1 + ex
(1 + ex )2
x
e
1
y=
+C
1 + ex
1 + ex
y = ex + C (1 + ex )
This solution can also be written: y = 1 + K (ex + 1) ,
18. y +
1
1+x x
y=
e ;
x
x

H(x) =
1
dx,
x
where K is an arbitrary constant.
integrating factor: x
xy + y = (1 + x)ex
d
(xy) = (1 + x)ex
dx
xy = xex + C
C
y = ex +
x
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SECTION 9.1
19. y + 2xy = xex ;

2

H(x) =
2x dx = x2 , integrating factor: ex
ex y + 2xex y = x
d x2
e y =x
dx
1
2
ex y = x2 + C
2

2
y = ex 12 x2 + C
2
20. y
1
y = 2 ln x;
x
H(x) =
21. y +
2
y = 0;
x+1
H(x) =
1
1
dx, integrating factor:
x
x
1
1
2
y 2 y = ln x
x
x
x

d 1
2
y = ln x
dx x
x
1
y = (ln x)2 + C
x
y = x(ln x)2 + Cx
2
dx = 2 ln(x + 1) = ln(x + 1)2 ,
x+1
integrating factor: eln(x+1) = (x + 1)2

(x + 1)2 y + 2(x + 1) y = 0

d
(x + 1)2 y = 0
dx
(x + 1)2 y = C
y=
C
(x + 1)2

2
2
H(x) =
y = (x + 1)5/2 ;
dx, integrating factor: (x + 1)2
x+1
x+1
(x + 1)2 y + 2(x + 1)y = (x + 1)9/2

d
(x + 1)2 y = (x + 1)9/2
dx
2
(x + 1)2 y =
(x + 1)11/2 + C
11
2
y=
(x + 1)7/2 + C(x + 1)2
11

23. y + y = x;
H(x) = 1 dx = x, integrating factor : ex
22. y +
ex y + ex y = xex
d x
[e y] = xex
dx
ex y = xex ex + C
y = (x 1) + Cex
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SECTION 9.1
y(0) = 1 + C = 1
C = 2. Therefore, y = 2ex + x 1 is the solution which satises
the initial condition.

24. y y = e ;
2x
H(x) =
dx,
d x
(e y) = ex
dx
ex y = ex + C
y = e2x + Cex
1 = y(1) = e2 + Ce = C =
1 e2
e
and y = e2x +
1 e2 x
e is the solution which
e
satises the initial condition.

1
25. y + y =
;
1 + ex

H(x) =
1 dx = x,
integrating factor :
ex
ex
1 + ex
d x
ex
[e y] =
dx
1 + ex
ex y + ex y =
ex y = ln (1 + ex ) + C
y = ex [ln (1 + ex ) + C]
y(0) = ln 2 + C = e
C = e ln 2. Therefore, y = ex [ln (1 + ex ) + e ln 2] is the
solution which satises the initial condition.

1

26. y + y =
;
H(x) =
dx, integrating factor: ex
1 + 2ex
ex
d x
(e y) =
dx
1 + 2ex
1
ex y = ln(1 + 2ex ) + C
2

1
y = ex
ln(1 + 2ex ) + C
2

1
e = y(0) = 12 ln 3 + C = C = e ln 3 and y = ex 12 ln(1 + 2ex ) + e
2

2
2
27. y y = x2 ex ;
H(x) =
dx = 2 ln x = ln x2 ,
x
x
2
integrating factor: eln x
= x2
x2 y 2x3 y = ex
d 2
x y = ex
dx
x2 y = ex + C
y = x2 (ex + C)
1
2

ln 3 is the
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
y(1) = e + C = 0
C = e. Therefore, y = x2 (ex e) is the solution which satises
the initial condition.

2
28. y + y = ex ;
x
2
dx,
x
H(x) =
d 2
(x y) = x2 ex
dx
x2 y = ex (x2 + 2x + 2) + C
y=
ex 2
C
(x + 2x + 2) + 2
x2
x
1 = y(1) = 5e1 + C = C = 5e1 1
and y =
ex 2
5e1 1
(x + 2x + 2) +
is the
2
x
x2

29. Set z = y y. Then z = y y .
y y = y y = z = z = z = C1 ex
Now,
z = y y = C1 ex = ex y ex y = C1 = (ex y) = C1
= ex y = C1 x + C2 = y = C1 xex + C2 ex
30. General solution: y = Cerx .
(a) y(a) = 0 = Cera = C = 0 = y(x) = 0 for all x.
(b) r < 0 and y = 0 = y as x

(c) r > 0 and y = 0 = y 0 as x
(d) If r = 0, then y(x) = C, constant.
31. (a) Let y1 and y2 be solutions of y + p(x)y = 0, and let u = y1 + y2 . Then
u + pu = (y1 + y2 ) + p (y1 + y2 )
= y1 + y2 + py1 + py2
= y1 + py1 + y2 + py2 = 0 + 0 = 0
Therefore u is a solution.
(b) Let u = Cy where y is a solution of y + p(x)y = 0. Then
u + pu = (Cy) + p(Cy) = Cy + Cpy = C(y + py) = C 0 = 0
Therefore u is a solution.
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P2: PBU/OVY
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
y + p(x)y
x
x
p(t) dt
p(t) dt
e a
y + p(x)e a
y
x

p(t) dt
e a
y
x
p(t) dt
e a
y
x
p(t) dt
y(x) = Ce a
32. (a)
(b) y(b) = 0 = Ce
p(t) dt
487
=0
=0
=0
=C
= 0 = C = 0 = y(x) = 0 for all x.
(c) Let z = y1 y2 . Then z is a solution of y + p(x)y = 0. If y1 (b) = y2 (b), then z(b) = 0 =

z(x) = 0 for all x.
H(x)
q(t) eH(t) dt.

a
Note rst that y(a) = eH(a)
q(t) eH(t) dt = 0 so y satises the initial condition.
33. Let y(x) = e
Now,

y + p(x)y = eH(x)

x
q(t) eH(t) dt + p(x) eH(x)
q(t) eH(t) dt
a
a

x
= eH(x) q(x) eH(x) + eH(x) [p(x)]
q(t) eH(t) dt + p(x) eH(x)
x
= q(x)

Thus, y(x) = eH(x)
q(t) eH(t) dt
q(t) eH(t) dt is the solution of the initial value problem.
34. Let z = y1 y2 . Then

z = y1 y2 = q py1 (q py2 ) = p (y1 y2 ) = pz = z + pz = 0
35. According to Newtons Law of Cooling, the temperature T at any time t is given by
T (t) = 32 + [72 32]ekt
We can determine k by applying the condition T (1/2) = 50 :
50 = 32 + 40 ek/2
ek/2 =
18
9
=
40
20
12 k = ln(9/20)
k = 2 ln(9/20)
= 1.5970
Therefore, T (t)
= 32 + 40 e1.5970t .
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
Now, T (1)
= 32 + 40 e1.5970
= 40.100;
the temperature after 1 minute is (approx.) 40.10 .
To nd how long it will take for the temperature to reach 35 , we solve

32 + 40 e1.5970t = 35
for t:
32 + 40 e1.5970t = 35
40 e1.5970t = 3
1.5970t = ln(3/40)
ln(3/40)
= 1.62
1.5970
It will take approximately 1.62 minutes for the thermometer to read 35 .
t=
36. By (9.1.4) T (t) = 100 80ekt

T (2) = 22 = 100 80e2k = 22 = k =
T (6)
= 100 80e0.01266(6)
= 25.85 C;
ln(39/40)
= 0.01266
2
T (t) = 90 = 80e0.01266t = 10 = t
= 164.25 secs.
37. (a) The solution of the initial value problem v = 32 kv, (k > 0) v(0) = 0 is:

