I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.H CH MINH

KHOA KHOA HC NG DNG
B MN TON NG DNG
--------*-------

BO CO BI TP LN
TI S: 4

GVHD: PHAN TRNG THC

Khoa:

KHOA HC NG DNG

Lp : KU1301 KU1302
Nhm: 4
Nhm sinh vin thc hin:
H v tn
1. Nguyn Tr Dn
2. Dng Bnh Nguyn Lm
3. u Th Ngc Cnh
4. Trn Th Hng Lin
5. Nguyn Trung Hiu

MSSV
K1300508
K1301997
K1300338
K1302045
K1301186

H v tn
6. Nguyn ng Phc
7. inh Th M Linh
8. V Th M Ngn
9. Nguyn Hong Long

MSSV
K1303037
K1302054
K1302504
K1302149

Tp. HCM, thng 1 nm 2014

 ti ny gm 2 phn:
1. Nhp h Vector E dng ma trn ct. Kim tra xem E c l c s hay khng? Nu c nhp
ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s E v vector x. Tm f(x).
2. Nhp vo ma trn A. Kim tra xem A c vung v kh nghch hay khng? Nu c, hy tnh
cc phn t b i s Aij, lp ma trn ph hp v suy ra ma trn nghch o. Khng ng
dung bt c lnh mc nh no tm ma trn nghch o.

MC LC
Phn 1: ...........................................................................................................3
I. Yu cu bi ..................................................................................3
II. C s l thuyt .................................................................................3
1. C s ca mt khng gian vector............................................3
2. Ma trn nh x tuyn tnh ........................................................3
III. tng thut ton ..........................................................................4
on code hon chnh ..............................................................5
Chy th chng trnh .............................................................6
Phn 2: ............................................................................................................8
I. Yu cu bi ..............................................................................8
II. C s l thuyt...............................................................................8
1. Ma trn kh nghch .......................................................................... 8
2. Ma trn ph hp ......................................................................9
III. T tng thut ton ......................................................................9
IV. Bi ton hon chnh.......................................................................10
1. C php v thut ton.........................................................10
2. Chy th chng trnh .......................................................11
Ti liu tham kho ...........................................................................................12

PHN 1:
Yu cu bi

I.

Nhp h vc t E dng ma trn ct, Kim tra xem E c l c s hay khng? Nu c nhp ma trn
ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s E v vc t x. tm f(x).

C s l thuyt

II.

1. C s ca mt khng gian vector

nh ngha: Cho E l mt K-kgv. Tp B={x1,x2xn} cha trong E c lp tuyn tnh, sinh ra E uc
gi l mt c s ca E.
kim tra, ta c nu:
B l tp sinh+ B LTT= B l c s ca E
Trong B l tp sinh ca E nu vi mi x E,
. Ta cng ni E sinh bi

X=
=
B v k hiu : E=Span(M)=
B LTT

V d: B=

vi i=(1,0,0),j=(0,1,0).k=(0,0 ,1) l mt c s ca khng gian

th x= .i + .j+ .k

xt

=(0,0,0

Vy B l mt c s ca khng gian

nh l: Cho A l K- KGV, dim(A) = n

tp c s vector ln hn n u PTTT => 1 tp LTT th s vector n

tp c s vector nh hn n u khng l tp sinh => 1 tp l tp sinh ca A th s vector

1 tp l tp c s ca A th s vector ca n phi bng n. Vy h vector E l c s ca A

th dng ma trn ct ca h vector E phi l ma trn vung
2. Ma trn nh x tuyn tnh
Cho E K-kgv, f
. Khi f hon ton oc xc nh bi cc vect f(
B={
} l mt c s ca E,
Nu f( )=
A=

vi

th ma trn
chnh l ma trn biu din nh x f trong c s B ca E

Lin h to vect qua nh x tuyn tnh:

X=

Y=

, th ta c

hay

Cc buc tm f(x):

Bc 1: kim tra xem h vect E c l c s khng

Buc 2: tm to vect x trong c s E l nghim ca h phng trnh x=
=(
Hay x = E * [x]E
Buc 3: tm f(x) : tm

=A*[

V d: cho nh x tuyn tnh f:

bit ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s

l A=

E=

; f ( x) E *[ f ( x)]E

. Tm f (-1,5)

Ta xt ma trn E=

suy ra E l c s, v E c lp tuyn tnh v E vung.

Ta c x=(-1,5)=
T ta c

=
=A

Vy f(-1,5)=-1(1,1)+6(-1.1)=(-7,5)

tng Thut ton:

III.

