i cng v CTR

Phng php chn lp CTR

Phng php t CTR
Phng php nhit phn
Cc phng php x l khc

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

th. Nxb Xy dng, H Ni, 2001.

G.Tchobanoglous et al. - Integrated Solidwaste Management - Engineering Principles And
Management Issues - McGraw Hill, 1993.

Tng Vn on,Trn c H. K thut mi trng. Nxb Gio dc, 2001.

Trn Hiu Nhu, ng Quc Dng, Nguyn Th Kim Thi. Qun lsy cht thi rn. Tp 1. Cht thi rn

Ti liu tham kho:

5.1. ngha ca hot ng ti ch v ti s dng

5.2. Tch loi rc
5.3. rc (composting)
5.4. Thu hi v ti ch cht do
5.5 Thu hi v ti ch kim loi
5.5 Thu hi v ti ch cc sn phm cao su

Chng 5 TI CH V TI S DNG CHT THI RN

4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4 X L CHT THI RN

(ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY)

CNG NGH MI TRNG

CTR
CTR
CTR
CTR

sinh hot
cng nghip
xy dng
nng nghip

Cht thi nguy hi (Hazardous wastes)

Cht thi khng nguy hi (Non-hazardous wastes)

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Vit Nam: dn s th chim 24% nhng lng CTR chim 50%

CTR th (Municipal solid waste, MSW): CTR pht sinh t cc hot

ng trn a bn th; c quan tm nhiu nht.

Theo mc nguy hi

4.1. i cng v cht thi rn

Cht thi rn (CTR) (Solid wastes): cc vt cht dng rn do con
ngi loi b ra t cc hot ng sng, sn xut
Theo ngun gc pht sinh:

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Khu dn c (h gia nh, chung c)

Cc trung tm thng mi (ch, siu th,)
Cc cng s, trng hc,
Cc dch v th (bn xe, sn bay, nh ga,)
Cc hot ng cng nghip
Cc hot ng xy dng (nh ca, cu ng,)
Cc bnh vin, c s y t
Cc h thng x l nc thi v thot nc th.

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Tng lng pht sinh CTR rn th Vit Nam nm 2003 l

khong 8,2 triu tn

T mc pht sinh u ngi (kg/ngi/ngy) v dn s

Mc pht sinh ty thuc mc sng, tp qun x hi, mc ti
ch, khc nhau cc nc, cc thnh ph (Bng 4.1,
4.2).

Lng MSW pht sinh c tnh:

Cc ngun pht sinh:

4.1.1. Ngun v lng CTR th pht sinh

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

2,0

M
(2000)*
0,63

Trung Quc
(2002)**
0,45

n
(2002)**

1,3

Tp.HCM
1,0

H Ni

0,9

Nng

0,7

Vit Nam
(2003)***

0,7

TB ton quc

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Ngun: Bo co hin trng mi trng Vit Nam 2004.

Mc pht sinh,
kg/ngi/ngy

th

1,36

Thi Lan
(2002)**

Bng 4.2. Pht sinh MSW mt s th Vit Nam

Ngun:
*W.F.Chen and J.Y.R.Liew. The Civil Engineering Handbook, CRC (2003).
**AIT. Municipal Solid Waste Management in Asia, 2004
***Bo co hin trng mi trng Vit Nam 2004.

Mc pht sinh,
kg/ngi/ngy

Nc

Bng 4.1. Pht sinh MSW mt s quc gia khc nhau

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Thy tinh
V hp kim loi
Nhm
t ct, snh s, tro
bi,

(combustible wastes)
Thnh phn v c = khng chy c
(noncomustible wastes)

Thnh phn hu c = chy c

Thnh phn v c

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Cht thi thc phm

Giy
Carton
Cht do
Si, vi
Cao su
Da
Cht thi vn
G
Cc cht hu c khc

Thnh phn hu c

CTR th

Cc thnh phn ca CTR th thng gm:

4.1.2. Thnh phn, c im CTR

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

26
2 10
14
1 10
1- 10
15
1 30

15
15
15
15
1 10
15
1 40

20 45
5 15
2-8
26
02
02
10 20
14
4 12
28
01
0 - 10

6 30

20 65
8 30

Cc nc thu
nhp cao

Cc nc thu
nhp TB

1 -10

40 85

Cc nc thu
nhp thp

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Giy
Carton
Cht do
Si, vi
Cao su
Da
Cht thi vn
G
Thy tinh
V hp kim loi
Nhm
t ct, tro bi,

Cht thi thc phm

Thnh phn

Bng 4.3. Thnh phn in hnh ca CTR th (%)

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

c trng CTR th Vit Nam

Cc cht hu c = 50 60 % (kh cao!)
Khi lng ring = 420 580 kg/m3 (kh cao!)
m = 30 45 % (cao!)
Nhit tr = 3800 kJ/kg (kh thp!)

