Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.

HCM

An Toan ien

CHNG 2
CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN VE AN TOAN IEN
2.1. AT VAN E
Cac khai niem c ban ve an toan ien xuat phat t s phan tch cac hien tng cham at gay
ra. V the, e co cac bien phap e phong tai nan ien hieu qua, bc au tien can phai phan tch
cac hien tng noi tren.
2.2. DONG IEN TAN TRONG AT
Do h hong cach ien, mach ien cham at lam cho dong ien s co tan ra trong at dan en
gia cac iem khac nhau trong at se co s chenh lech ien ap (Hnh 2.1).
Gia s dong ien s co tan vao trong at qua mot cc noi at bang kim loai co dang ban cau
chon trong at ong nhat co ien tr suat bang . Trng hp nay co the xem dong ien co
ng i theo ban knh t tam hnh cau.

Hnh 2.1. Dong ien tan trong at.

Mat o dong ien khoang cach x ke t tam ban cau:
I
j=
(2.1)
2 .x 2
Vung quanh cc noi at ma dong ien tan i qua goi la trng tan dong ien. oi vi dong
ien mot chieu hay dong ien xoay chieu tan so cong nghiep, khi nghien cu co the xem la mot
ien trng eu.
Mat o dong ien xac nh theo nh luat Ohm di dang vi phan:
E
j = .E =
(2.2)

ay: la ien dan suat cua at; la ien tr suat cua at.
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T o, cng o ien trng trong trng dong ien tc la ien ap ri tren n v dai doc
theo trng dong ien c xac nh theo bieu thc:
E = grad = j.
(2.3)
ien ap ri tren lp at co chieu day dx doc theo ng dong ien:
I .
dx
dU = E.dx = j. .dx =
(2.4)
2 .x 2
The ien cua A cach iem cham at khoang cach x la hieu so ien the gia iem A va iem
ma o ien the co the lay bang 0.

I . dx
I .
=
A = U A U = dU =
(2.5)

2
2 x x
2 .x
x
Tat ca cac iem tren be mat cua ien cc se co the ien cc ai Umax :
I .
U max =
2 .x
ay: x la ban knh cua ban cau noi at.
Chia (2.5) cho (2.6) :
x
UA
1
= 3 hoac U A = U max .x3 .
U max
x
x

(2.6)

(2.7)

at tch so khong oi U max .x3 = k se c phng trnh hyperbol:

k
UA =
(2.8)
x
Bang th nghiem o at thc te, oi vi cac cc noi at co dang thanh, coc, tam phan bo ien
ap cung co dang hyperbol.
Trong trng hp day dan mang ien b t xuong at, phan bo ien ap c trnh bay
Hnh 2.2.
Dong ien tan t cc noi at ra co the xem la chay trong mot day dan (at) ma tiet dien tang
theo bac 2 cua ban knh cau q = 2x2 (Hnh 2.3).
ien tr tan dong ien se ln nhat lp at phan cc noi at v khi o dong ien chay qua
mot tiet dien nho ( cac iem o ien ap ri ln nhat) cang xa cc noi at tiet dien day dan cang
tang nhanh, ien tr cua no giam xuong va tr so ien ap ri cung giam.
T ng cong Hnh 2.2, nhan thay co khoang 68% ien ap tren cc noi at ton hao tren
oan dai 1m, 24% tren oan dai t 110m va 8% tren oan dai t 1020m ke t cc noi at.
Ngoai pham vi 20m cach cc noi at (hoac iem ngan mach cham at), tiet dien day dan
(at) se tang rat ln nen ien tr xem nh khong ang ke (mat o dong ien xem nh bang 0).
U
100%
2

1. ien cc noi at la mot coc

2. ien cc noi at la he thong coc

32%
8%
012 34

12

16

20

x (m)

Hnh 2.2. Quan he gia U va khoang cach x t cc noi at

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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien

q = 2x32

q = 2x 22
q = 2x12

x1

x2

x3

Hnh 2.3. Mo hnh n gian cua day dan at.

