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Tai Lieu An Toan Dien
Tai Lieu An Toan Dien
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Phn I
CC KHI NIM C BN V AN TON IN
I.
II.
T l b
in git (%)
* Theo cp in p:
U 1000V
76,4
U > 1000V
23,6
42,2
57,8
* Cc dng b in git:
1. Chm trc tip vo in
55,9
6,7
25,6
23,6
22,8
- Lc thit b khng c ni t
22,2
- Lc thit b c ni t
0,6
20,1
1,2
( Bng 2.1)
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Nguyn nhn:
- Trnh t chc, qun l cng tc lp t, xy dng, sa cha cng trnh in cha
tt.
- Vi phm quy trnh k thut an ton, ng in khi c ngi ang sa cha, thao
tc vn hnh thit b khng ng quy trnh
- Xem thng s nguy him ca in khi thao tc, vn hnh h thng in cp in
p h th ( 1000V) 220/380V. cp in p ny ngi vn hnh tip xc nhiu
nht.
-
III.
U 1000V
1
Tm bin php khc phc nguyn nhn gy tai nn, trnh pht sinh li, lp h
s bo co mt cch trung thc.
U > 1000V
?!?
Cu hi tho lun:
Trang 3 / 7
IV.
Tng tr ngi
Bin dng
in (1)
in p tip xc
Mi trng
lm vic (5)
Tn s dng
in (4)
ng i ca
dng in (3)
Tho Lun:
- Yu t no l quan trng nht ?
Trang 4 / 7
Tc hi i Vi Ngi
( Thng k theo IEC 479-1)
Ing
(mA)
in AC 50-60Hz
in DC
0,6 - 1,5
Bt u thy t
Cha c cm gic
2-3
T tng mnh
Cha c cm gic
5-7
Bp tht bt u co
au nh kim chm
8 - 10
Tay kh ri vt mang in
Nng tng dn
20 - 25
Bp tht co v rung
50 - 80
Tay kh ri vt c in v kh th
90 - 100
H hp t lit
(Bng 4.1.1)
Cu hi:
1. in xoay chiu nguy him hn hay in 1 chiu nguy him hn?
Tr li:
2. Gii hn dng in nguy him theo IEC-479-1 :
IDC
IAC (50-60Hz)
Cc yu t nh hng n bin dng in i qua ngi:
1. Tng tr ngi (Zng)
- in tr lp da
- in tr thn ngi
- Trng thi sc khe v sinh hc ca ngi
2. in p tip xc
Gii hn dng in nguy him cho con ngi cn c vo dng in nguy him, trong nhiu
trng hp khng xc nh c v ph thuc rt nhiu vo yu t bn ngoi. Mt khc, gi
tr in tr ngi lun thay i trong cc iu kin khc nhau.
Do , gii hn mc an ton, trong tnh ton, thit k, ngi ta thng s dng i
lng in p cho php. (Ucp)
Gi tr in p cho php ty thuc vo tng tiu chun quc gia.
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AC
Ni kh
ro
50 V
DC
120 V
60 V
AC
24 V
12 V
DC
50 V
25 V
AC
50 V
25 V
DC
(bng 4.1.2)
80 V
50 V
Theo tn s
Ni m t
25 V
Uac (V)
Udc (V)
50
120
5s
75
140
1s
90
160
0,5s
110
175
0,2s
150
200
0,1s
220
250
0,05
280
310
0,03s
(Bng 4.2.1)
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3,3 %
6,7 %
3,7 %
0,4 %
(Bng 4.3.1)
4.4 Tn s dng in
Tn S - F (Hz)
50
10
20
20
12
50
10
60
12
70
14
100
20
500
50
1000
80
(Bng 4.4.1)
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Phn II
CC BIN PHP BO V AN TON
T chc
AN TON
Con ngi
Thit b
K thut
SELV,
PELV, cch
ly
Bo h/
dng c c
nhn
Ni t
RCD,
MCCB, ...
Cc bin
php khc
Tui: 18 tui
Chuyn mn: phi c kin thc, hiu bit chuyn mn v in, hiu r cc s in
v c kh nng ng dng cc quy phm v k thut an ton in, bit cp cu ngi
khi b in git.
a im
Thi gian
Yu cu bc th
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Mi trng lm vic
(nng/ma; trong nh/ngoi tri; cao p/ thp p; trn b/ngoi bin; <)
<
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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2. TRANG B CC THIT B BO V
Cc bin php ngn chn chm in trc tip i khi vn cha m bo an ton nn vn
c th xy ra tai nn chm in do sai st, nhm ln nh h hng cch in, thao tc u ni
nhm ln, Nn ngi ta trang b thm cc thit b bo v c th ty theo tng mc an
ton v quy chun trong dn dng hay cng nghip.