Chuyn i n v: 1 Btu/lb x 2,326 = 1 kJ/kg

C, H, O, N, S: thnh phn cc nguyn t trong CTR, %

t 40 60 %.
 tro: phn cn li sau khi nung 950oC; thng 4 - 15%.
 Nhit tr: Nhit lng to thnh khi t chy CTR; xc nh bng bom nhit
lng k hay c tnh da trn thnh phn nguyn t; thng t 9.300
14.000 kJ/kg.
c tnh nhit tr theo cng thc Dulong:
1
Btu/lb = 145C + 610(H O ) + 40S + 10N
8

 Khi lng ring: thng t 180 420 kg/m3, trung bnh 300 kg/m3.
 m: lng nc mt i khi sy 105oC trong 1 h; thng t 15 40%.
 Cht hu c bay hi: phn mt i khi nung (sau khi sy) 950oC; thng

Cc c trng ca CTR

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Thu gom

Tch loi, lu tr, x

l ti ni pht sinh

Pht sinh CTR

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Thu gom, vn chuyn

ht CTR
Hiu qu kinh t (thu
Trung chuyn,
Tch, x l, ch
gom, x l tt nht vi
vn chuyn
bin CTR
chi ph thp nht)
p dng cng ngh,
thit b tin tin.
Bo m tt nht sc
X l sau cng
khe cng ng
Bo m m quan Hnh 4.1. S tng qut mt h thng qun l CTR

S cc b phn cu
thnh mt h thng
qun l CTR v mi
quan h gia chng nh
hnh 4.1.
Cc yu cu c bn ca
h thng qun l CTR:

4.1.3. S lc v qun l CTR

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Hnh 4.2. S bc thang cc gii php qun l, x l CTR

Chn lp

Ti
ch,

Ti s dng

Gim
pht
sinh

Cc gii php qun l, x l CTR theo trnh t u tin:

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

10

Gy nhim nc mt, nc ngm do nc r rc

To cc dch bnh
Gy nhim khng kh do mi hi thi, do cc kh CH4, H2S,

bi c quy hoch, thit k theo tiu chun

vn hnh chn lp theo quy trnh tiu chun
CTR c chn nn, ph lp b mt tng v ph t sau cng
nc r rc v kh rc c thu gom v x l

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

11

qua 2 pha: hiu kh (ngn, ban u) k kh (di)

trong pha k kh: giai on 1 (to acid) giai on (to metan)
to nc r rc = nc trong CTR + nc thm t bn ngoi + nc to
ra t phn hy
to kh rc = kh to thnh t qu trnh phn hy: CH4, CO2, H2S,

S phn hy cc cht hu c trong CTR

Bi chn lp hp v sinh:

i hi phi chn lp hp v sinh

Chn lp vn l phng php ph bin x l sau cng i vi CTR

Vic rc tp trung thnh ng h hay chn lp khng hp v sinh:

4.2.1. i cng

4.2. Phng php chn lp CTR

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

hy cht hu c trong
bi chn lp CTR

Hnh 4.3. Cc pha phn

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

12

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Hnh 4.4. S cu to bi chn lp hp v sinh

Cu to bi chn lp hp v sinh

4.2.2. Cu to v vn hnh bi chn lp hp v sinh

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

13

b mt

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

14

Tun t theo tng chn lp

Mi : rc thu gom vo chn lp ri u [phun ch phm]
nn cht ph lp t hng ngy.
Khi bi ht cng sut, ph bng cc lp (t di ln): st mng
chng thm t bo v lp t cui cng; trng c ln trn.
Nc r rc thu theo h thng thu y v bm hay cho chy v h
cha i x l.
Kh rc thu theo mng cc ng chn trong cc , c thu gom v x
l, thu hi hay t b.