32
v(t) =
1 ekt .
k
(b) At each time t,
1 ekt < 1. Therefore

32
32
v(t) =
1 ekt <
k
k
and
lim v(t) =
32
k
(c)
38. (a)
dP
+ (b a)P = 0;
dt

H(t) = (b a) dt = (b a)t,
e(ba)t
dP
+ (b a)e(ba)t P = 0
dt
d (ba)t
P =0
e
dt
(ba)t
e
P =C
P = Ce(ab)t
P (0) = P0 = P (t) = P0 e(ab)t .
e(ba)t
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SECTION 9.1
(b) (i) a > b = P0 e(ab)t is increasing.
P (t) as t .
(ii) a = b = P (t) = P0 is a constant.
(iii) a < b = P0 e(ab)t is decreasing.
P (t) 0 as t .
di R
E
39. (a)
+ i= ;
dt
L
L

H(t) =
R
R
dt = t,
L
L
R
eLt
di R R t
+ eL i =
dt
L

R
d
e L ti =
dt
R
e L ti =
eLt
E Rt
eL
L
E Rt
eL
L
E Rt
eL + C
R
R
E
+ Ce L t
R
E
i(t) =
1 e(R/L) t .
R
i(t) =
i(0) = 0 = C = E
R,
E
t R
(b) lim i(t) = lim

t
so

1 e(R/L) t =
(R/L) t
(c) i(t) = 0.9 E
=
R = e
di R
E
40. (a)
+ i = sin t;
dt
L
L
R
eLt
1
10

H(t) =
E
R
amps
= R
L t = ln 10 = t =
R
R
dt = t,
L
L
di R R t
+ eL i =
dt
L

R
d
e L ti =
dt
L
R
ln 10 seconds.
eLt
E Rt
e L sin t
L
E Rt
e L sin t
L

R
L2
E Rt
eL 2
sin
t
cos
t
+C
L
R + 2 L2 L

R
R
EL
i(t) = 2
sin
t
cos
t
+ Ce L t
2
2
R + L L

R
R
EL
EL
e L t .
= i(t)= 2
sin t cos t + i0 + 2
R + 2 L2 L
R + 2 L2
R
e L ti =
i(0) = i0
(b) lim does not exist because the trigonometric functions continue to oscillate.
t
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SECTION 9.1
(c) A sample graph is:
41. (a) V (t) = kV (t) = V (t) = V0 ekt

Loses 20% in 5 minutes, so V (5) = V0 e5k = 0.8V0 = k = 15 ln 0.8

t/5
t/5
1
= V (t) = V0 e 5 (ln 0.8)t = V0 eln 0.8
= V0 (0.8)t/5 = V0 45
.
4 t/5
Since V0 = 200 liters, we get V (t) = 200 5
(b)
V (t) = ktV (t)
V (t) ktV (t) = 0
ekt
/2
V (t) ktekt /2 V (t) = 0
d kt2 /2
V (t) = 0
e
dt
2
ekt /2 V (t) = C
2
V (t) = Cekt
V (0) = C = 200
V (5) = 160
Therefore
V (t) = 200ekt
/2
/2
200e
= 160, ek(25/2) = 45 ,
t2 /25
V (t) = 200 45
liters.
=
k(25/2)
ek =
4 2/25
5
42. Let s(t) be the number of pounds of salt present after t minutes. Since

s(t)

s (t) = rate in rate out = 3 (0.2) 3
,
100
we have

Multiply by e
s (t) + 0.03s(t) = 0.6.

0.03dt
= e0.03t :
e0.03t s (t) + 0.03e0.03t s(t) = 0.6e0.03t

d 0.03t
s(t) = 0.6e0.03t
e
dt
e0.03t s(t) = 20e0.03t + C
s(t) = 20 + Ce0.03t .
Use the initial condition s(0) = 100(0.25) = 25 to determine C:

Thus, s(t) = 20 + 5e0.03t lb.
25 = 20 + Ce0
so
C = 5.
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.1
43. (a)
dP
= k(M P )
dt
(b)
dP
+ kP = kM ;
dt
491

H(t) =
k dt = kt,
ekt
ekt
dP
+ kekt P = kM ekt
dt
d kt
e P = kM ekt
dt
ekt P = M ekt + C
P = M + Cekt

P (0) = M + C = 0 = C = M and P (t) = M 1 ekt

0.0357 and P (t) = M 1 e0.0357t
P (10) = M 1 e10k = 0.3M = k =

(c) P (t) = M 1 e0.0357t = 0.9M
e0.0357t = 0.1
t
= 65
Therefore, it will take approximately 65 days for 90 % of the population to be aware of the product.
dQ
= rate in rate out = r kQ, k > 0
dt

dQ
r
(b)
+ kQ = r, Q(0) = 0
= Q(t) =
1 ekt
dt
k
r
(c) lim Q(t) = .
t
k
44. (a)
1
dP
2 cos(2t)P = 0 = P = Ce sin 2t .
dt
45. (a)
P (0) = C = 1000 = P = 1000e sin 2t .
1
dP
2 cos(2t)P = 2000 cos 2t = P = Ce sin 2t 1000.
dt
1
P (0) = 1000 = C = 2000 = P = 2000e sin 2t 1000.
(b)
dQ
1 dP
=
= a bQ.
dt
P dt
dQ
Solving the dierential equation
+ bQ = a
dt
46. (a) Let Q = ln P. Then
P (0) = P0
a
a
bt
= Q = + Cebt , so P = e b +Ce .
b
ebt
a
c
a
a
b
b
b
= e = P0 e . Thus P = e P0 e
.
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
(b) ebt 0 as t , so P e b .
a
(c) P = P (a b ln P ) = P = P
b
P

P + P (a b ln P ) = P (a b ln P )(a b b ln P ).
If 0 < P < ea/b1 , then P is increasing and the graph is concave up; if ea/b1 < P < ea/b , then P
is increasing and the graph is concave down; if ea/b < P , then P is decreasing and the graph is
concave down.
(d)
SECTION 9.2
y = y sin(2x + 3)
1.
1
dy = sin(2x + 3) dx
y

1
dy = sin(2x + 3) dx
y
1
ln | y | = cos(2x + 3) + C
2
This solution can also be written:
y = Ce(1/2) cos(2x+3) .
y = (x2 + 1)(y 2 + y)

dy
= (x2 + 1) dx
y2 + y

y x3
=
ln
+x+C
y + 1
3
2.
This solution can also be written: y =
1
Kexx3 /3
(K = eC ).
y = (xy)3
3.
1
dy = x3 dx,
y = 0
y3

1
dy = x3 dx
y3
1
1
y 2 = x4 + C
2
4
2
2
x4 + 2 = C, or y 2 =
;
y
C x4
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
4.
y = 3x2 (1 + y 2 )

dy
=
3x2 dx
1 + y2
tan1 y = x3 + C
y = tan(x3 + C)
5.
6.
sin(1/x)
x2 y cos y
1
y cos y dy = 2 sin(1/x) dx
x

1
y cos y dy =
sin(1/x) dx
x2
y sin y + cos y = cos(1/x) + C
y =
y2 + 1
y + yx

y
1
dy =
dx
1 + y2
1+x

ln 1 + y 2 = ln |1 + x| + C
y =
1 + y 2 = K(1 + x)2
(K = ln C)
y = x ey+x
7.