- RCD (Residual Current Device): Thit b bo v dng r
RCD l thit b bo v c nhy cao, tc ng theo dng r vi dng tc ng ct (I_cut)
vi mA (5, 10, 20, 30 mA, )
Dng r trong RCD c hiu ng ngha l dng khng cn bng (imballanced current)
c sinh ra khi dng in trong cc dy chy qua n khng bng nhau.
M hnh nguyn l RCD 1 pha.
1. B khuch i so lnh v c cu tc ng c-in
2. Cc vng dy (th cp)
3. Li t
4. Tip im thng m, to dng r gi to (test).
Nguyn l:
Bnh thng, dng in trong dy L v dy N l bng nhau tng t thng mc vng ln qun
dy (2) l bng khng sc in ng cm ng/ dng in sinh ra trong cun dy (2) l bng
khng.
Do mt nguyn nhn no , VD: do chm v kim loi ca thit b thit b ang tn ti mt
in p nguy him.
Nu thit b c trang b ni t hay khi c ngi chm vo thit b th mt phn dng in qua
dy L s chy qua v thit b qua dy ni t ( hoc thn ngi) chcy xung t khp kn
mch m khng i qua dy N tr ngc v ngun Dng in trong dy L v N khng bng
nhau na (mt cn bng) tn ti sut in ng cm ng (nh) trong qun dy (2). S cm
ng ny t l thun vi gi tr dng r.
Khuch i so snh (1) s khuch i tn hiu in p ny v so snh gi tr vi mt ngng
t trc no .
Nu gi tr dng r (dng in chy ra v, qua ngi, <) ln hn ngng t, c cu tc ng
c-in s tc ng, xut tn hiu ngt ngun in (VD: ngt CB)
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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3. TRANG B H THNG NI T
Tiu chun quc t IEC 60364 quy nh 3 h thng ni t (ni mt), nh sau:
3.1. Mng TN
Trong mng TN, ngun c ni t, v cc thit b c ni t thng qua dy ni t. C
cc loi mng ni t TN sau:
3.1.1. Mng TN-S : (S - separate, ring bit) 3 pha 5 dy
Dy trung tnh (N) v dy ni t thit b (PE Protective Earth) l tch bit nhau. V
cc thit b c ni t an ton thng qua dy PE .
(H3.1.1 : s ni t TN-S)
(H3.3.2: s ni t TN-C)
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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(H3.1.3: s ni t TN-C-S)
an ton, khi s dng s ny, IEC quy nh s TN-C khng c nm sau s
TN-S.
3.2. MngTT
(H 3.2.1: s ni t TT)
-
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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(H3.3.1: s ni t IT)
S ny, trung tnh ngun s c cch l vi t (khng c ni t), hoc c ni t
thng qua mt in tr v b hn ch qu p. V cc thit b v cc vt dn t nhin c
ni t ti in cc ni t ring.
Xt v kh nng cung cp in lin tc, s ny l tt nht so vi TN, TT. Do , nhng
cng trnh, khu vc no cn kh nng cung cp in mt cch lin tc, ngi ta dng s
ni t IT. H thng in ng lc (thng l h 380V-50Hz, 440V-60Hz) trn cc loi tu
bin, gin khoan, cng trnh bin, rt thng dng s IT ny.
L do: Kt cu ca ca tu, gin khoan, a phn l kim loi nn in tr l rt nh. Nu
s dng s TN hay TT th khi c s c mt pha no chm t, hay chm v thit b, v
tnh s tr thnh s c ngn mch (ging nh chm dy pha v dy trung tnh). Dng in
s c s rt ln lm thit b bo v ngn mch/ qu dng tc ng bo v v in b ngt
ngay lp tc. Hoc kh nng gy ha hon l rt cao do dng ngn mch s c ny rt ln.
Nu ta p dng s IT, trung tnh cch ly, th khi xy ra s c chm mt ch mt pha no
th dng ngn mch s c l rt nh, hoc bng khng (nu cch cch in ca MF, MBA,
dy cp, .. l tng bng v cng, th dng ngn mch ny bng khng). Dng ngn mch s c c
gi tr nh ny khng lm cc thit b bo v qu dng tc ng bo v h thng in
vn hot ng, vn cung cp in cho thit b. Cc thit b bo v ngn mch/ qu dng ch
tc ng bo v khi c s c chm mt trn mt pha tip theo.
