Conversion Factors

C-1
Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

Abbreviation
ac
ac-ft
atm
bar
Btu
Btu/cu ft
Btu/gal
Btu/hr
Btu/hr/sq ft
Btu/lb
Btu/ton
cal

cal/sec
cP
cu ft/gal
cfh or cu ft/hr
cfh/sq ft
cu ft/mil. gal
cfm or cu ft/min
cfm/ft
cfm/1000 cu ft
cfm/1000 gal

acre

acre-foot
atmosphere
bar
British thermal unit
British thermal units per cubic foot
British thermal units per gallon

British thermal units per hour

British thermal units per hour per square foot
British thermal units per pound
British thermal units per ton
calorie international
15C
20C
calories per second
centipoise
cubic feet per gallon

cubic feet per hour

cubic feet per hour per square foot

cubic feet per million gallons

cubic feet per minute

cubic feet per minute per foot

cubic feet per minute per thousand cubic feet
cubic feet per minute per thousand gallons

To Obtain Metric Unit

m2
ha (hectare)
m3
kPa (kilopascal)
kPa
kJ (kilojoule)
kJ/m3
kJ/m3
kJ/L
W (watt)
J/m2s
kJ/kg
J/kg
J (joule)
J
J
W
Pas
m3/m3
m3/L
m3/s
L/s
m3/m2s
L/m2h
mL/m3
m3/s
L/s
L/m s
L/m3s
L/m3s

4.047 10
0.404 7
1233
101.3
100.0
1.055
37.26
278.7
0.278 7
0.2931
3.155
2.326
1.163
4.187
4.186
4.182
4.187
1.000 103
7.482
7.482 103
7.867 106
7.867 103
8.467 105
304.8
7.482
4.719 104
0.471 9
1.549
1.667 102
0.124 7
3

By

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order).

Multiply Customary Unit

Table 1.

C-2
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

cu ft/lb
cfs
cfs/ac
cfs/sq mile
cu ft
cu in.
cu yd
F
R
ft
ft/hr
ft/min or fpm
ft/sec or fps
ft/sec2
ft/yr
ft
ft-head
ft-lb
ft-lb/in.
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/sec
gal
gpd
gpd/ac

gpd/cap

cubic feet per pound

cubic feet per second

cubic feet per second per acre

cubic feet per second per square mile

cubic foot

cubic inch

cubic yard
degrees Fahrenheit
Rankine
feet of head
feet per hour
feet per minute
feet per second
feet per second squared
feet per year
foot
foot-head
foot-pound
foot-pounds per inch
foot-pounds per minute
foot-pounds per second
gallon

gallons per day

gallons per day per acre

gallons per day per capita

6.243 102
2.832 102
28.32
6.997 106
69.97
1.093 108
0.109 3
2.832 102
28.32
16.39 106
16.39
0.764 6
0.555 6(F 32)
0.555 6
0.304 8
8.467 105
5.080
0.304 8
0.304 8
0.304 8
0.304 8
2989
1.356
53.38
2.259 102
1.355
3.785 103
3.785
4.381 105
3.785 103
1.083 1011
1.083 108
9.353
3.785
m3/kg
m3/s
L/s
m3/m2s
L/has
m3/m2s
L/has
m3
L
m3
mL
m3
C (degrees Celsius)
K (Kelvin)
m
m/s
mm/s
m/s
m/s2
m/a (meters per annum)
m
Pa
Nm
J/m
W
W
m3
L
L/s
m3/d
m3/m2s
L/m2s
L/had
L/capd