ey dy = x ex dx

ey dy = x ex dx
ey = x ex ex + C
ey = ex x ex + C

8.
y = ln(ex xex + C).
y = xy 2 x y 2 + 1 = (x 1)(y 2 1)

dy
dx
=
2
y 1
x1

1 y 1
ln
= ln |x 1| + C
2 y + 1
1 + Kex 2x
1 Kex2 2x
2

9.
y=
(K = eC ).
(y + 1)2
x
y
1
dy =
dx
(y + 1)2
x ln x

y
1
dx
dy
=
(y + 1)2
x ln x
1
ln | y + 1 | +
= ln | ln x | + C
y+1
(y ln x)y =
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
10.
ey sin 2x dx + cos x(e2y y) dy = 0

sin 2x
dx + (ey yey ) dy = C
cos x
2 cos x + ey + ey (1 + y) = C
y2 + 1
x
y
1
dy =
dx
y2 + 1
x ln x

y
1
dy
=
dx
y2 + 1
x ln x
(y ln x)y =
11.
1
2
ln (y 2 + 1) = ln | ln x| + K = ln |C ln x| (K = ln |C|)
ln (y 2 + 1) = 2 ln |C ln x| = ln (C ln x)2
y 2 = C(ln x)2 1
12.
y =
1 + 2y 2
y sin x
y
dy = csc x dx
1 + 2y 2
ln(1 + 2y 2 ) = ln | csc x cot x| + C

the integral curves can be written as: ln(1 + 2y 2 ) = ln C(csc x cot x)4 , or as
1
4
y 2 = K(csc x cot x)4 12 .

1 y2
,
y(0) = 0
1 x2
1
x

dy =
dx
2
1 x2
1y

1
x

dy =
dx
2
1 x2
1y
sin1 y = 1 x2 + C
13.
y =x
Thus,
14.
y(0) = 0 =
arcsin y = 1 1 x2 .
arcsin 0 = 1 + C
C=1
exy
1 + ex

ex
ey dy =
dx
1 + ex
y =
ey = ln(1 + ex ) + C
y(1) = 0 = 1 = ln(1 + e) + C = C = 1 ln(1 + e)
and ey = ln(1 + ex ) + 1 ln(1 + e)
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
15.
y =
y + ln | y | =
1
3
y = 0
C = 5.
x3 x 5.
x2 y = y xy

1
dy = (1 x)x2 dx
y
1
ln |y| = ln |x| + C
x
1
ln |xy| + = 1
x
16.
1 = y(1) = C = 1
17.
y(3) = 1
y+1
dy = (x2 1) dx,
y

y+1
dy = (x2 1) dx
y
1
y + ln | y | = x3 x + C
3
1
= 1 + ln 1 = (3)3 3 + C
3
y(3) = 1
Thus,
x2 y y
,
y+1
and
(xy 2 + y 2 + x + 1) dx + (y 1) dy = 0,
y(2) = 0
(x + 1)(y 2 + 1) dx + (y 1) dy = 0
y1
(x + 1) dx + 2
dy = 0
y +1

y1
(x + 1) dx +
dy = C
y2 + 1
x2
1
+ x + ln (y 2 + 1) tan1 y = C
2
2
y(2) = 0
C = 4. Thus,
1
2
x2 + x +
1
2
ln (y 2 + 1) tan1 y = 4
cos y dx + (1 + ex ) sin y dy = 0

sin y
dx
+
dy = C
1 + ex
cos y
18.
ln(ex + 1) + ln | sec y| = C;
= y(0) = ln 2 + ln 2 = C
4
ln(ex + 1) + ln | sec y| =
19.
y = 6 e2xy ,
y(0) = 0
y = 6 e2xy
ey dy = 6 e2x dx
ey = 3 e2x + C
y(0) = 0
Thus,
=
2x
e = 3e
= C = 2

y = ln 3 e2x 2
1=3+C
=
3
2
ln 2
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SECTION 9.2
xy y = 2x2 y,
y(1) = 1

xy = y 1 + 2x2
1
1 + 2x2
dy =
dx =
y
x

1
+ 2x dx
x
ln |y| = ln |x| + x2 + C
y(1) = 1
Thus,
0=1+C
ln |y| = ln |x| + x 1
2
or
21. We assume that C = 0 at time t = 0.
C = 1
y = xex
(a) Let A0 = B0 . Then
dC
= k(A0 C)2
dt
Integrating, we get
Since C(0) = 0, M =
and

1
dC
=
k dt
(A0 C)2
1
= kt + M
A0 C
dC
= k dt.
(A0 C)2
M a constant.
1
and
A0
Solving this equation for C gives
1
1
.
= kt +
A0 C
A0
C(t) =
kA20 t
.
1 + kA0 t
(b) Suppose that A0 = B0 . Then

dC
= k(A0 C)(B0 C)
dt
Integrating, we get
and
dC
= k dt.
(A0 C)(B0 C)

1
dC = k dt
(A0 C)(B0 C)

1
1
1
dC = k dt
B0 A0
A0 C
B0 C
1
[ ln (A0 C) + ln (B0 C)] = kt + M
B0 A0

1
B0 C
ln
= kt + M
M an arbitrary constant
B0 A0
A0 C

1
0
and
ln B
Since C(0) = 0, M = B0 A
A0
0

1
B0 C
ln(B0 /A0 )
ln
.
= kt +
B0 A0
A0 C
B0 A0
Solving this equation for C, gives

A0 B0 ekA0 t ekB0 t
C(t) =
.
A0 ekA0 t B0 ekB0 t
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SECTION 9.2
22. (a) From (9.2.4) with
K = 0.0020, M = 800, R = P (0) = 100,

P (t) =
(b)
we have
80, 000
100 + 700e1.6 t
(c)
dP
is maximal at t
= 1.2162
dt
Maximum value = 320
dv
= v v 2
dt
dv
1
= dt
v( + v)
m

1
1
dv =
dt
v( + v)
m

1
1
1
1
dv
dv =
dt
+ v
m
23. (a)
1
1
1
ln v ln( + v) = t + M, M a constant
m

v
ln
= t + M
+ v
m

v
= Ket/m
K = eM
+ v
Solving this equation for v we get
(b) Setting v(0) = v0 , we get

+ v0
C=
v0
v(t) =
24.
=
et/m K
Cet/m
(c) lim v(t) = 0

t
and
v0
( + v0 )et/m v0
F = ma = m
(a)
v(t) =
dv
dt
m
dv
= mg v 2
dt

m dv
m
dv
dt =
=
mg v 2
vc 2 v 2

m
1
1
1
m
t=
+
dv
dv
=
vc 2 v 2
2vc
vc + v vc v

m
vc + v
=
ln
+C
2vc
vc v
[C = 1/K].
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
At t = 0,
v(0) = v0 .
Thus
(b)
Therefore

m
m
vc + v0
vc v0
C=
=
.
ln
ln
2vc
vc v0
2vc
vc + v0

m
vc + v vc v0
vc
vc + v vc v0
t=
ln
=
ln
.
2vc
vc + v0 vc v
2g
vc + v0 vc v

vc = mg/
vc + v vc v0
= e2tg/vc
vc + v0 vc v
vc + v0 2tg/vc
vc + v =
e
(vc v)
vc v0

vc + v0
vc + v0
v 1+
e2tg/vc = vc
e2tg/vc 1
vc v0
vc v0

(vc + v0 )e2tg/vc (vc v0 )
v = vc
.
(vc + v0 )e2tg/vc + (vc v0 )
We can bring the hyperbolic functions into play by writing