V c th ny nn trong mng IT, ngi ta trang b cc thit b bo ng v kim tra chm
t bo ng ngay khi c s c chm t pha th I ta kp thi x l. Mt trong nhng
thit b n gin hay c dng l s n kim tra chm mt sau:
L1
L2
L3
N
D3
D2
D1
ET
Mass
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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4.4.Mch in cch ly
Mch in cch ly thng l mng 1 pha, m bo an ton da trn nhng c dim sau:
- Hai dy dn c ly t cun th cp mt pha ca MBA cch ly c cch in so vi
t.
- Nu xy ra tip xc in trc tip vi 1 dy, dng in i qua ngi s ch t tr s rt
b (vi mA), do cch in rt ln gia dy-ngi-t; dng in hay in p sinh ra
thng l do tc dng ca in dung pha-t. Khi chiu di cp tng ln, dng in qua
ngi khi chm t trc tip s tng ln ti mc c th gy in git i vi ngi. V
vy, cp s dng trong mng cch ly phi c chiu di ngn v cch in cao.
- Mi thit b thng c 1 MBA cch ly ring cp in. Trong trng hp c nhiu thit
b c ni chung vo 1 MBA th v ca cc thit b phi c ni vi nhau bng 1
dy bo v c cch in v khng c ni xung t (dy PE c v cch in). Cc
cm phi c chn ni t, chn ny c ni vo dy ng th ca cc thit b v dy
ny khng dc ni xung t (chnh l dy PE c v cch in).
Trang b cch in cp II
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Phng ng th cch ly vi t
Phng ny c p dng vi mng in c bit (vd: phng th nghim,) . Cc phn dn
in trong phng ny, bao gm c sn c ni ng th vi nhau bng mt dy PE c tit
din ph hp to thnh mt ci lng ng th. Khi c s c chm in, ton b cc thit b
v c sn nh u c in, nhng lc din p tip xc s bng khng v tt c cc phn
dn in u c mt in th nh nhau (ng th).
Ch :
- Cn phi c thit b c bit kim tra cch in do khi c h hng v cch in th
khng c dng s c xut hin trong mng ny.
- Cc phn ni t t nhin i vo hoc i ra phng ng th (VD: ng dn nc, ) phi
c bao bc bi vt liu cch in thch hp v khng c ni vo phng ng th do
nhng phn ny thng c ni vo dy bo v (dy t) khc trong mng in
chung.
Trang b cc thm cch in. VD; khu vc sau bng in chnh trn tu, gin khoan
thng c lt thm cch in.
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Trang b cc loi kha, cht kha, chuyn dng/ t ch kha cc CB, MCCB,
phng nhng ngi khng bnh thng, khng nhn thy bin cm ng in,
do c tnh hay v tnh ng in. (VD: 1 anh th in ngt CB sa cha ng dy,
thit b in. Nhng t ngun nm xa- khut tm mt. Ngi th gn bin cm
ng nhng t in khng kha li hay CB ngt, nhng khng c kha hay
khng c bin php no ngn kh nng ng. Mt ngi no , c th l th inng nghip ca anh ta c th khng nhn thy tm bin , hay v mt l do no
ng CB cp in cho thit b, dng dy ang sa cha th cc k nguy him cho
ngi ang sa cha - kh c th din t c hu qu ca vic lm ny, c th ngi
th sa cha ang cm, cn dy in, . do , khuyn co dnh ring cho th in
lc sa cha thit b in, ng dy in l tun theo quy trnh sau:
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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De-energy (x in):
+ Rt nhiu cc thit b in c t in, trc khi tin hnh sa cha, cn x in cc t
in ny.
+ Cc ng dy dn in di, c th tn ti in dung tch in, cng cn x in trc
khi sa cha- nht l ng dy cao th.
+ Cc my bin dng (bin dng), khng c h mnh u ra ( pha th cp) ca
bin dng lp t. Nu tho cc u dy ca ng h o dng in trn bng in
ang c in, phi tin hnh u chp cc u dy li trc khi tho ri khi domino
ca ng h o. (v thng cc ng h o dng ny c ni vo bin dng). Nu
khng c ch ni chp cc u dy li, th phi ct in tm thi tho v u
chp cc u trc khi tho ra.