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-3

Abbreviation
gpd/ft

gpd/ft/ft-head
gpd/in. dia/mile
gpd/mile
gpd/sq ft

gpd/1000 sq ft
gph
gph/ft dia/ft-head
gph/in. dia/1000 ft
gal/mil. gal
gpm

gpm/ac
gpm/cu ft
gpm/ft
gpm/sq ft

gal/lb
gal/ton
gr

gallons per day per linear foot

gallons per day per foot of manhole diameter

per foot-head
gallons per day per inch of diameter per mile
gallons per day per mile

gallons per day per square foot

gallons per day per thousand square feet

gallons per hour

gallons per hour per foot of diameter per foot-head

gallons per hour per inch diameter per thousand feet
gallons per million gallons
gallons per minute

gallons per minute per acre

gallons per minute per cubic foot
gallons per minute per foot

gallons per minute per square foot

gallons per pound

gallons per ton
grain

92.60
2.720 1011
2.352
4.715 107
4.074 102
40.74
4.074 102
1.051 106
1.051
11.32
488.9
1.000
6.308 105
6.308 102
5.451
0.155 8
2.228
2.070 104
0.207 0
6.791 104
0.679 1
58.67
8344
4.173
64.80

1.437 10
1.437 104
1.242 102
4.074 104

By

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Customary Unit

Table 1.

(mL/md)/m
m3/ms
mL/md
m3/m2s or m/s
m3/m2d or m/d
L/m2d
L/m2d
m3/s
mL/s
(mL/ms)/m
(mL/mh)/m
mL/m3
m3/s
L/s
m3/d
L/has
L/m3s
m3/ms
L/ms
m/ms
L/m2s
m3/m2d
mL/kg
mL/kg
mg

m3/ms
L/ms
m3/md
(mL/md)/m

To Obtain Metric Unit

C-4
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

gr/gal
ha
hp
hp-hr
hp-hr/lb
hp-hr/1000 cu ft
hp-hr/1000 gal
hp-hr/1000 lb
hp/gpm
hp/mil. gal
hp/1000 gal
in.
in. H2O
in. Hg
in./ft
in./hr
in./yr
kWh
kWh/d
kWh/gal
kWh/mil. gal
kWh/lb
kWh/1000 lb
kWh/ton
kip
kip-ft
kip-ft/sec
kip/ft
kip/sq ft

grains per gallon

hectare
horsepower
horsepower-hour
horsepower-hours per pound
horsepower-hours per thousand cubic feet
horsepower-hours per thousand gallons
horsepower-hours per thousand pounds
horsepower per gallon per minute

horsepower per million gallons

horsepower per thousand gallons

inch
inches of water
inches of mercury
inches per foot
inches per hour
inches per year
kilowatt-hour
kilowatt-hours per day
kilowatt-hours per gallon

kilowatt-hours per million gallons

kilowatt-hours per pound

kilowatt-hours per thousand pounds
kilowatt-hours per ton
kip
kip-feet
kip-feet per second
kips per foot
kips per square foot

17.12
17.12
1.000 104
0.745 7
2.685
5.919
26.34
0.710 3
5.919
11.82
11.82
0.197
1.970 104
0.197
25.40
0.248 8
3.377
8.333
25.40
25.40
3.600
41.67
951.1
0.951 1
951.1
0.951 1
7.936
7.936
3.969
4.448
1.356
1.356
14.59
47.88

g/m3
mg/L
m2
kW
MJ
MJ/kg
W/m3
kJ/L
kJ/kg
MJ/m3
kJ/L
W/m3
W/L
kW/m3
mm
kPa
kPa
%
mm/h
mm/a (millimeters per annum)
MJ
W
MJ/m3
MJ/L
J/m3
J/L
MJ/kg
kJ/kg
kJ/kg
kN (kilonewton)
kNm
kNm/s
kN/m
kPa

