Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Asme RPT 1 2007 Estanques FRP
Asme RPT 1 2007 Estanques FRP
qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 253
CHAPTER
25
FIBER-REINFORCED PLASTIC
PRESSURE VESSELS AND
ASME RTP-1REINFORCED
THERMOSET PLASTIC
CORROSION-RESISTANCE EQUIPMENT
Peter Conlisk
25.1
INTRODUCTION
25.2
FRP TECHNOLOGY
FRP is an acronym that stands for fiber-reinforced plastic; RTP is an acronym that stands for reinforced -thermoset resin. Herein, FRP, RTP, and fiberglass are all used as synonyms.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 254
254 Chapter 25
25.2.1
FRP-Composite Materials
For reasons unknown to the author, it is an industry practice to quote mat weight in oz/ft2 and woven-roving weight in oz/yd2.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 255
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 255
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 256
256 Chapter 25
E
2(1 + v)
(25.1)
Suppose for simplicity that we wished to treat the wovenroving lamina as an isotropic material and decided to set E as the
average of the two Youngs moduli in the table and use the listed
value of Poissons ratio. Then,
G =
2.71 * 106
= 1.18 * 106 psi
2(1 + 0.15)
(25.2)
This value for G is 3.06 times the actual value. The actual
woven-roving lamina is much more compliant for tensile strain at
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 257
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 257
Complicated elastic and strength properties make stress analysis of FRP equipment more difficult and time-consuming than
analysis of metal equipment of similar complexity. Finite-element
methods make such stress analysis practical. Many commercially
available finite-element codes have layered composite-plate elements that employ lamination theory (to be described in Section
25.9.1) to form the stiffness matrices of the elements and also
provide lamina-by-lamina stress- and strain-field output. The
codes usually include failure criteria suitable for use with FRP
laminates, one of whichthe Tsai-Wu Tensor Interaction
Criterion (to be discussed)is used by both RTP-1 and Section
X. If an FRP tank or vessel can be validly modeled by plate elements, finite-element analysis is somewhat more expensive than
analysis of a comparable metal vessel, but not prohibitively so.
25.2.1.1 Notation for Laminate Sequences As stated previously,
a laminate is composed of a sequence of laminae. This paragraph
explains the common notations used for specifying a laminate
sequence or stack-up. V designates a corrosion-veil lamina; M,
a mat lamina; WR, a woven-roving lamina; and FW a
, or
FWa, a filament-wound lamina in which a is the wind angle.
A stack-up is described by combining these symbols; for example,
a laminate consisting of a veil ply, two mat plies, and three sets of
alternate mat and woven-roving plies finished by a mat plyis
designated by V, MM, 3(M, WR), M. A filament-wound laminate
0.46 in. thick, with a wind angle of 55 deg. and a standard corrosion barrier, is designated by V, 2M, 9(FW 55 deg.). The laminate has a veil and two mat plies for a corrosion barrier, followed
by eighteen plies of 0.02 in. thick filament-wound layers with
alternate plies at 55 deg. and 55 deg.
Table 25.5 lists the lamination sequences commonly used for
matwoven-roving laminates, and Table 25.6 gives the drafting
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 258
258 Chapter 25
these values. Instead, they may use the values that their shops
actually produce. Because of these minor variations among
Fabricators, it is better to specify the laminate in a vessel part by
drafting symbols such as those in Table 25.6 rather than simply
giving the thickness and type of laminate. For example, an engineer who wants to specify a matwoven-roving laminate 38 in.
thick would specify a V, 2M, 3(MR)M stack-up in addition to
specifying the reinforcing glass weights.
25.3
FABRICATION METHODS3
25.3.1
Contact Molding
epoxy, or it may be heat-cured.) The resin-wetted reinforcing material is compacted and pressed to the mold by hand with a roller to
squeeze out excess resin and to remove air bubbles. Rollers resemble paint rollers, except that the type used in this application is
metal with deep grooves about 18 in. wide and 41 in. deep, with a 41 in.
pitch. Rollers vary from 2 or 3 in. to 43 in. in diameter and from 3 in.
to 12 in. in width. After the first lamina is applied, the second and
subsequent plies are added the same way. Veil, mat, and wovenroving plies are all applied by the hand lay-up method.
In the spray-up method, resin and reinforcing glass are applied to
the mold with a chopper gun. Figure 25.4 shows a schematic depiction of a chopper gun. Four hoses carry fluids to the gun: an air
hose that powers the chopper and provides a stream of air for carrying the chopped glass and resin to the mold; a resin hose; a hose
that conveys the catalyst and promoter to the gun; and a solvent
hose. A glass strand, which (as mentioned previously) contains
about 5,000 individual glass fibers, also enters the gun. In the gun,
the resin, promoter, and catalyst are mixed and then sprayed onto
the mold surface. At the same time, the roving strand enters the gun
and is chopped into lengths that vary from 34 to 2 in., and the
chopped glass is also sprayed onto the mold at the same place as
the resin. The result is that a layer of resin-wetted glass fibers is
deposited on the mold. The mass of chopped glass fiber and catalyzed and promoted resin is compacted with a roller, as in the
hand lay-up process. A lamina made this way is generally considered equivalent to a mat ply of the same thickness. When the operator pauses, even for a short time, he or she pumps solvent through
the gun to remove the resin. If this is not done, the resinbeing
catalyzed and promotedwould rapidly solidify and clog the gun.
Contact molding is used to make all pressure-containing parts,
including nozzles with flanges. It is versatile and requires only
inexpensive, simple tooling. However, it is also labor-intensive,
involving so much handwork that quality control is more difficult
than with more automatic processes.
In the FRP tank and vessel industry, the term Fabricator is used the same way as Manufacturer is in the metal vessel industry. The term Manufacturer is usually reserved for
those who manufacture resin, reinforcing glass, and other components supplied to the Fabricator.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:12 AM
Page 259
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 259
25.3.2
Filament Winding
25.3.3
Bag Molding
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 260
260 Chapter 25
25.3.4
CENTRIFUGAL CASTING
25.3.5
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 261
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 261
Figure 25.10 illustrates a Section X, Class II butt jointa variation on the RTP-1 butt joint shown in Fig. 25.8 that constitutes
a head-to-shell joint, although the detail also applies to shell-girth
joints. The difference between the RTP-1 joint and the Section X
joint is that the parts to be joined are scarfed first, as in steel welding, and then the structural overlay is applied. Rules for dimensions of the joint are given in Section X, Article RD-1175 [1].