Cc phng, bung ac-quy : cn phi tm bin php thng gi cho cc bung ny trc
khi vo trong sa cha. Trong lc sc c quy, cng phi thng gi v tm cch cc c
quy c thng thong. Trong lc tho lp c quy, phi cn trng trnh chm chp cc
u cc; c-l, kha nn c bc cch in phn cn v chiu di ca c-l, kha phi
nh hn chiu di gia hai cc ca ac-quy.
Ht phn II
Ch tho lun:
Tho lun v phn tch an ton mng in h th ti nh my/c quan
Ti liu tp hun v An ton in Phn II: Cc bin php bo v an ton (tm tt) By.P.H.Linh
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Phn III.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3.
3.1.
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3.1.1.
Trang 2 / 14
thm su
Loi milimet
B mt lp da
Loi centimet
Da v| c{c t chc di da
Loi cimet
Loi met
Trang 3 / 14
Cc thit b cao tn cn c ro chn, bao bc trnh tip xc phi nhng phn c in th, cn c
cc panel v cc bng iu khin, khi cn phi iu khin t xa.
Nc lm ngui thit b cng c in p cn phi tm cch ni t.
bao v}y vng c in t trng, ngi ta dng cc mn chn bng nhng kim loi c dn in
cao, v m{y cng cn ni t.
Din tch lm vic cho mi cng nhn lm vic phi rng.
Trong phng t cc thit b cao tn khng nn c nhng dng c bng kim
loi nu khng cn thit, v s to ra ngun bc x in t th cp.
Vn thng gi cn c t ra theo yu cu v thng gi, ch l chp ht t trn ming l khng
c lm bng kim loi v s b cm ng.
3.1.3. nh hng trng in t tn s cng nghip
in trng ca ng dy v trm in cao th (tn s 50Hz) c bit l cc ng dy v trm 220kV
n 500kV thng c tr s kh cao. Khi lm vic, sng rt gn c{c ng dy, thit b ca trm th
cng in trng rt ln v gy nguy him cho ngi.
Khi thit k, xy lp ngi ta tnh n mc an to|n cho d}n c nhng nu vi phm quy nh v
khong cch an ton th s b nh hng nguy him.
Tiu chun hin hnh ca ng|nh in lc quy nh:
- Khu d}n c, khu vc c ngi lm vic thng xuyn cng in trng phi di 5kV/m (di
5kV/m l gii hn an ton).
- Cm ngi i v|o trong vng in trng c cng trn 20kV/m
- Khi cng nhn lm vic trong vng c cng in trng ln hn 5kV/m th phi c bin php bo
v hay phi gim thi gian lm vic trong trng.
hn ch tc hi ca in trng ngi ta phi p dng cc bin php: mc qun o chn c bit,
dng c{c li chn, lng chn ... gim cng in trng tc dng ln ngi. Ngoi ra cc cng
trnh khc gn c{c ng dy cao th 220kV-500kV th cc b phn kim loi ca cng trnh cn c
ni t.
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3.3: BO V CHNG ST
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Thu st
Truyn nng lng st xung t
Tn nng lng st v|o trong t
Ni cht c{c im t li vi nhau
Bo v t ngun cp in AC vo.
Bo v cc mch in t v vin thng.
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Bo v bng u thu ESE (ESE: Early Streamer Emission rod : u thu Tia tin o sm )
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Cu to u thu ESE:
- u thu: c h thng thng gi nhm to dng lu
chuyn khng kh gia nh v| th}n ESE. u thu cn
lm nhim v bo v thn kim.
- Thn kim: ng lm bng vt liu c bit ty
theo cng ngh ca hng ch to c th l| ng x
l, inox, hp kim nhm, , pha trn c 1 hoc nhiu
u nhn lm nhim v pht x ion. C{c u ny
c lun trong ng c{ch in v ni vi in ca ca
b kch thch. Th}n kim lun c ni vi in cc ni
t chng st.
- b kch thch {p in: c lm bng s {p in
(piezoelectric ceramic) t pha di thn kim, trong
mt ngn c{ch in, ni vi c{c nh nhn pht x ion nu trn bng c{p c{ch in cao
p. Cc s {p in ny to ra in p rt cao, ln n 20kV ti 25kV trn nhiu on ni
tip nhau. Mc in p rt cao n|y m bo to ra c{i ion nh mong mun.
Nguyn l hot ng: ESE hot ng da trn nguyn l l|m thay i trng in t
chung quanh cu trc cn c bo v thng qua vic s dng vt liu {p in nu
trn (theo thit k ca Franklin France). Cu trc c bit ca ESE to ra s gia tng
cng in trng ti ch, to thi im kch hot sm, tng kh nng ph{t x ion,
nh to iu kin l tng cho iu kin phng in st.