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-5

mgd/ac

MPN/100 mL
ppb
ppm
lbf
lb
lb-ft
lb-ft/sec
lb/d/cap
lb/cu ft
lb/1000 cu ft
lb/cu yd
lb/d

million gallons per day per acre

most probable number per hundred milliliters

parts per billion

parts per million

pound (force)
pound (mass)
pound-foot
pound-feet per second
pounds per day per capita
pounds per cubic foot
pounds per thousand cubic feet
pounds per cubic yard
pounds per day

mil. gal

million gallons
mgd

1.000
25.40
1.609
0.446 9
1.609
3.785 103
3.785
4.383 102
43.83
3.785 103
3.785
1.083 105
9.353 103
9.353
10.00
1.00 (app.)
1.000
1.00 (app.)
1.000
4.448
0.453 6
1.356
1.356
0.453 6
16.02
16.02
0.593 3
5.250
0.453 6

mil
mile
mph

micron
mil
mile
miles per hour

million gallons per day

By

Abbreviation

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Customary Unit

Table 1.

m
m
km
m/s
km/h
m3
ML
m3/s
L/s
m3/d
ML/d
m3/m2s
m3/had
ML/had
MPN/L
g/L
g/kg
mg/L
mg/kg
N
kg
Nm
Nm/s
kg/capd
kg/m3
g/m3
kg/m3
mg/s
kg/d

To Obtain Metric Unit

C-6
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

lb/d/ac
lb/d/ac-ft
lb/d/cu ft
lb/d/lb
lb/d/sq ft
lb/d/1000 cu ft
lb/d/1000 sq ft
lb/ft
lb/ft/ft dia
lb/gal
lb/hr
lb/hr/sq ft
lb/hr/cu ft
lb/mil. gal
lb/lb
lb/sq ft
lb/sq ft
psi
lb/1000 cu ft
lb/1000 gal
lb/ton
lb/yr/ac
lb/yr/cu ft
lb/yr/sq ft
lb-sec/sq ft
lb-sq ft/sec
rpm
rps
slug

pounds per day per acre

pounds per day per acre-foot
pounds per day per cubic foot
pounds per day per pound
pounds per day per square foot

pounds per day per thousand cubic feet

pounds per day per thousand square feet
pounds per foot
pounds per foot per foot of diameter
pounds per gallon
pounds per hour

pounds per hour per square foot

pounds per hour per cubic foot

pounds per million gallons

pounds per pound

pounds per square foot (mass dose)
pounds per square foot (force)
pounds per square inch (force)
pounds per thousand cubic feet
pounds per thousand gallons
pounds per ton
pounds per year per acre
pounds per year per cubic foot
pounds per year per square foot
pound-seconds per square foot
pound-square feet per second
revolutions per minute
revolutions per second
slug

0.112 1
0.367 7
16.02
11.57
56.51
4.882
1.602 102
4.882
1.488
47.88
0.119 8
1.260 104
0.453 6
4.882
1.356
4.450 106
16.02
0.119 8
0.119 8
1000
4.883
47.88
6895
16.02
0.119 8
0.500
1.121
16.02
4.882
47.88
4.883
1.000
1.000
14.59

g/m2d
g/m3d
kg/m3d
mg/kgs
mg/m2s
kg/m2d
kg/m3d
g/m2d
kg/m
(N/m)/m
kg/L
kg/s
kg/h
kg/m2h
g/m2s
kg/Ls
kg/m3h
g/m3
mg/L
g/kg
kg/m2
Pa
Pa
g/m3
g/m3
g/kg
kg/haa
kg/m3a
kg/m2a
Pas
kgm2/s
r/min
r/s
kg

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-7

sq ft
sq ft/cap
sq ft/cu ft
sq ft/ft
sq ft/sec
sq in.
sq mile
sq yd
ton
ton
ton/ac
ton/cu yd
W-hr
W/sq ft
yd

square foot
square feet per capita
square feet per cubic foot
square feet per foot
square feet per second
square inch
square mile
square yard
ton (long)
ton (short)

tons per acre

tons per cubic yard

watt-hour
watts per square foot
yard

Abbreviation
2

9.290 10
9.290 102
3.281
0.304 8
9.290 102
645.2
2.590
0.836 1
1.016
0.907 2
907.2
0.224 2
2.242
1.187
3.600
10.76
0.914 4