(vc + v0 )egt/vc (vc v0 )egt/vc
v = vc
(vc + v0 )egt/vc (vc v0 )egt/vc

v0 cosh(gt/vc ) + vc sinh(gt/vc )
= vc
v0 sinh(gt/vc ) + vc cosh(gt/vc )

vc 2 v0 2
(c) a = g
[v0 sinh(gt/vc ) + vc cosh(gt/vc )]2
The acceleration can not change sign since the denominator is always positive and the numerator
is constant. As t ,
the denominator , and the fraction 0.
(d) We can write

v = vc
As t ,

(vc + v0 ) (vc v0 )e2tg/vc
.
(vc + v0 ) + (vc v0 )e2tg/vc
2gt/vc and e2tg/vc 0. Thus v vc
25. (a) Let P = P (t) denote the number of people who have the disease at time t. Then, substituting
into (9.2.4) with M = 25, 000 and R = 100, we get
P (t) =
25, 000(100)
25, 000
=
.
100 + (249, 00)e25,000kt
1 + 249e25,000kt
25, 000
= 400 =
1 + 249e25,000(10k)
25, 000
.
Therefore, P (t) =
1 + 249e0.1398t
P (10)
25, 000k
= 0.1398.
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
(b)
25, 000
= 12, 500 = t
= 40;
1 + 249e0.1398 t
499
(c)
It will take 40 days for half the

population to have the disease.
26.
dy
d2 y
dy
= ky(M y) = kM y ky 2 =
= k 2 (M 2y)(M y)y
= (kM 2ky)
2
dt
dt
dt
d2 y
>0
dt2
for
0<y<
d2 y
<0
dt2
for
M
< y < M,
2
Therefore
infected.
M
,
2
so
so
dy
dt
is increasing
dy
dt
is decreasing
dy
M
is maximal at y =
.
dt
2
The disease is spreading fastest when half the population is
27. Assume that the package is dropped from rest.

(a) Let v = v(t) be the velocity at time t, 0 t 10. Then
100
dv
= 100g 2v
dt
This is a linear dierential equation;

et/50
dv
1
+
v=g
dt
50
or
et/50
(g = 9.8 m/sec2 )
is an integrating factor.
dv
1 t/50
v = g et/50
+
e
dt
50
d t/50
v = g et/50
e
dt
et/50 v = 50g et/50 + C
v = 50g + Cet/50

Now, v(0) = 0 = C = 50g and v(t) = 50g 1 et/50 .

At the instant the parachute opens, v(10) = 50g 1 e1/5
= 50g(0.1813)
= 88.82 m/sec.
(b) Now let v = v(t) denote the velocity of the package t seconds after the parachute opens. Then
100
dv
= 100g 4v 2
dt
or
1 2
dv
=g
v
dt
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
This is a separable dierential equation:
dv
1 2
=g
v
dt
25
du
g u2

u + g
1

ln

2 g u g

u + g

ln

u g
u+ g
u g
set u = v/5, du = (1/5)dv
1
dt
5
t
+K
5
2 g
=
t+M
5
=
= Ce2
u=
gt/5
= Ce1.25 t
Ce1.25 t + 1
g
Ce1.25t 1
Ce1.25 t + 1
v=5 g
Ce1.25t 1
C +1
Now, v(0) = 88.82 = 5 g
= 88.82 = C
= 1.43.
C 1

15.65 1 + 0.70e1.25 t
1.43e1.25 t + 1
Therefore, v(t) = 5 g
=
1.43e1.25t 1
1 0.70e1.25 t
(c) From part (b),
lim v(t) = 15.65 m/sec.
28. (a) By the hint

dC
1
A0 C
2
2 =
2
1
A0 C
2
First,
C(0) = 0
K = 2/A0 .
Then,
2
2
=
(t + 1),
1
A
A0 2 C
0
(b) By the hint
1
A0
k dt
= kt + K.
C(1) = A0
which gives
k = 2/A0 .

t
C(t) = 2A0
.
t+1
dC

=
1
1
A0 C
2A0 C
2
2
1
A0 C
2
1
1
2A0 C
2
dC =

k dt

k dt
Thus,
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SECTION 9.2
First,
C(0) = 0

1
1
1
2 ln |A0 C| + 2 ln |2A0 C| = kt + K
A0
2
2

1

C
2A
0
2

2 = kt + K.
ln
1

A0
A0 C
2
2
ln 2. Then,
= K =
A0
C(1) = A0
2
2
ln 3 = k +
ln 2
A0
A0
k=
2
3
ln .
A0 2
Thus,

t
2A0 12 C
2
2
3
2
3
2

=
ln
t
ln
ln
2
=
ln
2
+
A0
2 A0
A0
2
A0 12 C A0
so that
2A0 12 C
=2
A0 12 C
t
3
2
and therefore C(t) = 4A0
(c) By the hint

A0
C(0) = 0
C(1) = A0
dC

A0
n
C
m+n
=
1
m
n
dC =
m
n
A0 (m n) A0
A0
C
C
m+n
m+n

1
(m + n) ln
A0 (m n)
First,
m
C
m+n
3t 2t
.
2(3t ) 2t

A0 m C + (m + n) ln

m+n
m+n
K=
ln
A0 (m n)

k dt

k dt

A0 n C = kt + K

m+n

n

A
C

0
m+n

m + n = kt + K.
ln

A0 (m n) A0 m C

m+n

A0
= 0.
A0
Then,

n

A
A

0
0
m+n

m + n = m + n ln m .
ln
k=

A0 (m n) A0 m A0 A0 (m n)
n

m+n
501
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.2
Thus,

n

C
A

0
m+n

m + n = m + n ln m (t) + 0
ln

A0 (m n) A0 m C A0 (m n)
n

m+n
so that
n
C

m+n = m t
m
n
A0
C
m+n
A0
and therefore
C(t) = A0 (m + n)
PROJECT 9.2
1. (a) 2x + 3y = C
2 + 3y = 0
y =
The orthogonal trajectories are the solutions of:

y =
y =
3
2
y=
(b) Curves: y = Cx,
3
.
2
3
2
x+C
y = C =
y
x
orthogonal trajectories: y =

x
y

y dy +
x dx = K1 ;
x2 + y 2 = K (= 2K1 )
2
3

mt n t
.
mt+1 nt+1
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SECTION 9.2
(c) xy = C
y + xy = 0
y =
y
x

x
y = .
y
x
y =

y
x dx =
1
2
x2 =
y dy
1
2
y2 + C
or x2 y 2 = C
y = 3Cx2 =
(d) y = Cx3 ,
orthogonal trajectories:

3y
x
y =
x
3y

3y dy +
(e) y = C ex
x dx = K1 ;
3y 2 + x2 = K (= 2K1 )
y = C ex = y

1
y = .
y
1
y =
y

y dy = dx
1
2
y 2 = x + K
or y 2 = 2x + C
1 = 4Cy 3 y ;
(f) x = Cy 4 ,
orthogonal trajectories:

y dy +
4x dx = K1 ;
y =
y
4x
dy
4x
=
dx
y
y 2 + 4x2 = K (= 2K1 )
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.3
2. (a) Curves: y 2 x2 = C;
2yy 2x = 0
y
orthogonal trajectories: y = ;
x
y =
1
dy =
y
x
y
1
dx;
x
y=
C
x
2xyy
3y
= y =
3
2x

2x
3
orthogonal trajectories: y = ;
3y dy + 2x dx = C; x2 + y 2 = C or 2x2 + 3y 2 = C
3y
2
Cex
y(x
1)
(c) Curves: y =
, xy = Cex ; xy + y = Cex = y =
x
x

x
x
1

;
y dy =
dx =
1 dx;
y(1 x)
1x
1x
(b) Curves: y 2 = Cx3 ,
1 2
2y
2yy = 3Cx2 ;
y2 =
= ln |1 x| x + C or y 2 + 2x + ln (1 x)2 = C
(d) Curves: ex sin y = C;
ex cos y y + ex sin y = 0
cos y
;
sin y
y =
sin y
dy =
cos y
sin y
cos y

dx;
ln | sec y| = x + C or sec y = Cex
3. (a) A dierential equation for the given family is:

y 2 = 2xyy + y 2 (y )2
A dierential equation for the family of orthogonal trajectories is found by replacing y by 1/y .
The result is:
y2 =
2xy
y2
+
y
(y )2
which simplies to
y 2 = 2xyy + y 2 (y )2
Thus, the given family is self-orthogonal.