Khi xut hin {m m}y dng mang in tch, in trng kh quyn trng th{i tnh, kt
hp vi hin tng cng hng xy ra trong bn thn kim ESE, do
p lc c to trc, trong b kch thch s sinh ra nhng p lc
bin i ngc nhau. Kt qu l ti c{c u nhn pht x ion s to
ra in th rt cao, do , ti }y sinh ra mt lng ln ion
(7,65.1010 mc in {p n 6,5kV). Nhng ion ny ion ha dng
kh xung quanh v| lu chuyn ln pha trn nh dng khi lu
chuyn. iu ny gip gim in {p ngng phng in, ng thi
gia tng vn tc phng in corona.
im thu sm nht: Kh nng gia tng s kch thch trng tnh
in thp (kh nng ph{t x sm) l|m tng cng kh nng thu ca
kim thu st. Nh , n tr th|nh im thu sm nht so vi c{c kim thu st thng thng
hay cng trnh gn n. Cc kim thu ESE ny hot ng ngay c vi dng st c cng
thp (2kA n 5 kA, ng vi cc khong cch kch hot D nh, D = 10.I2/3 , I: cng
dng st, kA).
Vng bo v: Vng bo v ca ESE l mt hnh
nn, c nh l| u kim thu st, bn knh bo v
Rp(m)=f(khong cch knh hot sm trung bnh
L(m) ca kim thu st, khong cch kch hot
D(m) ty theo mc bo v.
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chng cm ng in t, phi ni tt c cc
ng ng kim, kt cu kim loi d|i, ai v| v ca
cc loi cp ti nhng ch chng i gn nhau nht
trong phm vi 100, (im 4). Nu chng song song
vi nhau, dc theo chiu di, c 15 n 20m, phi
ni lin h vi nhau.
C{c ng dy dn v|o cng trnh c in {p di
1000V (ngo|i ra, c{c ng dy khc khng c
dn vo), nht thit phi t ngm sut t trm
bin p cung cp ti cng trnh, ng thi, phi p
dng thm cc bin php sau;
- Ti trm BA cung cp in, pha in p
thp v ti hp u cp ca cng trnh, trn
cc li cp phi t b chng st h {p. (i
vi cao {p, th t cao p).
- V hp u c{p, ai v| v kim loi ca cp
u vo cng trnh phi ni vi b phn
ni t ca cc b chng st h p.
Thit b bo v chng st lan truyn
(SRF Surge Reduction Filter)
SRF l thit b kt hp hai chc nng gm
mch kp nng lng cao v mch lc c
bit. SRF c mc ni tip trn mch ng
lc, thng l u pha ngun vo. Chc
nng bo v c thc hin thng qua 3 tng
mch sau:
- Mch kp in {p qu{ : kp, chn
in {p qu{ u vo v tr nng
lng ny v ngun hoc tiu tn
xung t. Phn t ch yu, c bn
ca mch n|y l| in tr phi tuyn
loi oxide kim loi (Movtec), ty
theo cng gh nh ch to.
- Mch lc tn s cao: nhm loi b
nng lng qu{ , m bo gi li
dng sng sin ca ngun. (phn t
thng l LC mch lc L-C cun
dy v t in )
- Mch lc th cp: bo v tnh trng
qu{ gy ra bi hin tng cm ng
c{p u ra ca b SRF hoc do ti.
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Mng IT: Trung tnh ngun khng c ni t trc tip nhng cc phn dn in l ra ngoi c ni ti
in cc ni t ring bit v SRF thng khng c dng bo v chng st lan truyn trong mng
ny. Nu c trang b SRF, th cn phi nghin cu k lng (ngoi phm vi ca chuyn ny)
Kt thc phn h th ca chuyn AT,tin hnh n tp v kim tra cui chuyn . Phn trung v cao th (>1000V) s c tch ring, kim tra ring.
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Ph Lc 1.
CP CU NGI B IN GIT
Nguyn nhn chnh lm cht ngi v in git l do hin tng kch thch ch khng do b chn thng.
Khi c ngi b tan nn in, vic tin hnh s cu nhanh chng, kp thi v ng phng php l cc yu t
quyt nh cu sng nn nhn. Cc th nghim v thc t cho thy rng t lc b in git n mt pht sau
c cu cha th 90% trng hp cu sng, 6 pht sau mi cu ch c th cu sng 10%, nu t 10 pht
mi cp cu th rt t trng hp cu sng c. Vic s cu phi thc hin ng phng php mi c hiu qu
v tc dng cao.