Both RTP-1 and Section X use the same styles of joints for
attaching nozzles to shells or heads. Figure 25.11 shows one type
of joint a penetrating nozzle in which the nozzle neck protrudes inside the shell or head to which it is attached. The nozzle
neckflange assembly is first attached to the head or shell with
fixtures or with a few dabs of hot-melt adhesive to hold the nozzle
in place while the attachment laminate is applied. Next, the resin
putty is placed as shown in Fig. 25.11 to provide a base for the
structural attachment layers. Finally, the structural overlay is
installed. Either RTP-1 or Section X, whichever applies, governs
the dimensions of the overlay. Flanges are attached to nozzle
necks by similar joints, and the reinforcing pad is added to minimize stress intensification caused by cutting the hole in the shell
or head on which the nozzle in installed. Reinforcing-pad dimensions are given in Section X or RTP-1, as applicable.
25.4
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 262
262 Chapter 25
geometries that allow for valid analysis by the plate-and-shell theory, which is true of both FRP and metal equipment. A fundamental assumption in the theory is that the variation of strain through
the thickness of a part is linear, or that the plane sections remain
planean idea that Fig. 25.12 illustrates. Sketch (1) of Fig.
25.12 depicts an undeformed cross section of a laminate with
eight laminae. The vertical lines represent the edge view of planes
in the laminate. If an in-plane force were applied to the laminate,
it would deform as shown in sketch (2): stretching in the load
direction and contracting in the other two directions. The vertical
planes would move apart but still remain parallel. If pure bending
were applied, the situation would be as shown in sketch (3): the
vertical planes would rotate, but remain in plane. Strain in the
cross section therefore varies linearly in the direction normal to
the plane of the laminate. The same two kinds of deformation can
occur simultaneously from loading normal to the page and also as
a result of twisting; however, the variation of the strain is still linear in the normal direction.
The foregoing assumption about strain is called the Kirchoff
hypothesis and is fundamental to plate-and-shell theory. It is as
true when applied to FRP laminates as when it is applied to plates
made of homogeneous, isotropic material. In an FRP laminate,
each lamina has a linear stressstrain law, but each type of lamina
has different elastic properties and therefore a different linear
stressstrain law, although the lamina stresses can be computed
from the strain. Lamination theory, a branch of mechanics that
treats this situation, is used to formulate the relationship between
the strain in a plate or shell and the force and moment resultants
in the solid.
As an example of the results of lamination theory, consider the
stress distribution in a 7-ply matwoven-roving laminate 0.271 in.
thick subjected to a tensile force resultant of 500 lb/in. in the principal direction of the woven-roving plies. The laminate construction
is given in Table 25.7. In a homogeneous plate, the stress would be
500/0.271 1,845 psi, but because the two types of ply in the laminate have different elastic properties, the stress is not constant
through the thickness. (Note: please see Table 25.3 for the lamina
properties used in this example.) Figure 25.13 plots the normal
stress in the load direction. Figure 25.14 graphs normal stress in the
direction perpendicular to the load. The strain constitutes the uniform extension in the load direction and the Poissons ratio contractions in the perpendicular direction. Figure 25.13 shows that the
stress in the 4-mat plies is the same (1,235 psi) and that the stresses
in the woven-roving plies are equal at 2,904 psi but higher than the
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 263
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 263
FIG. 25.14 NORMAL STRESS PERPENDICULAR TO LOAD DIRECTION FOR EXTENSIONAL STRAIN
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 264
264 Chapter 25
6 * 22.58
6M
t2
0.2712
= 1,845
(25.3)
Figure 25.15 shows that the stresses for laminae 1, 2, and 3 are
1171.4 psi, 1860.2 psi, and 391.5, respectively, all in compression.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 265
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 265
(25.4)
where
Sxx the normal stress in a principal direction of the lamina in
question
Syy the normal stress in the other principal direction
Sxy the shear stress in the plane of the lamina
R the strength ratio
The other parameters are defined in terms of the five lamina
ultimate strengths, as follows:
1
1
1
F =
F = 2
XXc yy
YYc ss
Su
1
1
1
= - 2FxxFyy
Fx =
2
X
Xc
Fxx =
Fxy
Fy =
1
1
Y
Yc
(25.5)
where
X and Xc the tensile and compressive strengths in the x
direction, respectively
Y, Yc the tensile and compressive strengths in the y direction, respectively
Su the shear strength
Given the five strength values and a stress state, that is, a set of
values for Sx, Sy, and Sxy, equation (25.4) can be solved for R.
This equation is quadratic in R and therefore has two roots for R:
one positive, the other negative. If the positive root is greater than
a value stipulated in Section X or RTP-1 for the layer in question,
the stress state in the layer is acceptable; however, if the positive
root is less than the stipulated value, the stress state is excessive
and not allowed.
The physical meaning of R is that if all three stresses are multiplied by R, the ply is just at the point of failure. Thus R is like a
safety factor; the greater R, the farther from failure the lamina is.
Because the five lamina strength values are different for different
lamina types, and also because the stress varies from lamina to
lamina, the criterion is applied to each layer separately.
Finite-element stress analysis of FRP tanks and vessels take
more time than analysis of metal equipment of comparable configuration. Instead of inputting one or two sets of isotropic material property values for the entire vessel, the analyst must input a
set of orthotropic values for each type of laminate in the vessel.