Bc 1: Nhp h vc t E di dng ma trn ct

(ma trn A = [ e1 e2 e3 en ]T )
Kim tra xem E c l c s hay khng bng 2 bc:

Bc 1.1: Kim tra A c l ma trn vung hay khng

Nu A vung : tip tc bc 2
Nu A khng vung :kt lun E khng l c s v kt thc
Bc 1.2: Tnh hng ca A
Nu r(A) = m xut ra mn hnh: h vector E l c s .
Nu r(A) khc m th xut ra mn hnh : h vector E khng l c s , thot.

Bc 2:
Nhp ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s E.
Nhp vector x
Ta ca vector x trong c s E c tnh bi: xE=E-1 *x .
Ta ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s E c tnh bi: fE= E*xE.
F(x) c tnh bi: f(x)=E*fE.
Xut ra mn hnh : f(x)
4

 on code hon chnh :

E = input('nhap ho vector E duoi dang ma tran cot');

[m, n] = size(E);
if m==n
if rank(E) == m
disp('ho vector E la co so');
A = input('nhap ma tran anh xa tuyen tinh f trong co so E');
x = input('nhap vector x');
xE = inv(E)*x;
fE = A*xE;
f = E*fE;
disp('f(x)= ');
disp(f)
else
disp('ho vector E ko la co so')
end
else
disp('ho vector E ko la co so')
end

 Chy th chng trnh

1. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :

2,

v h vector B = {(1,1),(-1,1)}. Kim tra xem B c l c

s hay khng ?

1 1
.l ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh f
0 2

Nu B = {(1,1),(-1,1)} l c s, cho A =
trong c s B. Tnh f(-1,5)
Chng trnh chy:
>> bai1

nhap ho vector E duoi dang ma tran cot[1 -1;1 1]

ho vector E la co so
nhap ma tran anh xa tuyen tinh f trong co so E [1 -1;0 2]
nhap vector x[-1;5]
f(x)=
-7
5
2. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :

3,

v h vector B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(3, 5, 8)}. Kim tra xem

B c l c s hay khng ?

3 4 2

Nu B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(3, 5, 8)} l c s, cho A = 1 6 7 .l ma trn ca nh x

9 2 1

tuyn tnh f trong c s B. Tnh f(-1,5,3)

Chng trnh chy:
>> bai1
nhap ho vector E duoi dang ma tran cot[1 -1 3;1 1 5;3 2 8]
ho vector E la co so
nhap ma tran anh xa tuyen tinh f trong co so E[3 4 2; 1 6 7; 9 2 1]
nhap vector x[-1; 5; 3]
f(x)=
-113.0000
-145.0000
-230.000

3. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :

3,

v h vector B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(3, 5, 8),(2 4 6)}.

Kim tra xem B c l c s hay khng ?

3 4 2

Nu B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(3, 5, 8), (2, 4 , 6)} l c s, cho A = 1 6 7 .l ma trn

9 2 1

ca nh x tuyn tnh f trong c s B. Tnh f(-1,5,3)

Chng trnh chy:
>> bai1
nhap ho vector E duoi dang ma tran cot[1 -1 3;1 1 5;3 2 8;2 4 6]
ho vector E ko la co so
>>

4. Cho nh x tuyn tnh f :

3,

v h vector B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(2, 2, 6)}. Kim tra

xem B c l c s hay khng ?

3 4 2

Nu B = {(1,1,3),(-1,1,2),(2, 2, 6)} l c s, cho A = 1 6 7 .l ma trn ca nh x

9 2 1

tuyn tnh f trong c s B. Tnh f(-1,5,3)

Chng trnh chy:
>> bai1
nhap ho vector E duoi dang ma tran cot[1 -1 2; 1 1 2;3 2 6]
ho vector E ko la co so
>>

HT PHN 1
-------****-------

PHN 2
I. Yu cu bi:
Nhp vo ma trn A. Kim tra xem A c vung v kh nghch hay khng? Nu c, hy tnh cc
phn t b i s Aij, lp ma trn ph hp v suy ra ma trn nghch o. Khng c dung bt c lnh
mc nh no tm ma trn nghch o.
II. C s l thuyt:
nh ngha:
1. Ma trn kh nghch
Cho A M n ( K ) . Nu tn ti ma trn B M n ( K ) sao cho AB BA I , trong I l ma trn
n v, th B gi l ma trn nghch o ca ma trn A v k hiu l B=A-1. Trong trng hp ny ta
ni A l ma trn kh nghch.
2. Ma trn ph hp
a) Phn b i s
Cho A l ma trn vung cp n,nu ta b i dng i ct j ca ma trn th ta s nhn c ma trn
con cp n-1. Khi Aij (1)i j det M ij gi l phn b i s ca phn t dng th I ct th j ca
ma trn A.
b) Ma trn ph hp