(b)
y2
2yy
4x
x2
2x
+ 2
+ 2
= 1 =
= 0 = C 2 =
2
2
C
C 4
C
C 4
x + yy
A dierential equation for the given family is:
x2 + xyy
xy
y2 = 4
y
A dierential equation for the family of orthogonal trajectories is found by replacing y by 1/y .
The result is:
x2 xy
Thus, the given family is self-orthogonal.
1
+ xyy y 2 = 4
y
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SECTION 9.3
SECTION 9.3
1. The characteristic equation is:
r2 + 2r 8 = 0
The roots are:
r = 4, 2.
(r + 4)(r 2) = 0.
or
The general solution is:

y = C1 e4x + C2 e2x .
2. r2 13r + 42 = 0 = r = 6, 7;
y = C1 e6x + C2 e7x

r2 + 8r + 16 = 0
There is only one root:
r = 4.
(r + 4)2 = 0.
or
By Theorem 9.3.6 II, the general solution is:

y = C1 e4x + C2 xe4x .
7
4. r + 7r + 3 = 0 = r =
2
37
;
2
y = C1 e
7+ 37
x
2
+ C2 e
7 37
x
2
5. The characteristic equation is: r2 + 2r + 5 = 0.

The roots are complex:
r = 1 2i.
By Theorem 9.3.6 III, the general solution is:
y = ex (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x) .

3
6. r 3r + 8 = 0 = r =
2
2
23
i;
2
3x/2
y=e
23
23
C1 cos
x + C2 sin
x
2
2

2r2 + 5r 3 = 0
The roots are:
r = 12 , 3.
or
(2r 1)(r + 3) = 0.

y = C1 ex/2 + C2 e3x .
8. r2 12 = 0 = r = 2 3;
y = C1 e2
3x
+ C2 e2
3x

r2 + 12 = 0.
r = 2 3 i.
y = C1 cos 2 3 x + C2 sin 2 3 x.
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November 25, 2006
SECTION 9.3
10. r2 3r +
3
9
= 0 = r = ;
4
2
y = C1 e 2 x + C2 xe 2 x .

5r2 +
The roots are:
11
4 r
3
4
=0
r = 15 , 34 .
20r2 + 11r 3 = (5r 1)(4r + 3) = 0.
or

y = C1 ex/5 + C2 e3x/4 .
3
12. 2r2 + 3r = 0 = r = 0, ;
2
y = C1 + C2 e 2 x .
3

r2 + 9 = 0.
r = 3i.

y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x.
14. r2 r 30 = 0 = r = 6, 5;
y = C1 e6x + C2 e5x .

2r2 + 2r + 1 = 0.
r = 12
1
2
i.
y = ex/2 [C1 cos(x/2) + C2 sin(x/2)] .

16. r2 4r + 4 = 0 = r = 2;
y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x .

8r2 + 2r 1 = 0
The roots are:
r=
1
4,
1
2.
or
(4r 1)(2r + 1) = 0.

y = C1 ex/4 + C2 ex/2 .
18. 5r2 2r + 1 = 0 = r =
1 2
i;
5 5

2x
2x
y = ex/5 C1 cos
+ C2 sin
.
5
5

r2 5r + 6 = 0
The roots are:
r = 3, 2.
or
The general solution and its derivative are:

y = 3C1 e3x + 2C2 e2x .
y = C1 e3x + C2 e2x ,
The conditions: y(0) = 1,
(r 3)(r 2) = 0.
y (0) = 1
C1 + C2 = 1
require that
and
3C1 + 2C2 = 1.
Solving these equations simultaneously gives C1 = 1, C2 = 2.

The solution of the initial value problem is: y = 2e2x e3x .
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SECTION 9.3
507
y = C1 ex + C2 xex
20. r2 + 2r + 1 = 0 = r = 1;
1 = y(2) = C1 e2 + 2C2 e2 ,
2 = y (2) = C1 e2 C2 e2
= C1 = 5e2 , C2 = 3e2 = y = 5e2x + 3xe2x .

r2 +
r = 12 i.
The roots are:
1
4
= 0.

y = 12 C1 sin(x/2) +
y = C1 cos(x/2) + C2 sin(x/2)
y () = 1
The conditions: y() = 1,
1
2
C2 cos(x/2).
require that
C2 = 1
and
C1 = 2.
The solution of the initial value problem is: y = 2 cos(x/2) + sin(x/2).

22. r2 2r + 2 = 0 = r = 1 i;
y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x).
1 = y (0) = C1 + C2 = C2 = 0,
1 = y(0) = C1 ,
y = ex cos x

r2 + 4r + 4 = 0
There is only one root: r = 2.
y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x
y = 2C1 e2x + C2 e2x 2C2 xe2x .
y (1) = 1
The conditions: y(1) = 2,
(r + 2)2 = 0.
or
C1 e2 C2 e2 = 2
require that
2C1 e2 + 3C2 e2 = 1.
and
Solving these equations simultaneously gives C1 = 7e2 , C2 = 5e2 .

The solution of the initial value problem is: y = 7e2 e2x + 5e2 xe2x = 7e2(x+1) + 5xe2(x+1) .
24. r2 2r + 5 = 0 = r = 1 2i;
y = ex (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x).
0 = y(/2) = e/2 (C1 ) = C1 = 0;
2 = y (/2) = e/2 (2C2 ) = C2 = e/2
= y = ex/2 sin 2x.

r2 r 2 = 0
The roots are:
r = 2, 1.
or
y = C1 e2x + C2 ex
(a)
y(0) = 1
(r 2)(r + 1) = 0.
C1 + C2 = 1
y = 2C1 e2x C2 ex .
C2 = 1 C1 .
Thus, the solutions that satisfy y(0) = 1 are:
y = Ce2x + (1 C)ex .
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SECTION 9.3
y (0) = 1
(b)
2C1 C2 = 1
C2 = 2C1 1.
Thus, the solutions that satisfy y (0) = 1 are:

(c)
y = Ce2x + (2C 1)ex .
2C 1 = 1 C
To satisfy both conditions, we must have
C = 23 .
The solution that satises y(0) = 1, y (0) = 1 is:

y=
26. r2 2 = 0 = r = ;
2
3
e2x +
1
3
ex .
y = A1 ex + A2 ex
Since ex = cosh x + sinh x and ex = cosh x sinh x,
we can write
y = C1 cosh x + C2 sinh x (with C1 = A1 + A2 , C2 = A1 A2 ).