Nh vay, ien the cua cac iem nam cach iem noi at ln hn 20m co the xem nh bang 0.
Thong thng bo phan noi at khong phai ch co mot coc ma nhieu coc noi vi nhau bang
cac thanh kim loai dep hoac tron. Trng hp nay, s phan bo ien ap co dang thoai hn (ng
cong 2 Hnh 2.2). V vay, o chenh lech ien ap cua cung mot iem so vi at se ln hn luc
ch co mot coc noi at.
Cac thanh phan ien tr cua bo phan noi at bao gom:
ien tr tan cua cc noi at (ke ca ien tr tiep xuc)
ien tr thuan cua ban than cc noi at va day noi at.
2.3. IEN AP BC
ien ap bc la ien ap ma con ngi phai chu khi chan tiep xuc tai hai iem tren mat at
hay tren san, nam trong pham vi dong ien chay trong at do o co s chenh lech ien the.
S phan bo ien ap bc xay ra khi xuat hien dong ien ngan mach cham at cua mot pha
trong mang ien (Hnh 2.4).
Khi dong ien chay qua he thong noi at e i vao trong at hay day dan co ien ap b t
ri tren mat at, th at se la ien tr tan vi dong ien nay.
ien tr cua at ma dong ien chay qua se giam theo khoang cach cang xa oi vi iem
dong ien chay vao trong at. en mot khoang cach nhat nh th ien tr nay thc te tr nen
bang 0. Vung ma dong ien thc te b triet tieu c goi la vung ien the 0.
ngay tai iem cham at, ien ap so vi at se la:
U = I .R
Cac iem cach eu iem cham at co ien the bang nhau (cac vong tron ang the).
Ngi ng hai chan tren hai iem co ien the khac nhau th se chu tac ong cua mot ien
ap. Hieu ien the at vao hai chan ngi ng hai iem co chenh lech ien the do dong ien
ngan mach trong at goi la ien ap bc.
ien ap bc xac nh bang bieu thc sau :
U b = U x U x+a =

I .
2

x+a

I . a
dx
=
2
2x( x + a )
x

(2.10)

ay: a la o ln bc chan ngi, khi tnh toan lay bang 0,8m; x la khoang cach t iem
cham at en chan ngi.
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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien

Ub=U - Ua
U=I.R
Ub=Ux-Ux+a
Ub=0
a

> 20m

c d

Hnh 2.4. ien ap bc

T bieu thc (2.10), nhan thay khi cang xa iem ngan mach cham at (hoac cc noi at) th
mau so cang tang va tr so Ub se giam xuong. Ngoai khoang cach 20m ien ap xem nh bang 0.
sat ni co ngan mach cham at, ien ap bc Ub cung co the bang 0 neu hai chan ngi
ng tren cung mot vong ang ap (iem c va d Hnh 2.4).
Gii han cho phep cua tr so ien ap bc khong quy nh cac tieu chuan hien hanh v tr so
Ub ln thng do cac dong ien ngan mach cham at ln gay ra va nh vay no se b cat ngay tc
thi bi cac thiet b bao ve.
Cac tr so Ub nho (khong gay nguy hiem cho ngi do ac iem cac tac dung sinh ly cua
mach ien t chan qua chan).
Mac du dong ien i trong mach chan-chan tng oi t nguy hiem nhng vi ien ap
Ub=100250V chan co the b co rut va ngi b nga xuong at. Luc nay ien ap at vao ngi
tang len va ng dong ien i qua theo mach chnh tay-chan.
Neu thiet b bao ve khong cat c dong ien ngan mach th c dong ien i qua theo
mach tay-chan se gay ra tai nan ien.
Khi xay ra cham at phai cam ngi en gan cho b cham vi khoang cach sau:
- T 4 5m oi vi thiet b ien trong nha.
- T 8 10m vi thiet b ien ngoai tri.
V du: Tnh ien ap bc Ub luc ngi ng cach cho cham at x = 22m dong ien cham at
I = 1000A, ien tr suat cua at = 104 .cm va khoang cach gia hai bc chan ngi
a = 0,8m.
I d . .a
1000.10 4.80
Ub =
=
= 25,42 V
2 x ( x + a ) 2 . 2200(2200 + 80)
2.4. IEN AP TIEP XUC
Gia s co hai thiet b ien vo boc kim loai (Hnh 2.5) c noi vi bo phan noi at (ien tr
noi at R) th oi vi bat ky thiet b nao cham vo s phan bo ien ap trong at cung co dang
ng cong 1. Cc noi at va cac vo kim loai noi vi no co ien ap so vi at bang:
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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien

U = I. R
Ngi cham vao vo kim loai cua bat ky thiet b nao (nguyen ven hoac cham vo) cung se chu
mot ien ap bang U. Mat khac, ien ap chan ngi Ux phu thuoc vao khoang cach t o en
cc noi at. Nh vay, ngi se chu tac dung cua ien ap tiep xuc Utx. ien ap tiep xuc la hieu
ien the gia U va Ux.
ien ap tiep xuc Utx cang tang khi cang cach xa cc noi at. khoang cach 20m th Utx = U.
Ngi ng ngay tren cc noi at (iem 0 Hnh 2.5) se chu mot ien ap tiep xuc bang 0
(Utx = U - U = 0)
Ngc lai, neu cham vao thiet b 2, ngi se chu ien ap tiep xuc cc ai Utx = U.
T nhng gia thiet tren rut ra nhan xet sau:
Khi ngi cham vo thiet b kim loai co noi at cua mot thiet b nao o (trong mach noi at
co mot thiet b b cham vo ) th ngi chu mot ien ap tiep xuc co tr so bang mot phan ien ap
so vi at, ngha la:
Utx = .U
(2.11)
ay: la he so tiep xuc.

Utx1 = U Ux1
Utx2 = U
U = I.R
Ux1

X1
X2

Hnh 2.5. ien ap tiep xuc trong vung dong ien ngan mach cham vo

ng cong 2 Hnh 2.5 bieu th s bien thien cua ien ap tiep xuc theo khoang cach ti cc
noi at.
Gii han cho phep cua ien ap tiep xuc khong qui nh trong cac qui pham hien hanh. Tuy
nhien, oi vi cac nha san xuat thiet b ien, ien ap tiep xuc khong nen qua 40V, con oi vi
cac thiet b phan phoi, ma o co cac bien phap bao ve phu roi th co the cho phep en 250V.
ng cong phan bo ien ap U (Hnh 2.6) phu thuoc vao cau tao cua bo phan noi at (mot
coc noi at hoac mot to hp cac coc noi at) co the doc (ng1) hoac thoai (ng 2). ien ap
tiep xuc Utx se co tr so nho hn neu ng cong phan bo ien ap thoai thoai. o chenh lech
gia iem 0 va iem cach no 0,8m se khac nhau tuy thuoc vao ng cong1 va 2 (Utx1>Utx2). Nh
vay, khi bo phan noi at trai rong tren mot dien tch ln th ien ap tiep xuc se nho.
Muon xac nh ung ien ap tiep xuc Utx, phai xem xet oan mach t cho ngan mach ti
at.
Gia thiet viec tiep xuc xay ra theo ng tay-chan se hnh thanh hai mach song song (Hnh
2.7).
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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien
U

Utx2

Utx1

2. To hp cac coc noi at

TB

1. Mot coc noi at

0.8

2.0

Ung

Rng

Un

Rn

Hnh 2.6. ng cong phan bo ien ap

trong vung tan dong ien ngan mach
mot pha.

Hnh 2.7. S o thay the mach

ien cham vo

- Mach 1 noi thiet co cham vo vi thiet b noi at co tr so R.