By

Conversion from customary to metric units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Customary Unit

Table 1.

m2
m2/cap
m2/m3
m2/m
m2/s
mm2
km2
m2
Mg
Mg
kg
kg/m2
Mg/ha
Mg/m3
J
W/m2
m

To Obtain Metric Unit

C-8
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

m3/m3
m3/m3s
m3/d
m3/had
m3/has
m3/kg
m3/md
m3/ms

cubic meters per cubic meter per second

cubic meters per day

cubic meters per hectare per day

cubic meters per hectare per second

cubic meters per kilogram

cubic meters per meter per day
cubic meters per meter per second

cap/ha
cap/km2
m3

capita per hectare

capita per square kilometer
cubic meter

cubic meters per cubic meter

Abbreviation
0.404 7
2.590
8.107 104
6.290
8.386
28.38
35.31
1.308
264.2
2.642 104
0.133 7
1.337 105
5.999 104
8.019 103
0.183 5
2.642 104
264.2
106.9
1.069 104
14.29
9.147 103
16.02
80.53
646.0
6.959 106
3.676 1010

By

Conversion from metric to customary units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Metric Unit

Table 2.

cap/ac
cap/sq mile
ac-ft
barrel (oil)
barrel (water)
bushel (U.S. dry)
cu ft
cu yd
gal
mil. gal
cu ft/gal
cu ft/mil. gal
cfm/1000 cu ft
cfm/1000 gal
gpm
mgd
gpd
gpd/ac
mgd/ac
cfs/ac
cfs/sq mile
cu ft/lb
gpd/ft
cfm/ft
gpd/ft
gpd/mile

To Obtain Customary Unit

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-9

m3/m2d
m3/m2h
m3/m2s

mm3
C
K
g/m3
g/m3d
g/m3s
g/kg
g/L
g/m
g/s
g/m2d

cubic meters per square meter per hour

cubic meters per square meter per second

cubic millimeter
degrees Celsius
Kelvin
grams per cubic meter

grams per cubic meter per day

grams per cubic meter per second
grams per kilogram

grams per liter

grams per meter
grams per second
grams per square meter per day

m /s

cubic meters per square meter per day

cubic meters per second

Abbreviation

To Obtain Customary Unit

cfh or cu ft/hr
cfm
cfs
gph
gpm
mgd
gpd/sq ft
gpm/sq ft
cfh/sq ft
cfs/ac
cfs/sq mile
gpd/ac
gpd/sq ft
gpm/sq ft
mgd/ac
cfh/sq ft
cu in.
F
R
lb/mil.gal
lb/1000 cu ft
lb/1000 gal
lb/d/ac-ft
lb/hr/cu ft
lb/lb
lb/ton
lb/cu ft
lb/1000 ft
lb/hr
lb/d/ac
lb/d/1000 sq ft

1.271 10
2.119 103
35.32
9.515 105
1.585 104
22.83
24.55
1.704 102
3.281
1.429 103
9.149 107
9.238 1010
2.121 106
1.473 103
9.238 104
1.181 104
6.102 105
1.800 (C) 32
1.800
8.344
6.243 102
8.347
2.720
0.224 7
1.000 103
2.000
0.0624
0.672 0
7.937
8.922
0.204 8
5

By

Conversion from metric to customary units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Metric Unit

Table 2.

C-10
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

kgm
kgm/s
kg/capd
kg/m3

kg/m3d
kg/m3h
kg/m3s
kg/d
kg/had
kg/haa
kg/h
kg/kgs
kg/L

kilogram meter
kilogram meter per second
kilograms per capita per day
kilograms per cubic meter

kilograms per cubic meter per day

kilograms per cubic meter per hour

kilograms per cubic meter per second
kilograms per day
kilograms per hectare per day
kilograms per hectare per year (annum)
kilograms per hour
kilograms per kilogram per second
kilograms per liter