Furthermore, instead of simply inputting a plate thickness for
each vessel part of different thickness, the analyst must input an
entire lamination sequence for each part and must also sift
St
sfc
1
F10
(25.6)
1
F5
(25.7)
Sf
and
smi
St
sfi
Sf
Where
smc calculated maximum sustained membrane stress
sfc calculated maximum sustained flexural stress
smi calculated maximum combined intermittent
and sustained membrane stress
sfi calculated maximum combined intermittent and
sustained flexural stress
St ultimate tensile strength
Sf ultimate flexural strength
F10 design factor for sustained loads 10
F5 design factor for sustained loads 5
Examples of sustained stress are hydrostatic stress and design
pressure stress. Examples of loads that induce intermittent stress
are wind, earthquake and loads from personnel standing on a vessel. In the two inequalities, maximum stress means the stress
with the largest absolute value. Absolute values of stress are used
in the inequalities.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 266
266 Chapter 25
ca
sxsy
sy 2
sx 2
ss 2
b + a b + a b d 1
Xd
XdYd
Yd
Sd
(25.8)
25.5
25.5.1
Scope of Section X
P =
14400
D
(25.9)
where
P is the design pressure in psi and
D is the diameter in in. These rules are expressed by Figure
25.17
The maximum external design pressure for Class II vessels is 15
psig.
The design temperature of Section X vessels must not exceed
250F or 35F less than the maximum-use temperature of the
resin, whichever is less. The maximum-use temperature of a resin
is either the glass-transition temperature (TG) or the heatdeflection (also called heat-distortion) temperature, whichever the
Fabricator and resin supplier prefer. When a polymer is cooler
than its TG, it is rigid and hard; when it is hotter than TG, it is
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 267
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 267
rubbery. The Section X resins are used below the TG, whereas
other resins (such as tire rubber) are used above it. The elastic
modulus of Section X resins drops orders of magnitude at and
above the TG [6]. The heat-deflection temperature is the temperature at which a specified bar specimen deflects 0.01 in. when
loaded as a simple beam to a constant 264 psi (see ASTM D 648,
Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics under
Flexural Load, for details). It is usually measured for resin castings, not laminates [7]. For the resin used in Section X, the TG
and heat-deflection temperatures are approximately equal. The
temperature scope applies to both Class I and Class II vessels.
Vessels fabricated under Section X intended for Section IV
potable-water use are limited to applications permitted herein.
The vessels are limited to internal pressure only with a maximum
allowable working pressure (MAWP) of 160 psig. The maximum
allowable temperature used shall be 210F [8].
The following classes of vessels are exempted from the scope
of Section X [9].
(1) Pressure containers, which are integral parts of rotating or
reciprocating mechanical devices (e.g., pumps, compressors, turbines, generators, engines, and hydraulic or pneumatic cylinders) where the primary design considerations
andor the stresses are derived from the functional requirements of the device.
(2) Piping systems in which the primary function is to transport
fluids from one location to another within a system of which
it is an integral part.
(3) Piping components, such as pipe, flanges, bolting, gaskets,
valves, expansion joints, fittings, and pressure-containing
parts of other components (e.g., strainers) and devices that
are used for mixing, separating, snubbing, distributing and
metering, or controlling the flow, provided the pressurecontaining parts are generally recognized as piping components or accessories.
(4) Vessels that have any part of their shells, heads, nozzles, fittings, or support laminates heated above the aforementioned
maximum temperature allowable.
(5) Vessels having an inside diameter or maximum internal
cross-sectional dimension not exceeding 6 in. without any
limitation of the length of the vessel or pressure.
(6) Pressure vessels for human occupancy.
(7) Vessels intended to store, handle, transport, or process
lethal fluids.
The jurisdiction of Section X vessels includes only the vessel
and integral communication chambers; it terminates where
(1) the external piping is connected to the vessel at the threaded first joint, the first circumferential adhesive-bonded joint,
and the face of the first flange in bolted flanged connections;
or where
(2) the lugs, skirts, and other supporting structures are joined
directly to a vessel at the first joint or connection beyond the
vessel, but the attachment of the supporting structure to the
vessel is included in the scope.
Section X vessels are limited to those constructed of thermosetting epoxy, polyestervinyl ester, furan or phenolic resins reinforced by glass, or carbon or aramid fibers.
25.5.2
Scope of RTP-1
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 268
268 Chapter 25
25.6
DESIGN QUALIFICATIONS OF
SECTION X AND RTP-1 VESSELS
25.6.1
No design calculations are required for Section X, Class I vessels. Section X does contain Nonmandatory Appendix AA
(Suggested Methods of Preliminary Design for Class I Vessels), but
the Fabricator is not obligated to use it. The Fabricator must build a
prototype of a new design and subject it to a cyclic and a qualification pressure test. Table 25.9 summarizes these requirements.
The pressure qualification test is a type of hydrostatic pressure
test. Filament-wound vessels and pipes tend to weep at pressures considerably less than their burst pressures, that is, test liquid oozes through the laminate and beads on its surface, possibly
at pressures well below bursting. When this occurs, it is sometimes difficult to pump the liquid into the test piece quickly
enough to attain the desired test pressure, for which reason
Section X permits the use of a flexible bladder inside the vessels
during the pressure qualification test to attain the qualification
pressure. No leakage may occur during cyclic testing, nor may a
liner or bladder be used that is not part of the vessel design.
When a prototype vessel satisfies these requirements, a vessel
identical to it may be built and marked with the ASME RP Code
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 269
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 269
25.6.2
4
The term construction, as used in this Foreword, is an all-inclusive term that comprises materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, certification, and pressure relief.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 270
270 Chapter 25
25.6.3
25.6.4
25.7
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 271
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 271
25.8
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 272
272 Chapter 25
lists the design calculations and the section numbers of this chapter where they are presented.
The vessel will be constructed of matwoven-roving laminate.
Section X requires the use of lamina properties coupled with
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 273
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 273
E1
E2
E1f
E2f
v1
v2
v1f
v2f
tangent line of the shell, to the location where the heads and shell
abut for the joints, and to the deepest points in the heads. The
weight density, , is the product of the specific gravity and the
weight density of water, which is 0.0361 lb/in.3; thus 0.0433
lb/in.3. The external pressure is the same for all components 10
psig. Table 25.13 lists the internal pressures.