Khi s cu ngi b tai nn cn thc hin hai bc c bn sau:
- Tch nn nhn ra khi ngun in.
- Lm h hp nhn to v xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc.
1. Tch nn nhan ra khi ngun in
* Nu nn nhn chm vo in h p cn:
Nhanh chng ct ngun in (cu dao, aptomat, cu ch....); nu khng th ct nhanh ngun in th phi dng cc
vt cch in kh nh so, gy tre, g kh gt dy in ra khi nn nhn, nu nn nhn nm cht vo dy in
cn phi ng trn cc vt cch in kh (b g) ko nn nhn ra hoc i ng hay dng gng tay cch in
g nn nhn ra; cng c th dng dao, ru vi cn g kh, km cch in cht hoc ct t dy in.
* Nu nn nhn b chm hoc b phng in t thit b c in p cao
Khng th n cu ngay trc tip m cn phi i ng, dng gy, so cch in tch nn nhn ra khi phm vi
c in. ng thi bo cho ngi qun l n ct in trn ng dy. Nu ngi b nn ang lm vic ng
dy trn cao dng dy ni t lm ngn mch ng dy. Khi lm ngn mch v ni t cn phi tin hnh ni
t trc, sau nm dy ln lm ngn mch ng dy. Dng cc bin php chng ri, ng nu ngi b
nn trn cao.
2. Lm h hp nhn to
Thc hin ngay sau khi tch ngi b nn ra khi b phn mang in. t
nn nhn ch thong kh, ci cc phn qun o b thn (cc c, tht lng
...), lau sch mu, nc bt v cc cht bn. Thao tc theo trnh t:
- t nn nhn nm nga, k gy bng vt mm u nga v pha sau.
Kim tra kh qun c thng sut khng v ly cc di vt ra. Nu hm b co
cng phi m ming bnh cch tay vo pha di ca gc hm di, t
ngn tay ci vo mp hm y hm di ra.
- Ko nga mt nn nhn v pha sau sao cho cm v c trn mt ng thng m bo cho khng kh vo d
dng. y hm di v pha trc phng li ri xung ng thanh qun.
- M ming v bt mi nn nhn. Ngi cp cu ht hi v th mnh vo ming nn nhn (t khu trang hoc
khn sch ln ming nn nhn). Nu khng th thi vo ming c th c th bt kt ming nn nhn v thi vo
mi.
- Lp li cc thao tc trn nhiu ln. Vic thi kh cn lm nhp nhng v lin tc 10-12 ln trong 1 pht vi ngi
ln, 20 ln trong 1 pht vi tr em.
3. Xoa bp tim ngoi lng ngc
Nu c hai ngi cp cu th mt ngi thi ngt
cn mt ngi xoa bp tim. Ngi xoa bp tim t
hai tay chng ln nhau v t 1/3 phn di
xng c ca nn nhn, n khong 4-6 ln th dng
li 2 giy ngi th nht thi khng kh vo
phi nn nhn. Khi p mnh lng ngc xung
khong 4-6cm, sau gi tay li khong 1/3s ri mi ri tay khi lng ngc cho tr v v tr c.
Nu c mt ngi cp cu th c sau hai ba ln thi ngt n vo lng ngc nn nhn nh trn t 4-6 ln.
Cc thao tc phi c lm lin tc cho n khi nn nhn xut hin du hiu sng tr li, h h hp c th t hot
ng n nh. kim tra nhip tim nn ngng xoa bp khong 2-3s. Sau khi thy kh sc mt tr li hng ho,
ng t co dn, tim phi bt u hot ng nh... cn tip tc cp cu khong 5-10 pht na tip sc thm cho
nn nhn. Sau kp thi chuyn nn nhn n bnh vin. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vn phi tip tc tin
hnh cng vic cp cu lin tc.
Trang 1 / 5
Ph lc 2.
LA CHN S NI T
(TT / TN-C / TN-S hay IT )
Vic la chn kiu mng ni t khng ph thuc vo tiu ch an ton.
Tt c cc h thng u c tc dng bo v cho ngi nh nhau nu vic lp t v vn hnh c tun th
ng quy cch.
Tiu ch cho vic la chn h thng tt nht ph thuc vo quy phm (ca tng quc gia), yu cu ca vic cung
cp in, tnh lin tc trong vn hnh kiu mng in v ph ti.