J/L

joules per liter

J/m
J/m2s
kg

ha
J
J/m3
J/kg

hectare
joule
joules per cubic meter
joules per kilogram

joules per meter

joules per square meter per second
kilogram

g/m2s

grams per square meter per second

17.70
0.737 3
2.471
0.7376
1.051 103
4.299 104
0.859 8
1.689 104
8.461 105
1.051
1.873 102
0.317 1
2.205
1.102 103
6.854 102
0.672 0
0.672 0
2.205
6.243 102
1.686
834 7
62.42
6.242 102
62.42
6.242 102
224.8
2.205
0.892 2
0.892 2
2.205
8.64 104
3.613 102
8.347
8.347 106

lb/d/sq ft
lb/hr/sq ft
ac (acre)
ft-lb
kWh/mil. gal
Btu/lb
Btu/ton
hp-hr/1000 lb
hp/gpm
kWh/mil. gal
ft-lb/in.
Btu/hr/sq ft
lb (mass)
ton
slug
lb-ft
lb-ft/sec
lb/cap/d
lb/cu ft
lb/cu yd
lb/mil. gal
lb/1000 cu ft
lb/cu ft
lb/d/1000 cu ft
lb/hr/cu ft
lb/hr/cu ft
lb/d
lb/d/ac
lb/yr/ac
lb/hr
lb/d/lb
lb/cu in.
lb/gal
lb/mil. gal

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-11

Abbreviation
kg/m
kg/s
kg/m2
kg/m2d
kg/m2h
kg/m2s
kg/m2a
kJ
kJ/m3

kJ/kg

kJ/L
km
km/h
kN
kN/m
kN/ms
kPa

kW
kW/m3
L

kilograms per meter

kilograms per second

kilograms per square meter

kilograms per square meter per day
kilograms per square meter per hour
kilograms per square meter per second
kilograms per square meter per year (annum)
kilojoule
kilojoules per cubic meter

kilojoules per kilogram

kilojoules per liter

kilometer
kilometers per hour
kilonewton
kilonewton per meter
kilonewtons per meter per second
kilopascal

kilowatt
kilowatt per cubic meter
liter

0.672 0
1.905 105
7.936 103
0.204 8
0.204 8
0.204 8
1.770 104
0.204 8
0.947 8
2.684 102
1.051
1.408 103
0.430 0
859.8
0.252 0
0.126 0
1.689 104
1.410
0.621 4
0.621 4
0.224 8
0.737 5
0.737 5
9.872 103
20.89
0.145 0
4.019
0.296 1
1.341
5.076
3.532 102
0.264 2

By

Conversion from metric to customary units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Metric Unit

Table 2.

lb/ft
lb/d
lb/hr
lb/sq ft (mass dose)
lb/d/sq ft
lb/hr/sq ft
lb/d/sq ft
lb/yr/sq ft
Btu
Btu/cu ft
kWh/mil. gal
hp-hr/1000 gal
Btu/lb
Btu/ton
kWh/ton
kWh/1000 1b
hp-hr/lb
Btu/gal
mile
mph
kip
kip-ft
kip-ft/sec
atm
psf (force)
psi (force)
in. H2O
in. Hg
hp
hp/1000 gal
cu ft
gal

To Obtain Customary Unit

C-12
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

L/cap
L/capd
L/m3
L/m3s

L/has

L/kg
L/m
L/ms

L/s

L/m2d
L/m2s

Mg or t
Mg/m3
Mg/ha
MJ
MJ/m3
MJ/kg

liters per capita

liters per capita per day
liters per cubic meter
liters per cubic meter per second