RD-12 to obtain the mechanical properties of the matwovenroving laminate listed in Table 25.12. In that table and in the
design formulas that follow, the following symbols are used:
E1 the axial tensile modulus
E2 the hoop tensile modulus
E1f the axial flexural modulus
E2f the hoop flexural modulus
v1 Poissons ratio for stress in x direction and contraction in
y direction
v2 Poissons ratio for stress in y direction and contraction in
x direction
v1f Poissons ratio for bending stress in x direction and contraction/expansion in y direction
v2f Poissons ratio for bending stress in y direction and contraction/expansion in x direction
Section X, Class II does not allow the thickness of the corrosion barrier to be considered as contributing to structural strength.
Therefore, even though the vessel would have a corrosion barrier,
it is not included in the forthcoming calculations.
25.8.1
25.8.2
(25.11)
where
E the lesser of E1 and E2 from Table 25.12 1.666 106 psi
P the component pressure given in Table 25.13 41.34 psig
(top head)
D the inside diameter of the head 96 in.
When these values are inserted in the equation (25.11), the
result is t 1.209 in., which is similar to an equation in Section
VIII, Division 1. In this case, however, the allowable stress has
been replaced by 0.001E, which is 1,666 psi. The head must also
resist an external pressure of 10 psig. Article RD-1173.2 gives the
following equation for the maximum allowable external pressure,
PA, for an elliptical head of thickness, t.
Component Pressures
PD
2(0.001E - 0.6P)
PA =
E
0.41a b t 2
F
33(1 - v1v2)(K 0D0)2
(25.12)
where
Pd the design pressure
y the weight density
h the vertical distance of the component to the surface of the
liquid contents
Where
K0 a numerical factor from Table 1173.2 in Section X that
is a function of the ratio of major to minor axes of the
head (for the ratio 2, K0 0.9)
F the design factor 10
D0 D 2t 98.412 in., using the thickness required for
internal pressure
1,2 Poissons ratio given in Table 25.12
P Pd h
(25.10)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 274
274 Chapter 25
25.8.3
Shell-Design Computations
PR
0.001E 2 - 0.6P
(25.13)
t1 =
PR
2(0.001E 1 - 0.6P)
(25.14)
1 5
PA =
(25.15)
D0 2
(1 - v1fv2f) L a b F
2
3
4
where:
D0 the outside diameter of the shell
KD 0.84, a knockdown factor
F design factor 5
and the other symbols are defined above. The parameter is
defined by:
g = 1 - 0.001 Zp
g = 0.9
if Zp 100
if Zp 7 100
(25.16)
Zp is given by:
3
Zp =
E 22f E 21
E 21f
(1 - v1f v2f)2
L2
D0
a tb
2
(25.17)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 275
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 275
25.8.5
25.8.4
Shell-to-Head Joints
P(R + t)
0.001E 2
(25.18)
L0 =
PR
2(Ss>F)
(25.19)
where
P the pressure at the center of the joint
t the shell thickness
F the design factor 10
E2 the tensile hoop modulus
Ss the secondary bond strength in shear 1,000 psi maximum
At the bottom joint, P 47.58 psi, R 48in., E2 1.786
106 psi, and t 1.3 in.; we will take Ss 1,000 psi. Given these
values, L0 11.42 in. and t0 1.314 in. The same practical laminate schedules used for the shell can be used here, so the actual
overlay thickness is 1.355 in. with a stack-up of 5[3(MR), M].
The top-joint overlay dimensions are calculated the same way
and with the same numbers except that P 41.34 psi. The resulting dimensions are L0 9.92 in. and t0 1.138 in. The practical
laminate has a stack-up of 4[3(MR), M], MM and is 1.17 in. thick.
After laying down each 3(MR), M, the laminator must wait for the
peak exotherm and then resume with an M ply. Therefore, finishing the overlay with three M plies was a good choice for the most
economical acceptable overlay.
FPr
2Ss
(25.20)
where
F the design factor 10
P the internal pressure at the nozzle
r the inside radius of the nozzle
Ss the secondary shear bond strength in shear (1,000 psi
maximum)
If Lbc < 3 in., then Lb 3 in.; otherwise, Lb Lbc.
The calculated overlay thickness, tbc, is given by the following
equation:
t bc =
Pr
Ss - 0.6P
(25.21)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
276 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 276
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 277
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 277
PR
0.001E 2
(25.22)
(25.23)
(25.24)
Smax t 2
6
where
t the vessel thickness
(25.25)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 278
278 Chapter 25
t t2 =
6a
Q
M
b
2
- t
Sf
(25.26)
pL cPF
4Ss
(25.27)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 279
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 279
25.8.6
0.3Et
R
(25.28)
where
E the axial modulus of the skirt
t the thickness of the skirt
R the radius of the skirt
The allowable buckling stress is 15scr. Equation (25.28) is used
in Nonmandatory Appendix 3 of RTP-1, Article NM3-321, and is
valid when the length of the skirt is more than several times Lc
1.72(Rt)0.5, the critical length. The stress in the skirt,
, is simply
the supported weight divided by the cross-sectional area. The supported weight W 56,500 lb, which was computed by ordinary
methods; the axial modulus E 1.666 106 psi; and R 48 in.
Let us take t 0.317 as a trial value for the thickness, corresponding to the lamination schedule 3(MR), MM. In addition, Lc 6.71
in., the length of the skirt60 in.is 8.9 times Lc, and equation
(25.22) applies. The applied stress is computed as follows:
s =
W
p[(R + t)2 - R2]
(25.29)
For this case, equation (25.29) gives s = 589 psi. The critical
buckling stress from equation (25.28) is 3,301 psi; when divided
by Fb 5, the stress equals 660 psi. The allowable stress from a
material strength standpoint is 0.001E 1,666 psi. The applied
stress is less than either allowable stress, so therefore the skirt
thickness is acceptable.
25.9
Subpart 3A rules. Typical tanks have more nozzles, but the nozzles presented in Fig. 25.25 illustrate Subpart 3A design rules as
well as many would.