- Mach 2 co ien tr c the ngi Rng va noi tiep vi no la ien tr cua mat nen ni ngi
ng Rn.
Khi co ngan mach mot pha cham vo, dong ien se phan bo gia mach 1 va mach 2 theo t le
nghch vi ien tr cua chung, con ien ap trong hai mach th phan bo t le thuan vi Rng va Rn.
Khi co ngan mach cham vo trong vung tan dong ien (iem x1, Hnh 2.5), ien ap at len c
the ngi se bang:
Ung1 = U - Ux1 - Un
Khi ngoai vung tan (iem x2, Hnh 2.5), ien ap at len c the ngi se bang:
Ung2 = U - Un
ay: Un la ien ap ri tren lp mat nen.
Khi ien tr lp mat nen ln (nen bang nha ng kho, ien tr t vai tram k ) th Un se
ln. Con tren c the con ngi (ien tr khoang 1k), ien ap se nho hn hang chuc hoac hang
tram lan. Tr so dong ien trong mach 2 nh the co the khong nguy hiem cho ngi .
Nh vay, trng hp nguy hiem nhat la luc ngi cham vao vo thiet b b cham vo ma ng
trc tiep ngay tren nen at am t chan i giay am, e ong inh hoac i chan khong.
2.5 CAC HE THONG NOI AT CHUAN
S la chon ung cac kh cu ien bao ve ve thong so dong ien, ien ap nh mc, cung nh
viec la chon giai phap ky thuat an toan ien phu thuoc mot phan vao s bo tr noi at cua he
thong ien. He thong ien phan phoi c phan loai theo tieu chuan IEC 364/3 da vao cach bo
tr he thong noi at. Theo tieu chuan nay, mot he thong ien c nh ngha bang hai ch cai,
o la he thong ien IT, TT, TN. Ben canh hai ch cai, con dung them mot hoac hai ch cai na
e ch cach bo tr day trung tnh va day bao ve, chang han he thong ien TN-C, TN-S, TN-CS.
Ch cai th nhat the hien tnh chat cua trung tnh nguon, ch moi quan he nguon ien va
he thong noi at:T - Noi at trc tiep (trung tnh nguon trc tiep noi at -Terre direct
bond to earth), I - Tat ca cac phan mang ien cach ly vi at hoac mot iem c noi
at thong qua mot tr khang (trung tnh nguon cach ly-Insulation Insulated).

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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien

Ch cai th hai the hien hnh thc bao ve, xac nh moi quan he cua cac phan dan ien
lo ra ngoai cua he thong, mang ien lap at va he thong noi at: T- Noi at trc tiep
(bao ve noi at vo thiet b ien bang kim loai c noi en he thong noi at), N- Noi
trc tiep cac phan dan ien lo ra ngoai bang mot day dan bao ve vi mot iem a c
noi at cua nguon ien, thng la chnh iem trung tnh (bao ve noi day trung tnh-vo
thiet b ien bang kim loai c noi en day trung tnh).
Trong he thong, mang ien TN con dung them mot hoac hai ch cai e nh ngha cach bo
tr day trung tnh va day bao ve: C (Combined - PE and N (=PEN) combined in the system) Day trung tnh N va day bao ve PE (Protective Earth Conductor) chung nhau thanh mot day la
day PEN (PE and N Combined), S (Separated - PE and N separated in the system) - Day trung
tnh N va day bao ve PE c tach biet vi hai chc nang rieng la day N va day PE, CS - Day
trung tnh va day bao ve ch ket hp trong mot vai phan cua he thong.
1.He thong TT
Trong he thong TT, tat ca cac phan dan ien lo ra ngoai (vo kim loai cua thiet b ien)
trong he thong ien lap at c noi vi mot he thong noi at. He thong nay khong noi ket ve
ien vi at tai nguon cap ien (Hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 He thong TT

2. He thong IT
oi khi rat kho noi at co hieu qua, bi v tong tr mach vong co the khong u nho theo yeu
cau. Gii han dong ien s co trong he thong IT at c bang cach bo noi at t nguon (trung
tnh cach ly), hay bang cach noi ien tr vao gia ng day trung tnh va he thong noi at (Hnh
2.9).

Hnh 2.9 He thong IT

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Trng H S Pham Ky Thuat TP.HCM

An Toan ien

3. He thong TN
Trong he thong TN, mach vong s co bao gom toan bo cac phan dan ien, do o co the tranh
tr so cao cua ien tr noi at. iem trung tnh cua nguon ien c noi at trc tiep, cac phan
dan ien lo ra ngoai cua he thong co the c noi vi mot day bao ve rieng (he thong TN-S) hay
ket noi day bao ve vi day trung tnh (he thong TN-C hay TN-CS) (hnh 2.10, 2.11, 2.12).

Hnh 2.10. He thong TN-S

Hnh 2.11. He thong TN-C

Hnh 2.12 He thong TN-CS

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