Nu xt v mc bo v an ton cho con ngi, th c 3 h thng ni t l nh nhau nu vic lp t v vn
hnh ng quy cch. Do , vic la chn khng ph thuc vo tiu ch an ton. Vic kt hp cc yu t nh yu
cu ca quy phm, cng tc cp in, tnh lin tc trong cp in, loi mng in v ph ti s l yu t c th
la chn ra c h thng tt u. (Xem bng E16)
Chn la c da trn cc yu t sau:
1. Trn tt c, l quy phm c p dng .Trong mt s trng hp quy phm s quy nh vic s dng loi
ni t c th. (VD: theo NEC-USA, quy nh buc s dng mng TN-S cho cc h tiu th in, dn
dng)
2. Th n l quyt nh ca ch s hu, nu ngun cp c cp qua 1 bin p trung th/ h th (trm phn
phi trung th), hoc ch s hu c mt ngun cp ring bit (hoc bin p cch ly).
c c 1 quyt nh la chn hiu qu, th ch s hu tho lun vi b phn thit k mng in (nh thu,
phng thit k, ).
Tho lun phi bao trm cc vn :
- u tin l cc yu cu v hot ng (yu cu v mc lin tc ca vic cp in) v cc iu kin hot
ng (bo dng bi th in hay khng, trong hay ngoi, nhn lc nh my hay huy ng thu ngoi, )
- Th n l cc c trng ring bit ca mng in v h thng ph ti (xem bng E17)
TT TN-S TN-C
Dng s c
--
--
--
in p s c
in p tip xc
+/- - -
Bo v ngi khi cc
tip xc gin tip
Bo v ngi vi cc
my pht s c
Khng
cho
php
Qu p lin tc
Qu p tm thi, qu
.
Qu p nu my bin p -
Cc c tnh in
S bo v
Qu p
Trang 2 / 5
hng(nh thng)
Tng hp in t
Chng st gn.
Chng st trn ng
dy trung th (st lan
truyn)
S pht ra lin tc ca
trng in t.
Dy PEN l mt dy dn in m dy PEN c
bt vo cc kt cu kim loi ca cng trnh khin
cng s pht ra trng in t (lm gia tng
trng in t trong mng TNC.)
Dy PE mt ng th
tm thi, qu .
Dy PE khng cn ng th na nu c dng s c
ln.
Ngt in bi s c th nht.
in p nhng trong
+
khi xy ra h hng cch
in.
Lp t
Cc thit b chuyn
dng
S cc in cc t
-/+
-/+
S si cp
Chi ph sa cha
--
--
--
H hi khi lp t
++
Bo dng
Trang 3 / 5
Loi mng in
Khuyn
khch
C th
Cc mng TT,
TN, IT hay kt
hp
TN
TN-S
IT (1)
TN-C
TN
TT
IT (2)
TN (4)
IT (4)
TT (3) (4)
TT (5)
TN (5) (6)
IT(6)
Cc my pht d phng.
IT
TT
TN (7)
IT
TT
TN (8)
TN (9)
TT (9)
IT
TT(10)
TN-S
Cc ph ti vi mc nguy him kh ln
(cn trc, bng ti )
TN (11)
TT (11)
IT (11)
TN-S
TN-C
IT (12 bis)
TT (12)
TT
IT
khngdy
trung tnh
IT (13)
c dy trung tnh
Khu vc d chy n
IT (15)
TN-S (15)
TT (15)
TN-C (14)
TT (16)
TT (17)
Lp t ni m s lin tc ca mch
ni t l khng chc chn (nh khu vc
thi cng xy dng, hay trn cc lp t
c)
TT (19)
TN-S
TN-C
IT (19)
TN-S
TT
TN-C
IT
TN-S, TT
Loi ph ti
IT (10)
TN-C (10)
Hn hp
(20)
TN (18)
IT(18)
Trang 4 / 5
(1) Khi cc h thng ni t khng c quy nh trong cc quy phm, th c chn da theo mc hot ng c trng (nh
yu cu v tnh lin tc ca mng in m bo an ton cho qu trnh hot ng VD l tu thy, gin khoan; theo mc lin tc
m bo rng s t khi b mt in lm gin on cc dy chuyn my mc lm h hi sn phn ang trn dy chuyn , )
Khi ch dng duy nht mt h thng ni t, kh nng sy ra s c s tng t l theo chiu di ca mng in. Do , 1 tng
tt c th l ta phn tch mng in thnh nhiu khu vc khc nhau, s dng kiu ni t ph hp. Tuy nhin, ta cn xem
xt k la chn kiu ni t no ph hp cho vng no v tc ng tng h gia cc kiu ni t .