The tank is intended for outdoor service in an area with Seismic
Zone 0, so therefore the tank must withstand wind but not seismic
loads. In addition, it is located in an area where building codes
require outdoor structures to support a 35 lb/ft2 snow load. The
tank will contain liquid with a specific gravity of 1.2. RTP-1
requires the purchaser, or his or her agent, to complete a Users
Basic Requirements Specification (UBRS), which is RTP-1s
Design Specification. (The completed UBRS for the tank is found
in Appendix 25.A.) Most entries in the UBRS are self-explanatory,
but some are not, particularly to those unfamiliar with FRP. Such
UBRS entries are discussed in the following paragraphs.
Parts 6.00 and 7.00 in the UBRS concern the choice of construction materials. There is a set of entries appropriate for the User who
selects the resin and another for the User who wants the Fabricator
to select the resin. In the present example, the User selects
Derakane 470, basing the decision on personal experience. Items
7.10, 7.20, 7.50, and 7.60 therefore need not be filled in. Items 7.30
and 7.40 are required for design of the tank, and if the User requires
the Fabricator to choose the resin, these items must be completed
because they give the Fabricator a basis for selection.
The Users standard cited in 8.00 would contain technical and
possibly commercial matters not covered by RTP-1. For example,
RTP-1 does not give tolerances on nozzle location, for which reason a Users Design Specification should state them.
In 11.00, there is an entry for man load, which provides for a
person standing on the top head, but Articles 3A-340 and 3B-300
state the same requirement. A reason for including a provision for
the man load in the UBRS is to remind the User that there may be
a different, more demanding man-load requirement.
Section 19.00 deals with the recording of the Inspectors designation. Three individuals named in RTP-1, Article 1-400 are concerned with various aspects of inspection: a Certified Individual,
an Inspector, and an inspector. RTP-1, Article 1-400 delineates
their roles as follows:
This Standard requires that specific inspections be carried out
by Inspection Personnel experienced in the fabrication of RTP
vessels. In addition, other inspections may be carried out as a part
of the Fabricators Quality Control Program. Throughout this
Standard, Inspection Personnel are referred to as either inspector(s) (lowercase i), Inspectors (uppercase I), or Certified
Individual(s) (uppercase CI).
A Certified Individual is an employee of the Fabricator authorized
by ASME to use its marks. The Certified Individuals principal
responsibility is to protect the ASME mark by carrying out the duties
described in this Standard (RTP-1). He can also be the Inspector.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 280
280 Chapter 25
25.9.1
Laminate Properties
25.9.2
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 281
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 281
PRc
2t
(25.30)
25.9.3
Shell Design
(25.32)
ta =
NaxF
Sa
(25.33)
where
P the combined hydrostatic and design pressure at the
height at which the thickness is computed
D the shell diameter
F 10, the design factor on internal pressure
Nax the axial force per unit circumferential length
Sh the ultimate hoop tensile strength
Sa the ultimate axial tensile strength
The greater of th or ta is the required minimum thickness. For
simplicity, the shell will be of uniform thickness. Thus P 7.8 psi,
the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the shell (because the
tank is vented, the design pressure is 0). Given the values of D
144 in. and Sh 16,000 psi, th 0.351 in. The weight of the head
was calculated by ordinary methods as 286 lb. The projected area
of the head in ft2 is as follows:
A =
pD 2
2
= 113.1
(25.34)
Thus the total snow load is 113.1 35 3,939 lb. The circumference of the tank is D 452.4 in.; therefore, Nax (3,939
286)/452.4 9.34 lb/in. The axial and hoop strengths are the
same, so Sa 16,000 psi and
ta =
(25.31)
th =
9.34 * 10
= 0.00584
16,000
(25.35)
Thus the hoop stress governs and the required minimum thickness is 0.351 in. The next thickest realizable laminate is 0.37 in.
thick with a stack-up of V, 2M, 3(MR)M.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 282
282 Chapter 25
The bending moment at the base of the shell from wind is given
by the following equation:
M w = Pw D
H2
2
(25.36)
M wc
I
(25.37)
where
I the moment of inertia of the shell cross section
c D/2
The moment of inertia can be obtained from the following
equation:
I = pa
D - t 2
b t = 4.272 * 105 in.4
2
(25.38)
With these values, sw 71.5 psi. The axial stress from the
weight is given as follows:
swt =
W
= 11.3
p(D - t)t
(25.39)
The stresses add weight on the leeward side of the tank, where
the total axial stress is 82.8 psi. This is far less than the allowable stress. To be complete, the compressive stress on the leeward
side must be checked for buckling. The critical buckling stress for
bending under wind moment is as follows:
scr =
0.39Et
R
(25.40)
where
R the radius of the tank
For the values given in equation (25.40),
cr 2,776 psi,
which is much greater than the applied stress. The method used in
equation (25.40) for wind loading is the same as that illustrated in
Nonmandatory Appendix 3, Article NM3-321 of RTP-1.
25.9.4
Given the shell thickness and tank diameter, RTP-1 has rules
for the thickness of the bottom and design of the knuckle that
require no calculation. Article 3A-250 states the minimum flatbottom thicknesses given in Table 25.23.
Subpart 3A rules currently apply to tanks and vessels up to 16 ft
in diameter, a limit that may be increased soon by the RTP-1
Committee. For tanks 12 ft16 ft in diameter, RTP-1 requires a
design analysis. There are gaps in the diameter ranges because the
rule is for commonly available tooling.
The rules for the knuckle are somewhat more complicated.
Article 3A-350 states the following:
The radius of the bottom knuckle of a flat bottom vessel shall
not be less than 1 in. if the diameter is 4 ft or less, and 1.5 in. for
25.9.5
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 283
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 283
The retainer bar keeps the lug from sliding out of the overlay
that might not adhere to the steel lug. The bottom of the lug is
deliberately spaced above the slab to ensure that the weight of the
vessel and its contents are transmitted to the slab through the bottom of the vessel, not through the lugs. The lugs need only to resist
downward forces. Anchor bolts or clips that secure the lug to the
slab must not be tightened excessively; in fact, some Users Design
Specifications call for making these threaded fasteners only fingertight and using a jam nut to ensure that the nut stays in place.