27.
r1 + r2
,
2
r 1 r2
;
2
y = k1 er1 x + k2 er2 x = ex (C1 cosh x + C2 sinh x) ,

28. r2 + 2 = 0 = r = i;
A=

C1 2 + C2 2
C1 + C2
,
2
k2 =
C1 C2
.
2
C1
C2
cos x +
sin x
C1 2 + C2 2
C1 2 + C2 2
= A (sin 0 cos x + cos 0 sin x) = A sin(x + 0 ),
and 0 , 0 [0, 2),

sin 0 =
29. (a) Let y1 = ex ,
k1 =
y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x.
Assuming that C12 + C22 > 0, we have

2
2

C1 cos x + C2 sin x = C1 + C2
where
where
y2 = xex .
C1
2
C1 + C2
is the angle such that

cos 0 =
and
C2
C1 2 + C2 2
Then
W (x) = y1 y2 y2 y1 = ex [ex + xex ] xex [ex ] = e2x = 0

(b) Let y1 = ex cos x,
y2 = ex sin x,
= 0.
Then
W (x) = y1 y2 y2 y1

= ex cos x [ex sin x + ex cos x] ex sin x [ex cos x ex sin x]
= e2x = 0
30. Characteristic equation:
(a) r = 100(5
(b) r = 500;
5);
1
r + 10 r +
= 0;
C
2
y = C1 e100(5+
5)t
roots:
r=
+ C2 e100(5
5)t
y = C1 e500t + C2 te500t
(c) r = 500(1 i);
y = e500t (C1 cos 500t + C2 sin 500t)
103
106 4/C
.
2
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SECTION 9.3
31. (a) The solutions y1 = e2x , y2 = e4x
509
imply that the roots of the characteristic equation
are r1 = 2, r2 = 4. Therefore, the characteristic equation is:

(r 2)(r + 4) = r2 + 2r 8 = 0
y + 2y 8y = 0.
and the dierential equation is:

(b) The solutions
y1 = 3ex ,
y2 = 4e5x
imply that the roots of the characteristic equation
are r1 = 1, r2 = 5. Therefore, the characteristic equation is

(r + 1)(r 5) = r2 4r 5 = 0
y 4y 5y = 0.

(c) The solutions
y1 = 2e3x ,
y2 = xe3x
imply that 3 is the only root of the characteristic
equation. Therefore, the characteristic equation is

(r 3)2 = r2 6r + 9 = 0
y 6y + 9y = 0.
so r2 = 4. Dierential equation: y + 4y = 0
32. (a) We want r = 2i,
so (r + 2)2 = 9. Dierential equation: y + 4y + 13y = 0
(b) We want r = 2 3i,

33. (a) Let y = ex u. Then
y = ex u + ex u
and y = 2 ex u + 2ex u + ex u
Now,

y 2y + 2 y = 2 ex u + 2ex u + ex u 2 (ex u + ex u ) + 2 ex u
Therefore,
= ex u
y 2y + 2 y = 0
ex u
u = 0.

(b) y 2y + 2 + 2 y = y 2y + 2 y + 2 y.
From part (a) y = ex u
y 2y + 2 y = ex u . Therefore,

y 2y + 2 + 2 y = 0
34. r2 + ar + b = 0 = r1 , r2 =
If a 4b > 0, then
2
a2
ex u + 2 ex u = 0
u + 2 u = 0.
a2 4b
.
2
4b < a, so
a2 4b
is negative, and the solutions:
2
y = C1 er1 x + C2 er2 x 0 as x .
If a2 4b = 0, then r = r1 = r2 = a/2 < 0, and the solutions:
y = C1 erx + C2 xerx 0 as x .
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SECTION 9.3
If a2 4b < 0,

then y = eax/2 C1 cos 12 b2 4a x + C2 sin 12 b2 4a x satises
|y| < eax/2 = y 0 as x .

35. (a) If a = 0, b > 0, then the general solution of the dierential equation is:

y = C1 cos b x + C2 sin b x = A cos

bx +
where A and are constants. Clearly | y(x) | | A | for all x.
(b) If a > 0, b = 0, then the general solution of the dierential equation is:
y = C1 + C2 eax
and
lim y(x) = C1 .
The solution which satises the conditions: y(0) = y0 , y (0) = y1

y = y0 +
y1
y1 ax
e
a
a
and
lim y(x) = y0 +
y1
;
a
is:
k = y0 +
y1
.
a
36. Let y1 and y2 be solutions of the homogeneous equation.

Suppose that y2 = k y1 for some scalar k. Then

y
1
W (y1 , y2 ) =
y1

k y1
=0
k y1
Now suppose that W (y1 , y2 ) = 0, and suppose that y1 is not identically 0. Let I be an interval on
which y1 (x) = 0. Then,

Therefore,
y2
y1

=
y1 y2 y2 y1
W (y1 , y2 )
=
=0
2
(y1 )
(y1 )2
y2
= k constant on I. Finally, y2 = ky1 on I implies y2 = ky1 for all x by the uniqueness
y1
theorem.
37. Let W be the Wronskian of y1 and y2 . Then

0

W (a) =
y1 (a)

0
=0
y2 (a)
Therefore one of the solutions is a multiple of the other (see the Supplement to this Section).
dy
dy 1
=
. Dierentiating with respect to x again, we have
dx
dz x

d2 y
1
1 d2 y dy
d2 y dz 1 dy
+
.
=
=
dx2
dz 2 dx x dz
x2
x2 dz 2
dz
38. From the hint,
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SECTION 9.3
Substituting into the dierential equation x2 y + xy + y = 0, we get

where
a = 1,
d2 y dy
dz 2
dz

+
dy
+ y = 0,
dz
or
dy
d2 y
+a
+ by = 0,
dz 2
dz
b = .
39. From Exercise 38, the change of variable z = ln x transforms the equation
x2 y xy 8y = 0
into the dierential equation with constant coecients
d2 y
dy
2
8y = 0.
2
dz
dz
The characteristic equation is:
r2 2r 8 = 0
The roots are:
r = 4, r = 2,
(r 4)(r + 2) = 0
or
and the general solution (in terms of z) is:

y = C1 e4z + C2 e2z .
Replacing z by ln x we get
y = C1 e4 ln x + C2 e2 ln x = C1 x4 + C2 x2 .
40. Using the result of Exercise 38, we get
d2 y
dy
3
+ 2y = 0,
2
dz
dz
so
r2 3r + 2 = 0 = r = 1, 2.
= y = C1 ez + C2 e2z . Substituting z = ln x,
we get
y = C1 x + C2 x2 .
41. From Exercise 38, the change of variable z = ln x transforms the equation
x2 y 3xy + 4y = 0
into the dierential equation with constant coecients
d2 y
dy
4
+ 4y = 0.
dz 2
dz
The characteristic equation is:
r2 4r + 4 = 0
The only root is:
r = 2,
or
(r 2)2 = 0.
and the general solution (in terms of z) is:

y = C1 e2z + C2 ze2z .
Replacing z by ln x we get
y = C1 e2 ln x + C2 ln x e2 ln x = C1 x2 + C2 x2 ln x.
42. From Exercise 38, we get
d2 y
dy
2
+ 5y = 0
dz 2
dz
r2 2r + 5 = 0 = r = 1 2i;
Substituting z = ln x we get:
and y = ez (C1 cos 2z + C2 sin 2z) .

y = x [C1 cos(2 ln x) + C2 sin(2 ln x)] .
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REVIEW EXERCISES
REVIEW EXERCISES
1. First calculate the integrating factor eH(x) :

H(x) = 1dx = x and eH(x) = ex
Multiplication by ex gives
ex y + ex y = 2ex
which is
d x
(e y) = 2ex
dx
Integrating this equation, we get

ex y = 2ex + C
and
y = 2e2x + Cex
2. The equation can be written
2 cos(2x) +
2y 2 + 1
y = 0.
y
The equation is separable:

2y 2 + 1
2 cos(2x)dx +
dy = C
y
and
sin(2x) + y 2 + ln |y| = C

cos2 xdx

2
cos xdx
or
y2
y
dy = C
+1
y2
and
y
dy = 0.
+1
1
1
1
sin(2x) + x ln(y 2 + 1) = C
4
2
2
sin(2x) + 2x 2 ln(y 2 + 1) = C.

xex (y ln y)y = 0.