(2) Khi chng st kim tc ng, hay thit b chng st kim b h hi th lc dy trung tnh s coi nh c ni vi t, do
vic c trang b SRF hay chng st van (chng st kim) hay khng cn c tnh k. S c ny s tng ln nu mng in nm
khu vc c nhiu sm st hay mang in c nhiu dy dn l thin trn cao. Nu nh mng IT c chn nhm mc nh m
bo tnh lin tc ca vic cp in th ngi thit k phi tnh ton trc kh nng ngt mch h thng khi c s c chm t
ti pha th hai.
(3) Nguy him cho RCD
(4) Bt c h thng ni t no, gii php l tng l cch ly phn nh hng nu c th d dng xc nh c n.
(5) S c chm pha- t nh hng n ng th.
(6) Cch ly khng chc chn do m t v bi bn. (in tr cch in kh xch nh, ko chc chn do m t v bi bn)
(7) H thng TN khng c khuyn khch do nguy him tn hi n my pht trong trng hp c 1 s c bn trong. Quan
trng hn na l khi my pht cp in cho cc thit b an ton th h thng khng c ngt mch khi xy ra s c ln th
nht (chm mt pha th nht).
(8) Dng s c pha- t c th cao gp vi ln dng In, iu ny gy nguy him hay lm gim tui th cc cun dy ca ng
c, hay ph hu phn mch t. [khi dng s c ln, qua cc cun dy, n s sinh ra t trng rt ln tc dng ln li thp ca ng c
(mch t), t trng c gi tr ln ny c th ph v cu trc t tnh t nhin ca li thp lm li thp b nhim t vnh vin, hay pha v t
tnh nh hnh trc trong cc my pht, lm li thp ca my pht khng cn t tnh v do my pht s khng t kch c.]
(9) h thng in hot ng an ton v tng kh nng cung cp lin tc, t gin on th khuyn co rng, cho d l h
thng ni t no th cng cn thit phn on tch ly ph ti thng qua cc bin p cch ly vi dy trung tnh ring cho tng
phn on.
(10) Khi in tr cch in ca cc thit b ph ti suy gim mnh th rt d gy ra s c nu nh vic thit k khng a cht
lng ph ti vo tnh ton. Vic trang b cc RCD trong mng TT c ngha tt nht trnh nhng s c do vn trn.
(11) Tnh di ng ca loi ti ny gy ra cc s c thng xuyn. (cc tip im trt lin kt vi cc phn dn in trn-ray
in, ). V nh vy, vi loi ti ny, ngi ta khuyn co rng nn s dng cc my bin p cch ly, c dy trung tnh ring
cp in.
(12) Yu cu s dng my bin p vi cc h thng TN cc b l trnh s c v trc trc ngt mch khi xy ra s c ln th
nht (vi mng TT), hay khi xy ra s c kp (vi mng IT).
(12 bis) Vi ngt mch kp trong mch iu khin.
(13) Gii hn vt qu ca dng pha- t do gi tr cao ca tr khng pha- 0 (t nht 4 n 5 ln tr khng trc tip). H thng
ny phi c thay th bng MBA u Y-
(14) Dng ngn mch s c c gi tr cao lm h thng TN tr nn nguy him. Cm s dng h ni t TN-C.
(15) Bt k h thng no th RCD phi c t mc 500 mA.
(16) Lp t cp bi ngun h th phi s dng h thng TT. Bo qun h thng ni t ny ngha l t nht s sa i trn
mng in c (khng phi chy thm cp, khng cn sa i thit b bo v)
(17) C th khng cn n cc th in tay ngh cao.
(18) Loi lp t ny yu cu s ch ring trong vic bo dng. S vng mt ca cc bin php o lng phng nga trong
h thng TN ng ngha vi vic yu cu cc th in tay ngh cao m bo an ton trong ton b thi gian.
(19) S c t dy dn in c th gy nn s mt cn bng ng th ca cc phn dn in l thin ca thit b. 1 h thng TT
hay 1 h thng TN-S c trang b RCD 30mA c khuyn khch v thng l bt buc. H thng IT c th c s dng trong
cc trng hp chuyn bit.
(20) Gii php ny trnh tc ng ngt mch do s c chm t khng mong mun.
Trang 5 / 5