Nonmandatory Appendix NM-4 checks against the following
six failure modes:
(1) Peel of the overlay from the vessel.
(2) Shear failure of the overlay to the vessel secondary bond.
(3) Tensile failure of the overlay at the vertical edges of the lug.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 284
284 Chapter 25
overturning moment, the uplift on the dished top head from the
wind, and the weight of the vessel less the bottom weight, all
influence the lug force. The wind uplift force on the top head, Uw,
is given by the following equation:
Uw =
p 2
D PP
4 0 w g
(25.41)
Uw =
4M q
4(35,340)
= 11,720 lb
144.74
(25.42)
p
20
(144.74)2 c
d(0.8) = 1,828
4
144
(25.43)
=
D0
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 285
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 285
Flug
(25.45)
wmax =
3(1,945)(2.5)
=
11
= 120.54
sb =
lb
in.
(25.46)
(120.54)(2.5)
wmaxh
=
= 662.95 lb
2
2
(25.47)
L lugt 2b
3(1,945)(6)
=
4(4)(0.375)2
= 15,560 psi
tw =
P
662.95
=
= 149.3 psi
t kwk
(0.74)(6)
(25.48)
lb
P
662.95
=
= 24.33
L tp
27.25
in.
tov =
Flug
=
2h 1wov
1,945
= 30.87 psi
2(10.5)(3)
(25.51)
8,037
T
=
= 2,835 psi
h 1t ov
(10.5)(0.27)
3(1 - v )
2
Dk
a b t 2k
2
1/4
3(1 - 0.26 )
145.48 2
a
b 0.742
2
= 0.1763 in..- 1
(25.55)
The axial bending moment in the shell under the lug, Max, is
then obtained from the following equation:
M ax = a
P
1
662.95
1
in.-lb
b
= a
b =
= 156.7
wlug 4b
6
4(0.1763)
in.
(25.50)
The allowable bond shear stress is 200 psi; therefore, the bond
shear is acceptable.
Next, the tensile stress in the overlay adjacent to the vertical
edges of the lug is checked. The tension, T, is obtained from the
following equation:
(662.95)(145.48)
PD0
=
= 8,037 lb
T =
2w
2(6)
b=
(25.49)
(25.56)
and the hoop moment, Mh, is as follows:
M h = vM ax = (0.26)(156.7) = 40.74
in.-lb
in.
(25.57)
The axial normal stress in the wall under the lug results from
the superposition of the axial membrane stress and the bending
stress from Max, as follows:
sax =
(25.52)
(25.54)
which is a low value. Normal stress under the lugs is a combination of bending from the lugs and the membrane from pressure.
The computation of these stresses begins by computing the bending parameter, b:
1/4
(25.53)
P =
3Flugwlug
11,670
6(156.7)
6M ax
U
+
=
+
2
pDkt k
p(145.48)(0.74)
tk
0.742
= 1,752 psi
(25.58)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 286
286 Chapter 25
Similarly, the hoop stress is the sum of the hoop membrane and
the hoop bending stresses, as follows:
s =
PhydDk
+
2t k
= 1,213 psi
6M h
t 2k
(7.8)(145.48)
6(40.74)
+
2(0.74)
0.742
(25.59)
t r = VMKTt - M(Tc - Tt)
As in the case of the overlay hoop stress, the allowable is 3,200 psi,
which is comfortably more than the greater of the hoop and axial
stresses.
The lug design is adequate to resist wind loads. Table 25.25
lists the six failure modes, the allowable stress, the imposed
stress, and the ratio of allowable to imposed stress. It shows that
the lug and attachment overlay are well designed.
The allowable stress for the vessel-wall shear is only a rough
value; it is rarely measured. It is the shear stress in a plane normal
to the laminate and containing the axis of the vessel. Except for
gross impact (which is always the result of an accident), this kind
of failure is rare; therefore, the industry has not tried to define it.
The lug design method is only approximate and is based as much
on experience as science. However, the method does result in reliable lugs. Although finite-element or some other exacting stress
analysis might result in smaller lugs and overlays, the engineering
cost would be greater than the material and labor savings unless the
Fabricator plans to build many lugs of the same design.
25.9.6
Only nozzle A on the top head and the manway will be considered because in both cases it illustrates the design process as well
as many more examples would. External pressure from the snow
load governs the design of the reinforcing pad for nozzle A.
Paragraph 3A-700 of RTP-1 contains rules for the opening
reinforcement. The rules apply to openings for nozzles or manways with cylindrical necks. Other restrictions are the following:
(1) Only openings for circular nozzles in which the diameter
does not exceed half the vessel diameter are covered by
these rules.
(2) Only openings in which the largest dimension along one
axis is no longer than two times the largest diameter along
the axis at 90 deg. to the first axis are covered by these rules.
These dimensions shall be measured from one cut edge to
the opposite cut edge.
(3) These rules cover only the reinforcement of cylinders and
dished, elliptical, and conical heads using RTP-1 design-byrule thicknesses.
(25.60)
where
V = 1 for internal pressure, 12 for external pressure
M = 1 for vessel parts of contact-molded laminates
M =
/15,000 for other laminates, such as those that
are filament-wound
a = the hoop design strength, psi
K = 1 for nozzles of greater than 6 in. diameter
K = d/6 for 6 6
d = the nozzles largest hole dimension
Tc = the nominal wall thickness for construction
Tt = the minimum wall thickness that satisfies the design
conditions
If tr 0.129 in., no reinforcing is required
Now, let us consider nozzle A. The head is governed by external
pressure so that V = 12 . The head is contact-molded; therefore, M =
1. The diameter is 12 in., which is greater than 6 in., and K = 1.
From these values, Tc = 0.29 in. and T1 = 0.236 in. Then,
tr =
1
* 1 * 1 * 0.236 - 1 * (0.29 - 0.236) = 0.064 in.
2
(25.61)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 287
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 287
(25.62)
From Fig. 4.8 of RTP-1, the attachment laminate thickness is
twice the neck thickness, 0.74 in.; from Table 4.1 of RTP-1, the
width is 6 in.