A11

Ma trn PA Ai1

An1

A1 j
Aii
Anj

A1 n A11


Ain A1 j


Ann A1n

Ai1
Aii
Ain

An1

Anj c gi l ma trn phu

Ann

hp ca A
V d : cho ma trn

1 1 1
A 0 2 1
0 0 3
Khi

A11 (1)2

2 1
6
0 3

A12 (1)3

0 1
0
0 3

A13 (1)4

0 2
0
0 0

A21 (1)3

1 1
3
0 3

A22 (1)4

1 1
3
0 3

A23 (1)5

1 1
0
0 0

A31 (1)4

1 1
1
2 1

A32 (1)5

1 1
1
0 1

A33 (1)6

1 1
2
0 2

6 0 0 6 3 1

Vy : PA 3 3 0 0 3 1
1 1 2 0 0 2

T tng thut ton:

III.

1. Cng thc tnh ma trn nghch o :

Nu nh thc ca ma trn A kh nghch th ma trn nghch o A-1 c tnh bng cng thc :

A1

1
PA
det( A)

2. Cc b c gii quyt bi ton :

Bc 1 : Kim tra xem A c vung hay khng ?
Nu A vung, chuyn sang bc 2
Nu A khng vung, thng bo A khng vung v thot chng trnh.
Bc 2 : Tnh nh thc ca ma trn A
Nu det(A)=0 th A khng c ma trn nghch o A-1.
Nu det(A) 0 th A c ma trn nghch o A-1, chuyn sang bc 3
Bc 3: Tm ma trn ph hp ca A :

A11

PA Ai1

An1

A1j
Aii
Anj

A1n A11


Ain A1 j


Ann A1n

Ai1
Aii
Ain

An1

Anj

Ann

vi Aij (1)i j det M ij

Bc 4: tnh ma trn nghch o : A1

1
.PA
det( A)

V d : cho ma trn

1
A
2

2
1
3
1

4
2
1
2

1
4

5
0 5
0

21 19 6 26
Ta tnh c : ma trn ph hp PA
3
7 3 8

15 15 0 15
0
0.3333
0
0.3333

1.4000 1.2667 0.4000 1.7333

Ma trn nghch o A1
0.2000 0.4667 0.2000 0.5333

0
1.0000
1.0000 1.0000
IV. Bi ton hon chnh :
1. C php v thut ton
A=input('nhap ma tran A');
[m,n] = size (A);
if m==n;
disp('ma tran A vuong');
d = det (A);
if d==0;
disp('ma tran A ko kha nghich');
else
disp('ma tran A kha nghich');
B=zeros(n);
[a , b] = size(B);
for a = 1:n
C = A;
for b = 1:m
C(a,:) = [];
C(:,b) = [];
B(a,b) = ((-1)^(a+b))*det(C);
C = A;
end
end
B = B';
disp('ma tran phu hop cua A la');
disp(B);
disp('ma tran nghich dao cua A la')
C = 1/det(A) * B;
disp(C);
end
else
disp('ma tran A ko vuong');
end
10

2. Chy th chng trnh

Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca 3 ma trn sau:

1
A
2

2
4
1
4

3
5
5
1

6
1

3
3
; B
4
7

2
2

1
2 5 7

3
1 3 4
; C 4
2 1 4

5
4 10 14
6

2
2
2
2
3

3
1
1
1
1

4
2

5
7

a. Ma trn A:
>> bai2
nhap ma
ma tran
ma tran
ma tran
85
-9
7
-28

tran A[ 1 2 3 6; 1 4 5 3;2 1 5 7;1 4 1 2]

A vuong
A kha nghich
phu hop cua A la
30
-70
-55
-6
14
-13
-22
-2
19
8
8
4

ma tran nghich dao cua A la

-1.0625
-0.3750
0.8750
0.1125
0.0750
-0.1750
-0.0875
0.2750
0.0250
0.3500
-0.1000
-0.1000

0.6875
0.1625
-0.2375
-0.0500

>>
b. Ma trn B:
>> bai2
nhap ma tran A[1 2 5 7; 3 1 3 4; 4 2 1 4;2 4 10 14]
ma tran A vuong
ma tran A ko kha nghich
>>
c. Ma trn C:
>> bai2
nhap ma tran A[1 2 3 1; 3 2 1 4; 4 2 1 2; 5 2 1 5; 6 3 1 7]
ma tran A ko vuong
>>

-------****------11

Ti liu tham kho

1. Bi ging in t i s tuyn tnh, TS. L Xun i, i hc Bch Khoa TpHCM, TpHCM,
2013
2. Tin Hc ng dng : ng dng Matlab trong tnh ton k thut, Nguyn Hoi Sn (Ch bin),
Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia TpHCM

12