xex dx y ln ydy = C
1
1
and ex (x 1) y 2 ln y + y 2 + C
2
4

y +
3
sin 2x
.
y=
x
x2
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REVIEW EXERCISES
Calculate the integrating factor eH(x) :
H(x) =
3
dx = ln x3 and eH(x) = x3 .
x
Multiplying by x3 gives
d 3
(x y) = x sin 2x.
dx
x3 y + 3x2 y = x sin 2x which is

1
1
x3 y = x sin 2xdx + C = x cos 2x + sin 2x + C.
2
4
and
y=
1
1
C
cos 2x + 3 sin 2x + 3 .
2
2x
4x
x

y +
H(x) =
2
2 2
y = ex .
x
x
2
x
Multiplication by x2 gives
x2 y + 2xy = 2xex
which is
d 2
2
(x y) = 2xex .
dx
Integrating the equation, we get

2
x2 y = ex + C.
and
y=
1 x2
(e + C).
x2

1 + x2

2
(1 + x )dx
or
arctan y = x +
x3
3
1
y = 0.
1 + y2
1
dy = C
1 + y2
and x +
+ C.

x2 1
y+1
y =0
y
x3
arctan y = C
3
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REVIEW EXERCISES

y+1
2
(x 1)dx
dy = C
y
1 3
x x y ln |y| = C.
3
and

y +
2
y = x2 .
x
2
x
H(x) =
Multiplication by x2 gives
x2 y + 2xy = x4
d 2
(x y) = x4 .
dx
which is

x2 y =
1 5
x +C
5
1 3
C
x + 2.
5
x
and y =

1
x 1 + x2 2 y = 0
y

1
2
x 1 + x dx
dy = C
y2
1
1
(1 + x2 )3/2 + = C.
3
y
and
Solving for y, we have

y=
3
.
(1 + x2 )3/2 + C

y +
1
2
y = 2 +1
x
x
The integrating factor is

eH(x) = eln x = x.
Multiplication by x gives
xy + y =
2
+ x which is
x
d
2
(xy) = + x.
dx
x

1
xy = ln x2 + x2 + C
2
and y =
1
1
(ln x2 + x2 + C).
x
2
Applying the initial condition y(1) = 2, we have

ln 1 +
1
3
+ C = 2 and C = .
2
2
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REVIEW EXERCISES
Therefore
1
y=
x
1
3
ln x + x2 +
2
2

y
4x
y = 0.
2
y +1

y

4xdx
dy = C
2
y +1
and
2x2 (y 2 + 1)1/2 = C.
To nd the solution that satises y(0) = 1, we set x = 0, y = 1 and solve for C:
1
C = (1 + 1) 2 = 2.
Therefore 2x2 (y 2 + 1)1/2 +
2 = 0 is the solution.

e2x +

e2x dx +
1
y = 0.
2y 1
1
dy = C
2y 1
and
1 2x 1
e + ln |2y 1| = C.
2
2
Solving for y, we get

y=
To nd the solution that satises y(0) =
We have C = 1. Therefore y =
1
2
1
2
1
2x
+ Cee .
2
+ 1e , we set x = 0, y =
1
2
1
e
and solve for C.
+ ee .
2x

tan x cos yy = 0.

tan xdx cos ydy = C
Applying the initial condition: y(0) =
2,
and
ln | sec x| sin y = C.
we have C = 1. Therefore sin y = ln | sec x| + 1.
15. The characteristic equation is

r2 2r + 2 = 0.
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REVIEW EXERCISES
The roots are: r = 1 i.
The general solution is
y = C1 ex cos x + C2 ex sin x

r2 + r +
1
= 0.
4
The roots are: r = 12 with multiplicity 2.

y = C1 ex/2 + C2 xex/2
r2 r 2 = 0.
The roots are: r = 2, 1.
y = C1 e2x + C2 ex
r2 4r = 0.

y = C1 + C2 e4x

r2 6r + 9 = 0.
y = C1 e3x + C2 xe3x
r2 + 4 = 0
The roots are: r = 2i.
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REVIEW EXERCISES
y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x
r2 + 4r + 13 = 0
The roots are: r = 2 3i.
y = e2x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x)
3r2 5r 2 = 0.
The roots are: r = 2, 13 .
y = C1 e2x + C2 ex/3 .

r2 r = 0.
y = C1 + C2 ex .
Applying the initial conditions y(0) = 1 and y (0) = 0, we have
C1 + C2 = 1,
C2 = 0
The solution of the initial-value problem is: y = 1.

r2 + 7r + 12 = 0.
y = C1 e3x + C2 e4x .
C1 = 1.
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REVIEW EXERCISES
y (0) = 8, we have
Applying the initial conditions y(0) = 2,

C1 + C2 = 2,
3C1 4C2 = 8
C1 = 16, C2 = 14.
The solution of the initial-value problem is: y = 16e3x 14e4x .

r2 6r + 13 = 0.
The roots are: r = 3 2i.
y = e3x (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x).
y (0) = 2, we have
Applying the initial conditions y(0) = 2,

C1 = 2,
3C1 + 2C2 = 2
C1 = 2, C2 = 2.
The solution of the initial-value problem is: y = e3x (2 cos 2x 2 sin 2x).
r2 + 4r + 4 = 0.
y = C1 e2x + C2 xe2x .
Applying the initial conditions y(1) = 2, y (1) = 1, we have
C1 e2 C2 e2 = 2,
2C2 e2 + 3C2 e2 = 1
C1 = 7e2 , C2 = 5e2 .
The solution of the initial-value problem is: y = 7e2x2 + 5xe2x2 .

= y = 2y

1
Orthogonal trajectories: y = ;
2y dy = dx;
2y
27. Curves: y = Ce2x ;
28. Curves: y =
C
;
1 + x2
y = 2Ce2x
y =
2xC
(1 + x2 )2
1 + x2
Orthogonal trajectories: y =
;
2xy
y =

2y dy =
y 2 = C x.
2xy
1 + x2
1 + x2
dx =
x
and
1
y 2 = ln |x| + x2 + C
2

1
+ x dx;
x
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REVIEW EXERCISES
519
29. Substituting y = xr into the equation, we get

r(r 1)xr + 4rxr + 2xr = 0
or xr (r2 + 3r + 2) = 0
r2 + 3r + 2 = (r + 2)(r + 1) = 0.
r2 2r 8 = (r + 2)(r 4) = 0.
The solutions are: r = 1, 2.

30. Substituting y = xr into the equation, we get
r(r 1)xr rxr 8xr = 0
or xr (r2 2r 8) = 0
The solutions are: r = 4, 2.

31. Let y(t) be the value of the business (measured in millions) at time t. Then y(t) satises
dy
= ky 2
dt
The general solution of this equation is
y(t) =
1
kt + C
Applying the given conditions, y(0) = 1 and y(1) = 1.5, to nd C and k, we get C = 1 and
k = 1/3.
1 year from now the business will be worth:
y(2) =
1
= 3 million.
13 + 1
1.5 years from now the business will be worth:

y(2.5) =
13
1
5
2
+1
= 6 million.
2 years from now the business will be worth:

y(3) =
1
13 (3)
+1
= .
Obviously the business cannot continue to grow at a rate proportional to its value squared.
32. Let y(t) be the value of the business (measured in millions) at the time t. Then y(t) satises
dy
=k y
dt

y(t) =
k
t+C
2
2
Applying the given conditions, y(0) = 1 and y(2) = 1.44, to nd C and k, we get C = 1 and
k = 0.2 so
y(t) =
1
10 t
2
+1 .
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520
November 25, 2006
REVIEW EXERCISES
5 years from now the business will be worth:
y(7) = (0.7 + 1)2 = 2.89 million.
Solve
2
t
y(t) =
+1 =4
10
t = 10. The business will be worth 4 million 8 years from now.
33. (a) The general solution of the dierential equation is

a
+ Cebt .
b
a
Applying the initial condition y(0) = 0, we get C = , and
b
a
y = (1 ebt )
b
a
(b) lim y(t) =
t
b
a
(c) Setting y = 0.9 , we have
b
a
a
0.9 = (1 ebt ).
b
b
ln 10
The solution to this equation is t =
hours.
b
y=
34. Let T (t) be the temperature of the bar at time t. It follows from Newtons law of cooling that
T (t) = + Cekt .
By the conditions given in the problem, we have
= 0,
Applying these conditions, we get
T (0) = 100,
C = 100 and k =
T (20) = 50.
ln 2
. Therefore
20
T (t) = 100e(t/20) ln 2 = 100(2)t/20 .