The dimensions of the reinforcing pad and attachment are
found the same way for nozzle B.
Table 25.27 lists the dimensions of the nozzle reinforcing pads
and attachments. The thicknesses have been rounded up from the
calculated values to correspond to practical laminate sequences.
25.10
Ph = gH
(25.63)
where
Ph the hydrostatic pressure
g the specific weight of the contents
H the depth of the liquid at the level in question
Because the design condition is with the full vessel, H is measured from the top of the top head. Table 25.30 lists the hydrostatic pressures used in design computations.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 288
288 Chapter 25
(25.64)
where
P 6.027 psi, the total pressure
Rc 120 in., the crown radius of the head
Su 16,000 psi, the ultimate tensile strength of the laminate
F 10, the design factor
Inserting the preceding values into equation (25.64) gives tr
0.40 in., which is the minimum thickness required to resist internal pressure. The maximum allowed external pressure to thickness t is specified in paragraph 3A-320:
Pext = 0.36 a
Ef
t 2
ba b
Fv
Ro
(25.65)
Using the thickness required for internal pressure and the flexural
modulus from Table 25.29:
Pext = 0.36a
2
0.40
1.25 * 106
ba
b = 0.9930 psi
5
120 + 0.4
(25.66)
This is less than the required value Pext 10 psi. By trial and
error it can be established that t 1.299 in leads to Pext 10.32 psi.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 289
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 289
Sut
16000 * 1.299
=
= 19.57 psi
0.885FRc
0.885 * 10 * 120
(25.67)
The MAWP for the top head is then this value of P less the
hydrostatic pressure which gives 18.5 psi.
It remains to verify that the head will resist the combination of
footprint load and external pressure. The footprint load is considered a temporary load, and therefore by Paragraph NM11-300, a
design factor of F 5 may be used while considering the combination of footprint load and stress from external pressure.
Nonmandatory Appendix 11 of RTP-1 provides a method for
calculating the stress in the center of an F & D head under the
footprint load. The stress would be less if the load were applied
elsewhere on the head, so the calculation suffices. The stress on
the top surface is given by Gt /t2 where t is the thickness of the
crown of the head, and Gt is a value from a graph in
Nonmandatory Appendix 11. Similarly the stress on the under
surface is Gb /t2. Figure 25.26 in Section 25.9.2 above is a copy of
the graph that gives Gt and Gb as functions of (Rct)1/2. Here, Rc is
the crown radius of the head. In this case (Rct)1/2 (120
1.299)1/2 12.49 in. Then, from the graph, Gt 323 lb and Gb
224 lb. Thus the footprint stress on the top surface is
t
323/1.2992 191 psi and the footprint stress on the lower
surface is
b 224/1.292 133 psi. The membrane stress at the
top of the crown from external pressure is obtained from:
sm =
PextRc
-10 * 120
=
= - 461.9 psi
2t
2 * 1.299
the part of the shell above the stiffening ring (to be taken as the
part of the shell above the upper surface of the support ring); the
second will be to design the part of the shell below the upper surface of the ring.
At the top of the support ring, the hydrostatic pressure is 6.99
psig; the design pressure, 5 psig. The shell must therefore withstand a combined pressure of P 11.99 psig. Paragraph 3A-210
supplies a rule for the required shell thicknessthat it must be the
greater of t1 or t2, where
t1 =
(25.69)
and
t2 =
PR
Su
F
(25.70)
where
P combined design pressure-hydrostatic load
Nax the axial stress resultant
Su the tensile strength
F 10, the design factor
The axial stress resultant from the design pressure is Nax PdR/2
5 60/2 150 lb/in.
For t1:
t1 =
(25.68)
Nax
Su
F
150
= 0.094 in.
16,000
10
(25.71)
For t2:
t2 =
(8.31)(60)
= 0.312 in.
16,000
12
(25.72)
PA =
KD 0.8531 g E42f E 41 t 2
11 - v1fv2f24 L a
3
D0 2
b F
2
where:
F design factor 5
KD knockdown factor 0.84
1 0.001Zp if Zp 100 Zp 0.9 otherwise
and
3
Zp =
E 2f2 E 21
E 21f
11 - v1f v2f22
1
L2
D0
a
tb
2
(25.73)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 290
290 Chapter 25
Pv L s D 30 Fv
24E h
(25.74)
where
I the moment of inertia
Pv the design vacuum pressure
Ls half the distance from the centerline of the stiffening
ring to the next line of support on one side, plus half of
the centerline distance to the next line of support on the
other side of the stiffening ring (both measured parallel
to the axis of the cylinder)
Fv 5, the design factor for elastic stability
Eh the hoop modulus of the sitffening ring laminate
A line of support, Ls, is defined as follows:
(1) a stiffening ring that meets the requirements of this paragraph;
(2) a circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the
head from the tangent line; or
(3) a cone-to-cylinder junction.
The ring will be made of the same laminate, except for thickness, as the shell. Thus E2 1.785 106 psi. With t 0.932 in.,
D0 120 2(0.932) 121.846 in. The design length for use in
Equation (25.73), Ls 41.26 in., the same as the shell design
length.
I =
10 * 41.26 * (121.846)3 * 5
24 * 1.785 * 106
= 87.113 in4
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 291
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 291
0.909 in. The external pressure design length of the lower shell is
27.5 in., which is less than 41.26 in. (the design length of the
upper shell). Thus, if the shell segments are of the same thickness,
the lower shell would be adequate for the design external pressure. The MAWP of the lower shell segment is calculated as
before:
MAWP =
internal pressure, for P and inserting the values for this example
as follows:
MAWP =
16,000 * 0.932
Sut
- Phyd =
- 6.99 = 24.9 psi
RF
60 * 10
16,000 * 0.909
Sut
= Phyd =
- 8.31
RF
60 * 10
= 15.93 psi
(25.81)
(25.75)
In the portion of the shell below the upper surface of the support ring, the axial load is the sum of the weight of the vessel contents, the weight of the vessel below the support, and the force
from the internal design pressure. (Table 25.31 lists the sum of
these weights.) At the bottom of the shell, the total pressure is the
hydrostatic pressure of 8.31 psig (from Table 25.30) plus the
design pressure of 5 psig, which sums to 13.31 psig. At the upper
part of the shell, the required thickness for internal pressure and
contents weight is the greater of t1 and t2, where
Nax
t1 =
Su
F
13.31 * 60
PR
= 0.499 in.