Cch khu dn c > 500 m

Cch ngun nc cp > 1000 m
t nn khng c thm nc
Mc nc ngm cch mt t > 2 m
Phi tnh ton c thi hn s dng 15-20 nm.

Nc r rc
Kh rc

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

15

Cc vn mi trng cn kim sot khi ang vn hnh v sau

ng ca

Mt s yu cu bi chn lp:

Vn hnh bi chn lp

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Bng 4.3. Thnh phn in hnh ca nc r rc

16

Nc r rc thnh phn phc tp, mc gy nhim cao, kh x l

(xem bi tp nhm)

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Gim thiu lng cht rn chn lp

X l trit cc cht nhim
C th thu hi nng lng
Chi ph u t cao, k thut phc tp
C th pht sinh sn phm kh c hi nh dioxin.

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

CTR sinh hot ( cc nc pht trin)

CTR y t
CTR nguy hi

i tng p dng:

17

Nguyn l: cc cht hu c b oxy ha phn hy nhit cao trong

iu kin c mt ca oxy khng kh to thnh cc kh v cn li phn
tro khng chy.
CTR + O2, to Kh + Hi nc + Tro + Nhit
c im:

4.3.1. Nguyn l v c im

4.3. Phng php t CTR (Incineration)

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

18

Hnh 4.5. S in hnh cng ngh t rc

Tip nhn, cha CTR

X l s b (phn loi, ct, trn)
t (s cp, th cp)
Lm ngui v x l kh thi

Cc cng on trong t CTR gm:

4.3.2. Cng ngh v thit b t

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

L vi sn chuyn ng
L quay
L t tng si

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Phu np rc
iu khin np rc
Sn cha rc chuyn ng
Bung cha tro
L t
Thit b lm nng s b
khng kh
7. Cp kh (di ngn la)
8. Cp kh (trn ngn la)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

chuyn ng

Hnh 4.6. L t rc vi sn

Cc dng l t
(Incinerator)

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

19

cc thit b lc bi (ti vi, lc tnh in)

b hp th kh vi cc dung dch ha cht

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

phn hy cc cht hu c c hi

Hnh 4.7. nh hng nhit t n mc

Vi dioxin v furan, ch
yu kim sot qu trnh
t.
Nhit trong bung
t phi ti thiu l
980oC v kh thi phi
c lu nhit ny
ti thiu 1 giy trc khi
ra khi bung t.

20

Kh thi sinh ra t l t c th cha: Bi, NOx, SO2, CO2, HCl, cc

dioxin v furan
Cc cht nhim thng thng c x l bng:

4.3.3. Kim sot N khng kh

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

khng c oxy
nhit thp hn (450 600oC)

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

21

Ngoi MSW, nhit phn cn p dung x l cc cht thi cng nghip

luyn du, cng nghip luyn than, t nhim du,

c oxy
nhit cao (>890oC)

Di tc dng ca nhit, trong iu kin khng c oxy, cc cht

hu c trong CTR s b phn hy thnh cc sn phm dng lng,
kh v rn (than).
Phn lng (cc hydrocarbon mch di, cc dn xut alcol, acid), c
th chy v sinh nng lng nh nhin liu du m - cn gi l
du rc hay du sinh hc (bio-oil).
Nhng im khc gia t v nhit phn:
Nhit phn
t

4.2.1. Nguyn l

4.4. Phng php nhit phn (Pyrolysis)

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

Hnh 4.8. S h thng nhit phn x l MSW

22

S in hnh mt h thng nhit phn CTR nh hnh 4.8.

Cc thit b nhit phn cng c th l thit b l quay, thit b kiu tng
si,.. c gia nhit t bn ngoi

4.4.2. Cng ngh v thit b

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

Phn than = 20.916 kJ/kg

Phn du = 27.900 kJ/kg
Phn kh = 22.356 kJ/m3.

BM KTMT - Khoa Mi trng Trng HKH Hu

4.5. Cc phng php x l

khc
Kh ha CTR: t trong iu
kin gii hn oxy; cng cho cc
sn phm kh c th s dng
lm nhin liu tng t nhit
phn.
p thnh vt liu dng trong
xy dng.

Hn ch ca du thu c l
m cao.

Nhit nng ca cc phn sn

phm thu t nhit phn CTR:

4.4.3. Thu hi nhit

Chng 4. X L CHT THI RN

Phn B. CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN

23