(a) T (30) = 100(2)3/2
= 35.4 .
(b) Solve 25 = 100(2)t/20 for t:
25 = 100(2)t/20 ,
t
ln 2 = ln(1/4),
20
t=
20 ln 4
= 40.
ln 2
It will take 40 minutes for the bar to reach 25 .

35. Let T (t) be the temperature of the object at time t. It follows from Newtons law of cooling that
T (t) = + Cekt .
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REVIEW EXERCISES
521
By the conditions given in the problem, we have

= 70,
T (10) = 20,
T (20) = 35.
Applying these conditions, we get

C=
500
7
and k =
1
ln(10/7).
10
(a) The temperature of the object at time t is

500 (t/10) ln(10/7)
500
T = 70
= 70
e
7
7
(b) T (0) = 70
7
10
t/10
10
500
=
7
7
36. (a) Let T be the length of time needed to ll the tank. Then
600 + (6 4)T = 1200
and T = 300 minutes.
(b) Let S(t) be the amount of salt dissolved in the tank at time t. Then
dS
1
S
2S
= rate in rate out = 6
4=3
dt
2
600 + 2t
300 + t
The equation can be rewritten
S +
2S
= 3.
300 + t
The general solution to this equation is

S = 300 + t +
C
.
(300 + t)2
Since S(0) = 40, we get C = 3002 260. Therefore, the amount of salt in the tank at time t is:
S(t) = 300 + t
(c) S(T ) = 300 + 300
3002 260
(300 + t)2
3002 260
= 535 pounds.
(300 + t)2
37. (a) Let T be the length of time needed to empty the tank. Then
80 (8 4)T = 0 and T = 20 minutes.
(b) Let S(t) be the amount of salt in the tank at the time t. Then
dS
S
2S
=14
8=4
,
dt
80 4t
20 t
S(0) =
1
80 = 10
8
The solution to this initial-value problem is

S(t) = 4(20 t)
7
(20 t)2
40
(1)
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REVIEW EXERCISES
(c) Let t0 be the time that the tank contains exactly 40 gallons. Then
80 4t0 = 40 and t0 = 10.
Substituting t = 10 into (1), we get S(10) = 22.5 pounds.
38. (a) The dierential equation is separable and can be written as

dP
= dt.
P (101 105 P )
With the initial condition P (0) = 2000, the solution is
P (t) =
2500e0.1t
.
1 + 0.25e0.1t
Then
lim P (t) = 104 .
(b) Setting P = 0.9 104 , we get

0.9 104 =
2500e0.1t
.
1 + 0.25e0.1t
The solution to this equation is t = 35.835

= 36 months.
39. Let P (t) be the number of people that have heard the rumor at time t. Then P (t) satises:
dP
= kP (20, 000 P )
dt
P (t) =
Now,
P (0) =
20, 000
= 500
1+C
C = 39;
20, 000
= 1200 =
1 + 39e20,000(10k)
20, 000
Therefore, P (t) =
.
1 + 39e0.09120t
20, 000
(a) P (20) =
= 2742
1 + 39e0.0912(20)
P (10) =
20, 000
.
1 + Ce20,000kt
20, 000k
= .0912.
(b) The rumor will be spreading fastest when the number of people who have heard it is equal to the
number of people who have not heard it:
20, 000
= 10, 000.
1 + 39e0.0912t
The solution of this equation is: t
= 40 days.
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P2: PBU/OVY
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T1: PBU
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November 25, 2006
REVIEW EXERCISES
523
40. (a) From (2),
du
1
= dx
2
a
1+u
Integrating, we get

x

ln u + 1 + u2 = + C.
a
Applying the initial condition y (0) = u(0) = 0
(b) Set u = y :

x

ln y + 1 + (y )2 = ,
a
y +

x
C = 0. Thus, ln u + 1 + u2 = .
a
1 + (y )2 = ex/a
and
1 + (y )2 = ex/a y .
Squaring both sides and simplyfying, we get

y =
ex/a ex/a
= sinh (x/a)
2
Applying the initial condition y(0) = a, we get C = 0.

Therefore y(x) = a cosh(x/a), a catenary.
y = a cosh (x/a) + C.
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P1: PBU/OVY

November 25, 2006

ex/2 ex/2 = 0; y1 is a solution.

y2 (x) = 2x + ex/2 ;

y2 + xy2 = Cxex

y2 + 4y2 = 2 cos x + 8 cos x = 6 cos x;

y2 (x) = 2C cosh 2x,

4. y1 + 4y1 = 8 sin 2x + 8 sin 2x = 0;

5. y1 (x) = 2e2x ,

y1 4y1 = 4e2x 4e2x = 0;

y2 = 4C sinh 2x;

y2 4y2 = 4C sinh 2x 4C sinh 2x = 0;

November 25, 2006

integrating factor: e5x/2

integrating factor: e2x

e2x y 2e2x y = e2x 2xe2x

integrating factor: eln x

November 25, 2006

integrating factor: eH(x) =

where K is an arbitrary constant.

November 25, 2006

19. y + 2xy = xex ;

integrating factor: eln(x+1) = (x + 1)2

November 25, 2006

C = 2. Therefore, y = 2ex + x 1 is the solution which satises

the initial condition.

satises the initial condition.

C = e ln 2. Therefore, y = ex [ln (1 + ex ) + e ln 2] is the

solution which satises the initial condition.

integrating factor: eln x

November 25, 2006

C = e. Therefore, y = x2 (ex e) is the solution which satises

the initial condition.

1 = y(1) = 5e1 + C = C = 5e1 1

solution which satises the initial condition.

(a) y(a) = 0 = Cera = C = 0 = y(x) = 0 for all x.

(b) r < 0 and y = 0 = y as x

November 25, 2006

= 0 = C = 0 = y(x) = 0 for all x.

(c) Let z = y1 y2 . Then z is a solution of y + p(x)y = 0. If y1 (b) = y2 (b), then z(b) = 0 =

q(t) eH(t) dt.

33. Let y(x) = e

Thus, y(x) = eH(x)

q(t) eH(t) dt is the solution of the initial value problem.

34. Let z = y1 y2 . Then

November 25, 2006

the temperature after 1 minute is (approx.) 40.10 .

To nd how long it will take for the temperature to reach 35 , we solve

36. By (9.1.4) T (t) = 100 80ekt

1 ekt < 1. Therefore

P (0) = P0 = P (t) = P0 e(ab)t .

November 25, 2006

(b) lim i(t) = lim

November 25, 2006

41. (a) V (t) = kV (t) = V (t) = V0 ekt

V (t) ktekt /2 V (t) = 0

s (t) + 0.03s(t) = 0.6.

Use the initial condition s(0) = 100(0.25) = 25 to determine C:

November 25, 2006

P (0) = C = 1000 = P = 1000e sin 2t .

46. (a) Let Q = ln P. Then

November 25, 2006

This solution can also be written: y =