=
16,000
Su
F
10
PdR
Wt
+
2
2pR
(25.77)
(25.78)
where
Pd the design pressure
R the inside shell radius
Wt the total weight given in Table 25.31
Thus:
Nax =
98,725
5 * 60
lb
+
= 411.88
2
2p * 60
in.
(25.79)
0.885 PRcF
0.885 * 14.33 * 120 * 10
=
= 0.919 in.
Su
16,000
(25.76)
tr =
and
t2 =
(25.80)
(25.82)
The required thickness for external pressure is the same as for
the top headthat is, 1.223 in.and has a lamination sequence
of V, MM, 4[3(MR), M], M. From Section 25.7, the pressure
capacity of the head is 18.43 psi. Thus the MAWP is 18.43
9.33 9.10 psig.
fe
WR f cos a
- 1 c
sin (f - a) d
2p sin f
R
Mt = -
fe
WR f sin a
- a +
c
cos (f - a) d
2p sin f
R
(25.83)
(25.84)
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 292
292 Chapter 25
where
W the total supported weight
R a, f = the geometric quantities defined by Fig, 25.34
Note that the angle 2f is the angular separation between lugs
and that a locates a section of the ring. Given that there are N
lugs, f 180/N deg. The quantity e, the eccentricity of the lug
forces, is the radial distance from the line of action of the support
force to the shear center of the ring section, as shown in Fig.
25.35. The bending stress, j/b, and the torsional shear stress, t,
are then given as follows:
sb =
Mb
Zb
(25.85)
and
t =
Mt
Zt
where
Zb the bending section modulus of the ring about a radial
centroidal axis
Zt the torsional section modulus
For relatively thin-walled open sections, such as a rolled channel, Zt is well approximated by the torsional stiffness constant J
divided by the thickest part of the section wall. A good indicator
of yield in a steel channel is the von Mises stress, svm, obtained
from the bending and shear stresses by the following equation:
svm = 2s2b + 3t2
(25.86)
(25.87)
Thus, for a given ring, the von Mises stress is given as a function of a by equation (25.87). To verify the design of the ring, it is
necessary to find the section at which svm is greatest.
For the present example, W 103,327 lb, R 62 in., and N
8. Then f 180/8 22.5 deg. A candidate section is a C15
50 structural channel [11]. This channel has a moment of inertia
of 404 in. 4 and is 15 in. high. Then Zb 404/7.5 53.87 in.3,
the torsional constant J 2.67 in.4, and the thickness for computing Zt is 0.65 in. Thus Zt 2.67/0.65 4.108 in.3, and the
shear center is 0.583 in. radially inward from the back of the
channel. Setting e 6 in. gives a reasonable allowance for the lug
design and clearance between the ring and building steel. Figure
25.35 is a plot of svm as a function of a for this set of values.
The value of a for which svm is greatest is a = 14.28 deg.,
where svm = 17,840 psi. The channel would be composed of
A36 steel, which has a yield strength of 36,000 psi. A normal
allowable stress is 23 of the yield or 24,000 psi, of which the actual
stress is 74.3%. Thus the ring section is acceptable.
Computations for the maximum von Mises stress were done by
using Mathcad. Figures NM5-8, NM5-9, and NM5-10 in RTP-1
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 293
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 293
are design charts for streamlining this process. They plot a stress
function, , as a function of Zb / Zt for various e/R, and there is a
separate chart for each number of lugs. The stress is then given by
the following equation:
svm =
WR
Zb
(25.88)
103,327 * 62 * 0.15
= 17,840 psi
53.87
(25.88)
25.11
25.11.1 Introduction
Manufacturers of both RTP-1 and Section X vessels are governed by stringent quality assurance systems that are certified by
the ASME. The shops themselves must have written quality control procedures and be accredited by the ASME. All vessel construction must be done in accordance with a detailed procedure
specification; moreover, each vessel design must be qualified
either by testing (in the case of Section X, Class I) or by design
calculations backed by measured laminate properties (in the cases
of RTP-1 and Section X, Class II). Design calculations for RTP-1
and Section X, Class II vessels must be certified by a Registered
Professional Engineer. Completed vessels must be inspected by an
individual certified by the ASME.
Although both RTP-1 and Section X necessarily use similar
quality assurance methods, ASME requirements from the two
documents are not identical; although they accomplish the same
purpose by very similar means, they differ in detail. In the following paragraphs, Section X requirements are considered first, followed by those of RTP-1.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 294
294 Chapter 25
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 295
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 295
24.11.4 Summary
The quality assurance provisions of both Section X and RTP-1
standards ensure that vessels that receiving the ASME markRP
for Section X, RTP for RTP-1are built according to either of
these standards. Such vessels have high-quality design and fabrication and provide long, reliable service.
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 296
296 Chapter 25
25.12
REFERENCES
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 297
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 297
APPENDIX
25.A
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
298 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 298
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 299
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 299
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
300 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 300
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 301
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 301
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
302 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 302
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 303
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 303
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
304 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 304
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 305
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 305
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 306
306 Chapter 25
APPENDIX
25.B
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 307
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 307
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
308 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 308
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 309
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 309
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
310 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 310
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 311
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 311
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 312
312 Chapter 25
APPENDIX
25.C
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 313
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 313
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
314 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 314
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 315
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 315
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
316 Chapter 25
11:13 AM
Page 316
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:13 AM
Page 317
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 317
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
318 Chapter 25
11:14 AM
Page 318
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:14 AM
Page 319
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 319
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
320 Chapter 25
11:14 AM
Page 320
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:14 AM
Page 321
COMPANION GUIDE TO THE ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 321
ASME_Ch25_p253-322.qxd
3/10/09
11:14 AM
Page 322