liters per hectare per second

liters per kilogram

liters per meter
liters per meter per second

liters per second

liters per square meter per day

liters per square meter per second

megagram or metric ton

megagram per cubic meter

megagram per hectare
megajoule
megajoules per cubic meter

megajoules per kilogram

3.532 102
0.264 2
133.7
0.488 8
59.99
8.019
1.429 102
9.149
6.418
239.6
425.2
0.645 9
4.832
6.958 103
127.1
2.119
3.532 102
2.282 104
15.85
2.283 102
2.455 102
11.82
2.121 103
9.237 103
1.473
1.102
0.984 3
0.842 5
0.446 0
0.372 5
8.460 102
1.051 103
168.9
0.126 0
cu ft/cap
gpd/cap
cu ft/mil. gal
cfm/cu ft
cfm/1000 cu ft
cfm/1000 gal
cfs/ac
cfs/sq mile
gpm/ac
gal/ton
gal/mile
cfm/ft
gpm/ft
gpd/ft
cfh
cfm
cfs
gpd
gpm
mgd
gpd/sq ft
cfh/sq ft
gpd/sq ft
gpd/ac
gpm/sq ft
ton (short)
ton (long)
ton/cu yd
ton/ac
hp-hr
hp/gpm
kWh/gal
hp-hr/1000 lb
kWh/lb

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-13

Abbreviation
MJ/L
ML
ML/d
ML/had
m
m/h
m/s
m/s2
g/L
m
mg
mg/L
mL
mL/m3
mL/kg
(mL/md)/m
mL/s
mm
mm/h
mm/s
MPN/m3
MPN/L

megajoules per liter

megaliter
megaliters per day
megaliters per hectare per day
meter
meters per hour
meters per second

meters per second squared

micrograms per liter
micrometer

miligram
milligrams per liter

milliliter
milliliters per cubic meter
milliliters per kilogram

milliliters per meter per day per meter

milliliters per second
millimeter
millimeters per hour
millimeters per second

most probable number per cubic meter

most probable number per liter

1.051
0.264 2
0.264 2
0.106 9
3.281
3.281
3.281
2.238
3.281
1.00 (app.)
1.000
3.937 102
1.543 102
5.841 102
1.00 (app.)
6.102 102
0.133 7
1.198 104
0.239 6
2.450 103
0.951 5
3.937 102
3.937 102
0.196 9
11.81
1.000 104
0.100 0

By

Conversion from metric to customary units (in alphabetical order) (continued).

Multiply Metric Unit

Table 2.

kWh/gal
mil. gal
mgd
mgd/ac
ft
ft/hr
fps
mph
ft/sec2
ppb
micron
mil
grain
grains per gallon
ppm
cu in.
cu ft/mil. gal
gal/lb
gal/ton
gpd/ft/ft-head
gph
in.
in./hr
fpm
ft/hr
MPN/100 mL
MPN/100 mL

To Obtain Customary Unit

C-14
Operation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

N
Nm
Nm/m
Pa

Pas
km2
m2
m2/m3
m2/m
m2/s
mm2
t

W/m3
W/L
W/m2

newton
newton meter
newton meters per meter
pascal

pascal second
square kilometer
square meter

square meters per cubic meter

square meters per meter
square meter per second
square millimeter
ton (metric)

watt

watts per cubic meter

watts per liter

watts per square meter

0.224 8
0.737 6
0.224 8
9.872 106
3.345 104
2.089 102
1.450 104
2.089 102
0.386 1
2.471 104
10.76
3.048
3.281
10.76
1.550 103
1.102 103
0.984 3
1.102
3.412
947.8
44.27
0.738 0
1.341 103
2.400 102
5.076
3.797 102
5.076 103
9.290 102

lbf (force)
ft-lb
lb-ft/ft dia
atm
ft (head)
lb/sq ft
psi
lb-sec/sq ft
sq mile
ac
sq ft
sq ft/cu ft
sq ft/ft
sq ft/sec
sq in.
lb
ton (long)
ton (short)
Btu/hr
Btu/sec
ft-lb/min
ft-lb/sec
hp
kWh/d
hp/mil. gal
hp/1000 cu ft
hp/mil. gal
W/sq ft

Conversion Factors

Copyright 2007 Water Environment Federation.

C-15